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Depression following a traumatic brain injury:uncovering cytokine dysregulation as a pathogenic mechanism

neural Regeneration Research 2018年第10期13卷 1693-1704页

作者： colleen n.bodnar Josh M.Morganti Adam D.Bachstetter Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center University of Kentucky Department of neuroscience University of Kentucky Sanders-Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky

A substantial number of individuals have long-lasting adverse effects from a traumatic brain injury（TBI）. Depression is one of these long-term complications that influences many aspects of life. Depression can limit the ability to return to work, and even worsen cognitive function and contribute to dementia. The mechanistic cause for the increased depression risk associated with a TBI remains to be defined. As TBI results in chronic neuroinflammation, and priming of glia to a secondary challenge, the inflammatory theory of depression provides a promising framework for investigating the cause of depression following a TBI. Increases in cytokines similar to those seen in depression in the general population are also increased following a TBI. Biomarker levels of cytokines peak within hours-to-days after the injury, yet pro-inflammatory cytokines may still be elevated above physiological levels months-to-years following TBI, which is the time frame in which post-TBI depression can persist. As tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 can signal directly at the neuronal synapse, pathophysiological levels of these cytokines can detrimentally alter neuronal synaptic physiology. The purpose of this review is to outline the current evidence for the inflammatory hypothesis of depression specifically as it relates to depression following a TBI. Moreover, we will illustrate the potential synaptic mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 could contribute to depression. The association of inflammation with the development of depression is compelling; however, in the context of post-TBI depression, the role of inflammation is understudied. This review attempts to highlight the need to understand and treat the psychological complications of a TBI, potentially by neuroimmune modulation, as the neuropsychiatric disabilities can have a great impact on the rehabilitation from the injury, and overall quality of life.

关键词： concussion major-depressive disorder chronic traumatic encephalopathy inflammation tumor necrosis factor α interleukin 1 microglia astrocytes synaptic physiology n-methyl-D-aspartic acid

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Metasomatism-induced wehrlite formation in the upper mantle beneath the nógrád-G?m?r Volcanic Field(northern Pannonian Basin):Evidence from xenoliths

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第3期11卷 943-964页

作者： Levente Patko nora Liptai Laszlo Elod Aradi Rita Klebesz Eszter Sendula Robert J.bodnar Istvan Janos Kovacs Karoly Hidas Bernardo Cesare Attila novak Balazs Trasy Csaba Szabo Lithosphere Fluid Research Lab Institute of Geography and Earth SciencesEotvos Lor and UniversityBudapestHungary Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre Institute for Nuclear ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesDebrecenHungary CCFS-GEMOC Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia Geodetic and Geophysical Institute Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesSopronHungary Fluids Research Laboratory Department of GeosciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUnited States MTA CSFK Lendület Pannon LitH2Oscope Research Group Geodetic and Geophysical InstituteResearch Centre for Astronomy and Earth SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesSopronHungary Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de La Tierra CSIC&UGRArmillaGranadaSpain Department of Geosciences University of PaduaPaduaItaly Department of Geology Eotvos Lorand UniversityBudapestHungary

Clinopyroxene-enriched upper mantle xenoliths classified as wehrlites are common(~20% of all xenoliths) in the central part of the nograd-G(o| ")m(o|")r Volcanic Field(nGVF),situated in the northern margin of the Pannonian Basin in northern Hungary and southern *** this study,we thoroughly investigated 12 wehrlite xenoliths,two from each wehrlite-bearing occurrence,to determine the conditions of their *** textural features,including clinopyroxene-rich patches in an olivine-rich lithology,orthopyroxene remnants in the cores of newlyformed clinopyroxenes and vermicular spinel forms all suggest that wehrlites were formed as a result of intensive interaction between a metasomatic agent and the peridotite wall *** on the major and trace element geochemistry of the rock-forming minerals,significant enrichment in basaltic(Fe,Mn,Ti) and high field strength elements(nb,Ta,Hf,Zr) was observed,compared to compositions of common lherzolite *** presence of orthopyroxene remnants and geochemical trends in rock-forming minerals suggest that the metasomatic process ceased before complete wehrlitization was *** composition of the metasomatic agent is interpreted to be a mafic silicate melt,which was further confirmed by numerical modelling of trace elements using the plate *** model results also show that the melt/rock ratio played a key role in the degree of petrographic and geochemical *** lack of equilibrium and the conclusions drawn by using variable lherzolitic precursors in the model both suggest that wehrlitization was the last event that occurred shortly before xenolith entrainment in the host mafic *** suggest that the wehrlitization and the Plio-Pleistocene basaltic volcanism are related to the same magmatic event.

关键词： Wehrlite xenoliths Upper mantle metasomatism Mafic silicate melt Trace element modelling

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Prevalence and Incidence of HIV and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Crack Users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area, El Salvador

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World Journal of AIDS 2013年第4期3卷 357-363页

作者： Julia Dickson-Gomez Julia Lechuga Laura Glasman Steven Pinkerton Gloria bodnar Pamela Klein Center for AIDS Intervention Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee USA Departamento de Investigación Fundación Antidrogas de El Salvador (FUNDASALVA) San Salvador El Salvador University of Texas El Paso USA

Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area. Methods: We conducted a survey of 420 crack users by using respondent-driven sampling to measure demographic characteristics, the quantity and frequency of drug use, history of STIs, including HIV, and experiences with organizations which provide prevention and treatment of HIV. Each participant offered a free and voluntary HIV test and was asked permission to share the results of the test with the study. Bernoullian modeling was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV among heterosexual males in this population. Results: The estimated prevalence was 7% (95% CI: 2.3% -9.8%) among participants who agreed to take the test and share the results, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.8% -7.8%) assuming that those who did not take the test or share results were seronegative. Participants reported a high frequency of sexual risk behaviors. In addition, participants were reported to have little knowledge of organizations to prevent or treat HIV/AIDS;58% had never taken an HIV test prior to survey administration. Conclusions: Crack users in San Salvador are at high risk for HIV acquisition. HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions increasing access to HIV testing and prevention.

关键词： Incidence and Prevalence of HIV Sexual Risk Behavior Crack El Salvador

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