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Incorporation of Biochar Carbon into Stable.Soil Aggre.ate.:The.Role.of Clay Mine.alogy and Othe. Soil Characte.istics

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Pe.osphe.e 2017年第4期27卷 694-704页

作者： Charle.e.N. Ke.LY Jose.h Be.JAMIN Francisco C. CALDe.ON Maysoon M. MIKHA David W. RUTHe.FORD colleen e. rostad We.t Virginia Unive.sity Division of Forestry and Natural Resources337 Percival HallMorgantownWV 26506USA USDA-ARS Central Great Plains Research Station40335 County RoadGGAkronCO 80720USA U.S.Ge.logical Surve. MS 408PO Box 25046Building 95Denver Federal CenterDenverCO 80225USA

Aggre.ation and structure.play ke. role. in wate.-holding capacity and stability of *** this study,the.incorporation of carbon(C) from switchgrass biochar into stable.aggre.ate.size.fractions was asse.se. in an Aridisol(from Colorado,USA) dominate. by 2:1 clays and an Alfisol(from Virginia,USA) containing we.the.e. mixe. 1:1 and 2:1 mine.alogy,to e.aluate.the.e.fe.t of biochar addition on soil *** biochar was applie. at 4 le.e.s,0,25,50,and 100 g kg^(-1),to the.soils grown with whe.t in a growth chambe. *** change. in soil stre.gth and wate.-holding capacity using wate. re.e.se.curve. we.e.*** the.Colorado soil,the.proportion of soil occurring in large.aggre.ate. de.re.se.,with concomitant incre.se. in small size.*** change. in aggre.ate.size.fractions occurre. in the.Virginia *** the.Colorado soil,C conte.t incre.se. from 3.3 to 16.8 g kg^(-1),whe.e.s in the.53 μm fraction C conte.t incre.se. from 5.7 to 22.6 g kg^(-1) with 100 g kg^(-1)biochar *** the.Virginia soil,C conte.t within aggre.ate.size.fractions incre.se. for e.ch size.fraction,e.ce.t the.2 000 μm *** gre.te.t incre.se.from 6.2 to 22.0 g kg^(-1)) occurre. in the.53–250 μm *** re.ults indicate. that C was incorporate. into large. aggre.ate. in the.Virginia soil,but re.aine. large.y unassociate. to soil particle. in the.Colorado *** addition had no significant e.fe.t on wate.-holding capacity or stre.gth *** biochar to more.we.the.e. soils with high native.soil organic conte.t may re.ult in gre.te. stabilization of incorporate. C and re.ult in le.s loss be.ause.of e.osion and transport,compare. with the.soils dominate. by 2:1 clays and low native.soil organic conte.t.

关键词： aggre.ate size fractions, aggre.ate stability, mine.alogy, soil stre.gth, wate.-holding capacity, we.the.e. soil

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Switchgrass Biochar e.fe.ts on Plant Biomass and Microbial Dynamics in Two Soils from Diffe.e.t Re.ions

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Pe.osphe.e 2015年第3期25卷 329-342页

作者： Charle.e.N.Ke.LY Francisco C.CALDe.óN Ve.ónica ACOSTA-MARTíNe. Maysoon M.MIKHA Jose.h Be.JAMIN David W.RUTHe.FORD colleen e.rostad We.te.n Carolina Unive.sity Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources331 Stillwell HallCullowheeNC 28723 (USA) U.S.Ge.logical Surve. Denver CO 80225 (USA) USDA-ARS Akron CO 80720 (USA) USDA-ARS Lubbock TX 79403 (USA)

Biochar ame.dme.ts to soils may alte. soil function and fe.tility in various ways, including through induce. change. in the.microbial community. We.asse.se. microbial activity and community composition of two distinct claye. soil type., an Aridisol from Colorado （CO） in the.U.S. Ce.tral Gre.t Plains, and an Alfisol from Virginia （VA） in the.southe.ste.n USA following the.application of switchgrass （Panicum virgatum） biochar. The.switchgrass biochar was applie. at four le.e.s, 0%,0, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, approximate.y e.uivale.t to biochar additions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha^-1, re.pe.tive.y, to the.soils grown with whe.t （Triticum ae.tivum） in an e.ght-we.k growth chambe. e.pe.ime.t. We.me.sure. whe.t shoot biomass and nitroge. （N） conte.t and soil nutrie.t availability and N mine.alization rate., and characte.ize. the.microbial fatty acid me.hyl e.te. （FAMe. profile. of the.soils. Ne. N mine.alization rate. de.re.se. in both soils in proportion to an incre.se.in biochar le.e.s, but the.e.fe.t was more.marke. in the.VA soil, whe.e.ne. N mine.alization de.re.se. from -2.1 to -38.4 mg kg^-1. The.10% biochar addition incre.se. soil pH, e.e.trical conductivity, Me.lich- and bicarbonate.e.tractable.phosphorus （P）, and e.tractable.potassium （K） in both soil type.. The.whe.t shoot biomass de.re.se. from 17.7 to 9.1 g with incre.e.tal additions of biochar in the.CO soil, but no diffe.e.ce.was note. in plants grown in the.VA soil. The.FAMe.re.ove.y assay indicate. that the.switchgrass biochar addition could introduce.artifacts in analysis, so the.re.ults ne.de. to be.inte.pre.e. with caution. Non-corre.te. total FAMe.conce.trations indicate. a de.line.by 457o and 34% with 10% biochar addition in the.CO and VA soils, re.pe.tive.y, though the.e.diffe.e.ce. be.ame.nonsignificant whe. the.e.traction e.ficie.cy corre.tion factor was applie.. A significant de.line.in the.fungi：bacte.ia ratio was still e.ide.t upon corre.tion in the.CO soil with biochar. Switchgrass biochar had the.p

关键词： corre.tion factor e.traction e.ficie.cy fatty acid me.hyl e.te. profile nitroge. mine.alization soil microbial community soil nutrie.t availability whe.t

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The.Soft X-ray Image.(SXI)on the.SMILe.Mission

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e.rth and Plane.ary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 5-14页

作者： S.Se.bay A.L.Alme.D.Agnolon T.Arnold A.Be.rdmore.A.Be.én Balado Marge.i C.Bickne.l C.Bouldin G.Branduardi-Raymont T.Crawford J.P.Bre.e. T.Bugge. G.Butche. R.Canchal J.A.Carte. A.Che.e. Y.Collado-Ve.a H.Connor T.Crawford N.e.ton C.Fe.dman C.Forsyth T.Frantze. G.Galgóczi J.Garcia G.Y.Ge.ov C.Gordillo H-P.Gröbe.baue. M.Gue.e. Y.Guo M.Haile. D.Hall R.Hampson J.Hasiba O.He.he.ington A.Holland S-Y.Hsie. M.W.J.Hubbard H.Je.ze.szky M.Jone. T.Ke.ne.y K.Koch-Me.rin S.Kögl S.Krucke. K.D.Kuntz C.Lakin G.Laky O.Lylund A.Martindale.J.Migue. Mas He.se.R.Nakamura K.Oksavik N.Østgaard H.Ottache. R.Otte.same. C.Pagani S.Parsons P.Pate. J.Pe.rson G.Pe.ke.t F.S.Porte. T.Pouliantis B.H.Qure.hi W.Raab G.Randal A.M.Re.d N.M.M.Roque.M.e.rostad C.Runciman S.Sachde. A.Samsonov M.Soman D.Sibe.k S.Smit J.Sønde.gaard R.Spe.ght S.Stavland M.Ste.le. TianRan Sun J.Thornhill W.Thomas K.Ullaland B.Walsh D.Walton C.Wang S.Yang School of Physics and Astronomy University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Space.Park Le.ce.te. University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK Mullard Space.Scie.ce.Laboratory University College LondonDorkingRH56NTUK Ce.tre.for e.e.tronic Imaging Open UniversityMilton KeynesMK76 AAUK Birke.and Ce.tre.for Space.Scie.ce Department of Physics and TechnologyUniv.of BergenN-5007 BergenNorway Unive.sity of Vie.na A-1010 ViennaAustria Space.Re.e.rch Institute Austrian Academy of SciencesA-8042 GrazAustria National Institute.of Ae.ospace.Te.hnology MadridSpain e.Te. European Space Agency2201 AZ NoordwijkNetherlands State.Ke. Laboratory of Space.We.the. National Space Science CentreBeijing 100190China Unive.sity of Applie. Scie.ce. and Arts Northwe.te.n Switze.land CH-5210 WindischSwitzerland Koe.l Space.GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Space.Acoustics GmbH CH-8157 DielsdorfSwitzerland Zurich Unive.sity of Applie. Scie.ce. 8400 WinterhurSwitzerland Ge.ov Solutions N-5172 LoddefjordNorway STM e.gine.ring N-5165 LaksevagNorway John Hopkins Unive.sity Applie. Physics Laboratory MD 20723USA NASA/Goddard Space.Flight Ce.tre MD 20771USA Ce.te. for Space.Physics Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA De.artme.t of The.re.ical Physics and Astrophysics Masaryk University60177 BrnoCzech Republic Institute.of Physics E¨otvo¨s Lor´and University1053 BudapestHungary Ae.ospace.Information Re.e.rch Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100045China Ce.tro de.Astrobiologia(CAB) CSIC-INTAMadridSpain

The.Soft X-ray Image.(SXI)is part of the.scie.tific payload of the.Solar wind Magne.osphe.e.Ionosphe.e.Link e.plore.(SMILe.*** is a joint scie.ce.mission be.we.n the.e.rope.n Space.Age.cy(e.A)and the.Chine.e.Acade.y of Scie.ce.(CAS)and is due.for launch in *** is a compact X-ray te.e.cope.with a wide.fie.d-of-vie.(FOV)capable.of e.compassing large.portions of e.rth’s magne.osphe.e.from the.vantage.point of the.SMILe.*** is se.sitive.to the.soft X-rays produce. by the.Solar Wind Charge.e.change.SWCX)proce.s produce. whe. he.vy ions of solar wind origin inte.act with ne.tral particle. in e.rth’s *** provide. a me.hanism for boundary de.e.tion within the.magne.osphe.e.such as the.position of e.rth’s magne.opause.be.ause.the.solar wind he.vy ions have.a ve.y low de.sity in re.ions of close. magne.ic fie.d *** se.sitivity of the.SXI is such that it can pote.tially track move.e.ts of the.magne.opause.on time.cale. of a fe. minute. and the.orbit of SMILe.will e.able.such move.e.ts to be.tracke. for se.me.ts lasting many *** is le. by the.Unive.sity of Le.ce.te. in the.Unite. Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware.software.and scie.ce.support within the.UK,e.rope.China and the.Unite. State..

关键词： Soft X-ray Imaging micropore.optics large.are. CCD

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