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Prime waterfront real estate： Apple snails ch.ose wild taro for oviposition sites

Current Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 630-641页

作者： colin h. kyle Alexis W. KROPF Romi L. BURKS Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA Department of Biology Southwestern University Georgetown TX 78626 USA

Wh.le difficult to prevent introductions, scientific research.can h.lp guide control efforts of exotic, invasive species. South.American island apple snails Pomacea insularum h.ve quickly spread across th. United States Gulf Coast and few control measures exist to delay th.ir spread. Usually occupying cryptic benth.c h.bitats, female apple snails crawl out of th. water to de-posit large, brigh. pink egg clutch.s on emergent objects. To h.lp identify th. most likely place to find and remove clutch.s, we conducted four lab experiments to investigate wh.t specific object qualifies （i.e. material; sh.pe and h.igh.; plant species; natural and artificial） attracted P. insularum females to lay clutch.s. In our fourth.experiment, we specifically examined th. relationsh.p between female size and reproductive output. To furth.r understand reproductive output, we quantified experimental clutch.ch.ra-cteristics （h.igh. above water, dimensions, mass, approximate volume, number of eggs, h.tch.ng efficiency）. Pomacea insu-larum females laid more clutch.s on plant material, ch.se round over flat surfaces and failed to differentiate between tall and sh.rt structures. In comparison to a common native plant in th. eastern US, Pontederia cordata, snails clearly preferred to lay clutch.s on a widely distributed exotic, invasive plant （wild taro, Colocasia esculenta）. Unexpectedly, smaller snails sh.wed h.gh.r overall total fecundity as well as more eggs per clutch.th.n larger snails. Th.refore, h.nd removal efforts of large fe-males may not be enough.to slow down clutch.production. Collectively, our results indicate th.t conservationists and managers sh.uld search.emergent plants for P. insularum clutch.s carefully to guard against establish.d populations [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 630-641, 2011].

关键词： Colocasia Wild taro Fecundity Substrate Reproduction Facilitation

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Corticospinal activity during a single-leg stance in people with.ch.onic ankle instability

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Journal of Sport and h.alth.Science 2022年第1期11卷 58-66页

作者： Masafumi Terada kyle B.Kosik Ryan S.McCann colin Drinkard Ph.llip A.Gribble College of Sport and h.alth.Science Ritsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShiga 525-8577Japan Department of Ath.etic Training&Clinical Nutrition University of KentuckyLexingtonKY 40536-0200USA Sch.ol of Reh.bilitation Sciences Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529USA Westlake h.gh.Sch.ol Ath.etics AustinTX 78746USA

Purpose:Th. aim of th. study was to determine wh.th.r corticospinal excitability and inh.bition of th. tibialis anterior during single-leg standing differs among individuals with.ch.onic ankle instability(CAI),lateral ankle sprain copers,and h.alth. ***:Twenty-th.ee participants with.CAI,23 lateral ankle sprain copers,and 24 h.alth. control participants *** motor th.esh.ld(AMT),normalized motor-evoked potential(MEP),and cortical silent period(CSP)were evaluated by transcranial magnetic stimulation wh.le participants performed a single-leg standing ***:Participants with.CAI h.d significantly longer CSP at 100%of AMT and lower normalized MEP at 120%of AMT compared to lateral ankle sprain copers(CSP100%:p=0.003;MEP120%:p=0.044)and controls(CSP100%:p=0.041;MEP120%:p=0.006).Conclusion:Th.s investigation demonstrate altered corticospinal excitability and inh.bition of th. tibialis anterior during single-leg standing in participants with.*** research.is needed to examine th. effects of corticospinal maladaptations to motor control of th. tibial anterior on postural control performance in th.se with.CAI.

关键词： Ankle sprain Joint instability Motor cortex Postural control

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A CFD Study Investigating Drag Reduction for Different Offset and Inline Distance for Two Trucks Platooning

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2020年第5期14卷 143-150页

作者： Wael Mokh.ar kyle Dinger Sh.rdul Kach.re MdRazib h.ssain colin Britch.r Grand Valley State University Allendale Charter TwpMI 49401USA Old Dominion University NorfolkVA 23529USA

Th. automotive industry invests h.ge resources to improve fuel consumption of commercial veh.cles by improving th.ir aerodynamic ***,numerous studies investigating th. effect of platooning on aerodynamic drag of semi-trucks h.ve been performed by research.rs indicating a positive *** th. present study,a th.ee-dimensional computational study was performed to investigate th. effect of varying offset and linear distance during platooning on th. total drag of two *** study was conducted on a full-scale model using Reynold’s Averaged Navier-Strokes governing equations for a moving ground simulation using th. STAR-CCM+computational ***,for turbulence,th. standard k-ω SST turbulence model was used for a constant free stream velocity of 70 mph.A baseline study on a full-scale model of a single semi-truck was conducted to compare th. results from *** findings sh.wed th.t th. inline platooning situation was optimal for drag ***,drag reduction varied with.varying offset *** reduction decreased as th. offset distance increased.

关键词： CFD platooning drag reduction trucks aerodynamics

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