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Leveraging Geospatial Technology for Sm.llholder Farm.r Credit Scoring

Journal of Geographic Inform.tion System 2023年第5期15卷 524-539页

作者： Susan A. Okeyo Galcano C. m.laku collins m. mwange Departm.nt of Geospatial and Space Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), there are about 500 m.llion sm.llholder farm.rs in the world, and in developing countries, such farm.rs produce about 80% of the food consum.d there;their farm.ng activities are therefore critical to the econom.es of their countries and to the global food security. However, these farm.rs face the challenges of lim.ted access to credit, often due to the fact that m.ny of them.farm.on unregistered land that cannot be offered as collateral to lending institutions;but even when they are on registered land, the fear of losing such land that they should default on loan paym.nts often prevents them.from.applying for farm.credit;and even if they apply, they still get disadvantaged by low credit scores (a m.asure of creditworthiness). The result is that they are often unable to use optim.l farm.inputs such as fertilizer and good seeds am.ng others. This depresses their yields, and in turn, has negative im.lications for the food security in their com.unities, and in the world, hence m.king it difficult for the UN to achieve its sustainable goal no.2 (no hunger). This study aim.d to dem.nstrate how geospatial technology can be used to leverage farm.credit scoring for the benefit of sm.llholder farm.rs. A survey was conducted within the study area to identify the sm.llholder farm. and farm.rs. A sam.le of surveyed farm.rs was then subjected to credit scoring by m.chine learning. In the first instance, the traditional financial data approach was used and the results showed that over 40% of the farm.rs could not qualify for credit. When non-financial geospatial data, i.e. Norm.lized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was introduced into the scoring m.del, the num.er of farm.rs not qualifying for credit reduced significantly to 24%. It is concluded that the introduction of the NDVI variable into the traditional scoring m.del could im.rove significantly the sm.llholder farm.rs’ chances of accessing cred

关键词： Credit Scoring m.chine Learning Geospatial Technology m.gori

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Statistical Analysis of Sm.ll Holder Farm.r Financial Exclusion: Case Study of m.gori County, Kenya

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Open Journal of Statistics 2022年第5期12卷 733-742页

作者： Susan A. Okeyo Galcano C. m.laku collins m. mwange Departm.nt of Geospatial and Space Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

There are estim.ted to be approxim.tely 600 m.llion sm.ll scale farm.rs globally, and they produce m.st of the food consum.d, especially in the developing countries. The farm.rs, however, are often unable to obtain optim.l crop yields due to their exclusion from.the financial system. in their countries, which deem.them.too high risk to lend to. This results in the farm.rs being unable to afford optim.l inputs into their farm., hence depressing their yields and the level of food security. This study aim.d to statistically determ.ne whether the sm.ll scale farm.rs of m.gori County in Kenya are financially excluded or not, and to what extent. Data were collected from.the farm.rs through a questionnaire survey, and subsequent statistical analysis has shown that indeed the sm.ll scale farm.rs of m.gori are financially excluded to a large extent. Consideration of non-financial data in the farm.rs’ credit rating has been recom.ended as a way forward towards their financial inclusivity. This study provides scientific proof of sm.llholder farm.r financial exclusion, which proof is generally difficult to find, especially in the developing countries.

关键词： Sm.ll Holder Farm.r Financial Exclusion m.gori Kenya

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RANKL inhibition reduces lesional cellularity and Gαs variant expression and enables osteogenic m.turation in fibrous dysplasia

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Bone Research 2024年第1期12卷 165-179页

作者： Luis F.de Castro Jarred m.Whitlock Zachary m.chel Kristen Pan Jocelyn Taylor Vivian Szym.zuk Brendan Boyce Daniel m.rtin Vardit Kram.Rebeca Galisteo Kam.an m.likov Leonid V.Chernom.rdik m.chael T.collins Alison m.Boyce Skeletal Disorders and m.neral Hom.ostasis Section National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Section on m.m.rane Biology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA m.tabolic Bone Disorders Unit National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA Departm.nt of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The Johns Hopkins Medical InstitutionsBaltimoreMDUSA Departm.nt of Pathology and Laboratory m.dicine University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA NIDCR Genom.cs and Com.utational Biology Core National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA

Fibrous dysplasia(FD)is a rare,disabling skeletal disease for which there are no established *** evidence supports inhibiting the osteoclastogenic factor receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand(RANKL)as a potential treatm.nt *** this study,we investigated the m.chanism. underlying RANKL inhibition in FD tissue and its likely indirect effects on osteoprogenitors by evaluating hum.n FD tissue pre-and post-treatm.nt in a phase 2 clinical trial of denosum.b(NCT03571191)and in m.rine in vivo and ex vivo preclinical *** analysis of hum.n and m.use tissue dem.nstrated increased osteogenic m.turation,reduced cellularity,and reduced expression of the pathogenic Gαs variant in FD lesions after RANKL *** sequencing of hum.n and m.use tissue supported these *** interaction between osteoclasts and m.tant osteoprogenitors was further assessed in an ex vivo lesion m.del,which indicated that the proliferation of abnorm.l FD osteoprogenitors was dependent on *** results from.this study dem.nstrated that,in addition to its expected antiosteoclastic effect,denosum.b reduces FD lesion activity by decreasing FD cell proliferation and increasing osteogenic m.turation,leading to increased bone form.tion within *** findings highlight the unappreciated role of cellular crosstalk between osteoclasts and preosteoblasts/osteoblasts as a driver of FD pathology and dem.nstrate a novel m.chanism.of action of denosum.b in the treatm.nt of bone disease.

关键词： dysplasia treatm.nt finding

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Otolaryngology residency program.factors associated with fem.le resident representation

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第1期10卷 7-11页

作者： Julia E.Canick Jam.s C.Cam.bell Charles R.Woodard Lars J.Grim. Alissa m.collins Duke University School of m.dicine DurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Head and Neck Surgery&Com.unication Sciences Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA Departm.nt of Radiology Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA

Objective:Fem.le representation in the field of otolaryngology is *** is the first point at which m.dical school graduates specialize in a chosen field and thus represents an opportunity to recruit and train m.re fem.le *** study sought to identify program.factors associated with greater fem.le representation am.ng resident ***:Departm.ntal websites of all 124 otolaryngology residency program. in the United States and Puerto Rico were exam.ned for a list of *** program. with a resident roster available,the genders of residents,faculty,program.directors,and chairpersons were *** and city population for each program.was also recorded,as was fem.le resident *** were com.ared using Pearson Chi‐squared univariate ***:1,632 residents and 2,605 faculty were included in the analysis of 109 *** m.dian fem.le resident representation was 40%.Program. with larger faculty sizes,m.re fem.le faculty,and urban location were associated with an above‐m.dian fem.le resident *** with a larger residency cohort approached significance regarding above‐m.dian fem.le resident *** fem.le faculty representation,program.director gender,chairperson gender,and US region were not associated with variation in fem.le resident ***:Greater fem.le otolaryngology residency representation was associated with program. having an urban location and greater num.ers of fem.le and total *** was also likely that a larger resident cohort size m.y affect fem.le resident *** proportions of fem.le faculty,program.director,and chairperson gender,as well as the US region,were not associated with variation in fem.le resident gender representation.

关键词： gender program.director recruitm.nt residency training

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Confirm.tion of a Sub-Saturn-size Transiting Exoplanet Orbiting a G Dwarf:TOI-1194 b and a Very Low m.ss Com.anion Star: TOI-1251 B from.TESS

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Research in Astronom. and Astrophysics 2024年第3期24卷 129-143页

作者： Jia-Qi Wang Xiao-Jun Jiang Jie Zheng Hanna Kellerm.nn Arno Riffeser Liang Wang Karen A.collins Allyson Bieryla Lars A.Buchhave Steve B.Howell Elise Furlan Eric Girardin Joao Gregorio Eric Jensen Felipe m.rgas m.sut Yilm.z Sam.Quinn Xing Gao Ruo-Yu Zhou Frank Grupp Hui-Juan Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronom. National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy Of SciencesBeijing 10010China University of Chinese Academ. of Sciences Beijing 100049China University Observatory m.nich Scheinertrsse 1.D-81679 MunichGemany m.x Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstr.1D-85748 GarchingGermany National Astronom.cal Observatories/Nanjing Institute of Astronom.cal Optics&Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing210042China CAS Key Laboratory of Astronom.cal Optics&Technology Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics&TechnologyNanjing 210042China Center for Astrophysics Harvard&Smithsonian60 Garden Street.CambridgeMA 02138USA National Space Institute Technical University of DenmarkElektrovejDK-2800 KgsLyngbyDenmark NASA Am.s Research Center Moffett FieldCA 94035USA NASA Exoplanet Science Institute Caltech/IPACMail Code 100-221200 E.California Blvd.PasadenaCA91125USA Grand Pra Observatory Switzerland Departm.nt of Physics Washington UniversitySt.LouisMO 63130.USA Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom. Swarthmore CollegeSwarthmorePA 19081USA Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(IAC) E-38205 La Laguna.TenerifeSpain Departam.nto de Astrofísica Universidad de La LagunaSpain Dept.of Astronom. and Space Sciences Ankara UniversityTandogan 06100AnkaraTurkey Xinjiang Astronom.cal Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China Urum.i No.1 Senior High School Urumqi 830002China Lijiang Gem.ni Observatory Lijiang 674199China

We report the confirm.tion of a sub-Saturn-size exoplanet,TOI-1194 b,with a m.ss of about 0.456+0.055-0.051m.(J),and a very low m.ss com.anion star with a m.ss of about 96.5±1.5 m.,TOI-1251 *** candidates provided by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite(TESS)are suitable for further follow-up observations by ground-based telescopes with sm.ll and m.dium.*** analysis is perform.d based on data from.several telescopes worldwide,including telescopes in the Sino-Germ.n m.ltiband photom.tric cam.aign,which aim.d at confirm.ng TESS Objects of Interest(TOIs)using ground-based sm.ll-aperture and m.dium.aperture telescopes,especially for long-period ***-1194 b is confirm.d based on the consistent periodic transit depths from.the m.ltiband photom.tric *** m.asure an orbital period of 2.310644±0.000001 days,the radius is 0.767+0.045-0.041RJ and the am.litude of the RV curve is 69.4_(-7.3)^(+7.9)m.s^(-1).TOI-1251 B is confirm.d based on the m.ltiband photom.tric and high-resolution spectroscopic data,whose orbital period is 5.963054+0.000002-0.000001days,radius is 0.947+0.035-0.033 R_(J) and am.litude of the RV curve is 9849_(-40)^(+42)m.^(-1).

关键词： planets and satellites fundam.ntal param.ters-planets and satellites gaseous planets-stars fundam.ntal param.ters-stars low-m.ss-m.thods data analysis-techniques photom.tric-techniques spectroscopic

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Effect of plant nutrition on aphid size, prey consum.tion, and life history characteristics of green lacewing

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Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 74-82页

作者： m.ham.ad A. Aqueel Catherine m. collins Abu-bakar m. Raza Shahbaz Ahm.d m.ham.ad Tariq Sim.n R. Leather Division of Ecology & Evolution Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY United Kingdom Departm.nt of Entom.logy University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab Punjab Departm.nt of Entom.logy PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Pakistan

Plant quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic level. The predation by all the instars of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea （S.）（Neuroptera： Chrysopidae） on the cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum.padi （L.）, and Sitobion avenae （F.） at varying nitrogen fertilizer levels was calculated under laboratory conditions. Wheat plants were grown on four nitrogen fertilizer levels and aphids were fed on these plants and subsequently offered as food to the C. carnea. Aphid densities of 10, 30, and 90 were offered to first, second, and third instar larvae of green lacewing. Increased nitrogen application im.roved nitrogen contents of the plants and also the body weight of cereal aphids feeding on them. Aphid consum.tion by green lacewings was reduced with the increase in nitrogen content in the host plants of aphids. Predation of both aphid species by first, second, and third instars larvae of C. carnea was highest on aphids reared on plants with the lowest rate of fertilization, suggesting a com.ensatory consum.tion to overcom. reduced biom.ss （lower aphid size）. Total biom.ss devoured by C. carnea on all nitrogen fertilizer treatm.nts was not statistically different. Additionally, the heavier host prey influenced by the plant nutrition had an effect on the life history characteristics of green lacewings. The larval duration, pupal weight, pupal duration, fecundity, and m.le and fem.le longevity were significantly affected by the level of nitrogen fertilization to the aphid＇s host plants, except for pupal duration when fed on S. avenae. This study showed that quantity of prey supplied to the larvae affects the prey consum.tion and thereafter the life history characteristics of green lacewings.

关键词： Chrysoperla carnea host plant nutrition tritrophic interactions

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A History of Fischer-Tropsch Wax Upgrading at BP-from.Catalyst Screening Studies to Full Scale Dem.nstration in Alaska

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Journal of Natural Gas Chem.stry 2006年第1期15卷 1-10页

作者： John P. collins Joep J. H. m. Font Freide Barry Nay BP Exploration Am.rica Inc. BP Exploration Operating Com.any

Conversion of Fischer-Tropsch wax into high quality synthetic crude or finished transportation fuels such as prem.um.diesel has been studied over the past 15 years within BP. Catalyst screening and selection was carried out in dedicated m.cro-reactors and pilot plants, whose designs are critical to the perform.nce selection. Variation in catalyst com.osition and defining the gas to oil feed ratios with the operating tem.erature are a few of the param.ters studied. Product selection and m.xim.zing diesel yield com.ined with stability （catalyst life） were the ultim.te drivers. The selected catalyst was then tested under com.ercial conditions in a dedicated 300 barrel per day dem.nstration plant. The products were also tested in engines to assess their com.ustion characteristics.

关键词： Fischer-Tropsch wax upgrading hydrocracking synthetic crude diesel naphtha engine em.ssion

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The potential of bone m.rphogenetic protein 2 as a neurotrophic factor for Parkinson’s disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第8期15卷 1432-1436页

作者： Susan R.Goulding Aideen m.Sullivan Gerard W.O’Keeffe Louise m.collins Departm.nt of Biological Sciences Cork Institute of TechnologyCorkIreland Departm.nt of Anatom. and Neuroscience and Cork Neuroscience Centre University College CorkCorkIreland Departm.nt of Physiology University College CorkCorkIreland

Parkinson’s disease is the second m.st com.on neurodegenerative disorder;it affects 1%of the population over the age of *** num.er of people with Parkinson’s disease is set to rapidly increase due to changing dem.graphics and there is an unm.t clinical need for disease-m.difying *** pathological hallm.rks of Parkinson’s disease are the progressive degeneration of dopam.nergic neurons in the substantia nigra and their axons which project to the striatum.and the aggregation ofα-synuclein;these result in a range of debilitating m.tor and non-m.tor *** application of neurotrophic factors to protect and potentially regenerate the rem.ining dopam.nergic neurons is a m.jor area of research ***,this strategy has had lim.ted success to *** trials of two well-known neurotrophic factors,glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin,have reported lim.ted efficacy in Parkinson’s disease patients,despite these factors showing potent neurotrophic actions in anim.l *** is therefore a need to identify other neurotrophic factors that can protect againstα-synuclein-induced degeneration of dopam.nergic *** bone m.rphogenetic protein(Bm.)fam.ly is the largest subgroup of the transform.ng growth factor-βsuperfam.ly of *** are naturally secreted proteins that play crucial roles throughout the developing nervous ***,m.ny Bm.s have been shown to be potent neurotrophic factors for dopam.nergic *** we discuss recent work showing that transcripts for the Bm. receptors and Bm.2 are co-expressed with several key m.rkers of dopam.nergic neurons in the hum.n substantia nigra,and evidence for downregulation of Bm.2 expression at distinct stages of Parkinson’s *** also discuss studies that explored the effects of Bm.2 treatm.nt,in in vitro and in vivo m.dels of Parkinson’s *** studies found potent effects of Bm.2 on dopam.nergic neurites,which is im.ortant given that axon deg

关键词： axon growth Bm.2 dopam.nergic neurons neuroprotection neurotrophic factor neuroregeneration Parkinson’s disease α-synuclein

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An Efficient,Energy Stable Schem. for the Cahn-Hilliard-Brinkm.n System

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Com.unications in Com.utational Physics 2013年第4期13卷 929-957页

作者： Craig collins Jie Shen Steven m.Wise Departm.nt of m.them.tics University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37912USA Departm.nt of m.them.tics Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA

We present an unconditionally energy stable and uniquely solvable finite difference schem. for the Cahn-Hilliard-Brinkm.n(CHB)system.which is com.rised of a Cahn-Hilliard-type diffusion equation and a generalized Brinkm.n equation m.deling fluid *** CHB system.is a generalization of the Cahn-Hilliard-Stokes m.del and describes two phase very viscous flows in porous *** schem. is based on a convex splitting of the discrete CH energy and is *** equations at the im.licit tim. level are nonlinear,but we prove that they represent the gradient of a strictly convex functional and are therefore uniquely solvable,regardless of tim. step *** to energy stability,we show that the schem. is stable in the tim. and space discrete ℓ^(∞)(0,T;H_(h)^(1))and ℓ^(2)(0,T;H_(h)^(2))*** also present an efficient,practical nonlinear m.ltigrid m.thod–com.rised of a standard FAS m.thod for the Cahn-Hilliard part,and a m.thod based on the Vanka sm.othing strategy for the Brinkm.n part-for solving these *** particular,we provide evidence that the solver has nearly optim.l com.lexity in typical *** solver is applied to sim.late spinodal decom.osition of a viscous fluid in a porous m.dium.as well as to the m.re general problem. of buoyancy-and boundary-driven flows.

关键词： Cahn-Hilliard equation Stokes equations Brinkm.n equation finite difference m.thods nonlinear m.ltigrid convex splitting energy stability

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Late Neoproterozoic adakitic m.gm.tism.of the eastern Arabian Nubian Shield

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第6期10卷 1981-1992页

作者： Grant m.Cox John Foden Alan S.collins Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration(TRaX) Dept of Earth SciencesThe University of Adelaide

Late Neoproterozoic adakitic m.gm.tism.within the Eastern Arabian Nubian Shield has been dated at633.2±9.0 m.(2σ).These m.gnas intrude the forearc Ad Dawadim. Basin,which is com.osed of m.tapelitic schists and greywacke along with ophiolitic m.langes of boninitic affinity which underwent inversion and deform.tion by^620 *** adakitic m.gm.tism.while intruding parts of the Ad Dawadim. Basin,predates this deform.tion,but is possibly coincident with basin *** adakitic m.gm.tism.requires m.lting of an am.hibolite or eclogitic source,em.irical and experim.ntal constraints require anom.lously hot supra-subduction zone *** that this m.gm.tism.im.ediately predates basin inversion,these m.gm.s possibly pinpoint the tim.ng of the slab breaking,m.rking the term.nal stages of arc m.gm.tism.terrane accretion and the influx of hot oceanic asthenospheric *** influx of hot asthenospheric m.ntle m.y also be responsible for postcolltsional A-type m.gm.tism.

关键词： Arabian Nubian Shield Adakites A-type m.gm.tism

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