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Is convenience really king? Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam: a longitudinal patient cost study

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2024年第2期13卷 17-28页

作者： Nguyen Hoa Binh Quang Vo Luan Nguyen Forse Rachel Jeanette Wiemers Anja Maria Christine Huynh Huy Ba Dong Thuy Thi Thu Phan Yen Thi Hoang Creswell Jacob Dang Thi Minh Ha Nguyen Lan Huu Shedrawy Jad L?nnroth Knut Nguyen Tuan Dinh Van Dinh Luong Annerstedt Kristi Sidney codlin andrew james National Lung Hospital Ha Noi Viet Nam Friends for International TB Relief Ha Noi Viet Nam Department of Global Public Health WHO Collaboration Centre On Tuberculosis and Social Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden Stop TB Partnership Geneva Switzerland Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam

Background In Viet Nam, tuberculosis (TB) represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag, partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector care. Thus, persons with TB may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility, convenience, and privacy. Our study aimed to measure income changes, costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among TB-affected households in the public and private *** Between October 2020 and March 2022, we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews, among 50 patients privately treated for TB and 60 TB patients treated by the National TB Program (NTP) in Ha Noi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Using a local adaptation of the WHO TB patient cost survey tool, participants were interviewed during the intensive phase, continuation phase and post-treatment. We compared income levels, direct and indirect treatment costs, catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate *** The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort (USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010). However, private sector treatment was also significantly costlier (USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005), driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants (USD 754 vs USD 164;P<0.001). This resulted in no significant difference in catastrophic costs between the two cohorts (Private: 55% vs NTP: 52%;P=0.675). Factors associated with catastrophic cost included being a single-person household [adjusted odds ratio [(aOR=13.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36–138.14;P=0.026], unemployment during treatment (aOR=10.86; 95%CI: 2.64–44.60;P<0.001) and experiencing TB-related stigma (aOR=37.90; 95%CI: 1.72–831.73;P=0.021).Conclusions Persons with TB in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the

关键词： Tuberculosis Patient cost Catastrophic cost Private sector Comparative analysis Viet Nam

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Evaluating the yield of systematic screening for tuberculosis among three priority groups in Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020年第6期9卷 16-28页

作者： Luan Nguyen Quang Vo andrew james codlin Rachel Jeanette Forse NgaThuy Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Vu Giang Truong Le Vinh Van Truong Giang Chau Do Ha Minh Dang Lan Huu Nguyen Hoa Binh Nguyen Nhung Viet Nguyen Jens Levy Knut Lonnroth SBertel Squire Maxine Caws Friends for International TB Relief 68B Nguyen Van Troi8Phu NhuanHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam Interactive Research and Development Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam Ho Chi Minh City Public Health Association Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam National Lung Hospital Ha NoiViet Nam KNCV Tuberculosefonds The HagueThe Netherlands Department of Global Public Health Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden Department of Clinical Sciences Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK Birat Nepal Medical Trust LazimpatKathmanduNepal

Background: In order to end tuberculosis(TB),it is necessary to expand coverage of TB care services,including systematic screening ***,more evidence is needed for groups among whom systematic screening is only conditionally recommended by the World Health *** study evaluated concurrent screening in multiple target groups using community health workers(CHW).Methods:: In our two-year intervention study lasting from October 2017 to September 2019,CHWs in six districts of Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam verbally screened three urban priority groups:(1)household TB contacts;(2)close TB contacts;and(3)residents of urban priority areas without clear documented exposure to TB including hotspots,boarding homes and urban *** persons were referred for further screening with chest radiography and follow-on testing with the Xpert MTB/RIF *** individuals with normal or without radiography results were tested on smear *** described the TB care cascade and characteristics for each priority group,and calculated yield and number needed to ***,we fitted a mixed-effect logistic regression to identify the association of these target groups and secondary patient covariates with TB treatment ***: We verbally screened 321020 people including 24232 household contacts,3182 social and close contacts and 293606 residents of urban priority *** resulted in 1138 persons treated for TB,of whom 85 were household contacts,39 were close contacts and 1014 belonged to urban priority area *** yield of active TB in these groups was 351,1226 and 345 per 100000,respectively,corresponding to numbers needed to screen of 285,82 and *** fitted model showed that close contacts[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=2.07;95%CI:1.38–3.11;P<0.001]and urban priority area residents(aOR=2.18;95%CI:1.69–2.79;P<0.001)had a greater risk of active TB than household ***: The study detected a large number of un

关键词： Case detection Tuberculosis Active case finding Urban Viet nam

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Time-Aware LSTM Neural Networks for Dynamic Personalized Recommendation on Business Intelligence

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024年第1期29卷 185-196页

作者： Xuan Yang james A.Esquivel Graduate School Angeles University FoundationAngeles City 2009Philippines Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture Weifang University of Science and TechnologyWeifang 262700China

Personalized recommendation plays a critical role in providing decision-making support for product and service analysis in the field of business ***,deep neural network-based sequential recommendation models gained considerable ***,existing approaches pay litle attention to users'dynamically evolving interests,which are influenced by product attributes,especially product *** overcome these challenges,we propose a dynamic personalized recommendation model:***,we first embed product information and attribute information into a unified data ***,we exploit long short-term memory(LsTM)networks to characterize sequential behavior over multiple time periods and seize evolving interests by hierarchical LSTM ***,similarity values between users are measured through pairwise interest features,and personalized recommendation lists are generated.A series of experiments reveal the superiority of the proposed method compared withotheradvanced methods.

关键词： personalized recommendations evolving interests embedding LsTM networks

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Probing turbulence in galaxies with fast radio burst scintillation

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第1期67卷 177-178页

作者： james M.Cordes Department of Astronomy the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary ScienceCornell UniversityIthaca NY 14853USA

Interstellar scintillation(ISS)is a well-known phenomenon observed from pulsars in the Milky *** comprises intensity variations *** and frequency caused by constructive and destructive interference from multipath propagation,which is due to diffraction from fluctuations in electron density in the interstellar medium(ISM)on scales as small as~100 *** density fluctuations appear to be part of a turbulence process combined with discrete structures in electron density from other astrophysical processes;together these fluctuations extend to scales of pc or larger.

关键词： scales galaxies turbulence

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Photonic analog signal processing and neuromorphic computing[Invited]

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Chinese Optics Letters 2024年第3期22卷 123-136页

作者： james Garofolo Ben Wu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rowan UniversityGlassboroNJ 08028USA

In this review paper,we discuss the properties and applications of photonic computing and analog signal *** computational circuits have large operation bandwidth,low power consumption,and fine frequency control,enabling a wide range of application-specific computational techniques that are impossible to implement using traditional electrical and digital hardware *** advantages are illustrated in the elegant implementation of optical steganography,the real-time blind separation of signals in the same bandwidth,and the efficient acceleration of artificial neural network *** working principles and use of photonic circuits for analog signal processing and neuromorphic computing are reviewed and notable demonstrated applications are highlighted.

关键词： blind-source separation optical steganography neuromorphic photonics

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LSTM Network-Based Adaptation Approach for Dynamic Integration in Intelligent End-Edge-Cloud Systems

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024年第4期29卷 1219-1231页

作者： Xuan Yang james A.Esquivel Graduate School Angeles University FoundationAngeles City 2009Philippinesand also with Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected HorticultureWeifang University of Science and TechnologyWeifang 262700China Graduate School Angeles University FoundationAngeles City 2009Philippines

Edge computing, which migrates compute-intensive tasks to run on the storage resources of edge devices, efficiently reduces data transmission loss and protects data privacy. However, due to limited computing resources and storage capacity, edge devices fail to support real-time streaming data query and processing. To address this challenge, first, we propose a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network-based adaptive approach in the intelligent end-edge-cloud system. Specifically, we maximize the Quality of Experience (QoE) of users by automatically adapting their resource requirements to the storage capacity of edge devices through an event mechanism. Second, to reduce the uncertainty and non-complete adaption of the edge device towards the user’s requirements, we use the LSTM network to analyze the storage capacity of the edge device in real time. Finally, the storage features of the edge devices are aggregated to the cloud to re-evaluate the comprehensive capability of the edge devices and ensure the fast response of the user devices during the dynamic adaptation matching process. A series of experimental results show that the proposed approach has superior performance compared with traditional centralized and matrix decomposition based approaches.

关键词： quality of experience data query end-edge-cloud Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks

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Analysis of the Oscillatory Flows of Multiple Shock Waves in a Constant Area Duct

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 794-806页

作者： K james Jintu KIM Heuy Dong Department of Mechanical Engineering Andong National UniversityAndong36729Republic of Korea CAD-IT Korea Co. Ltd.Seoul08591Republic of Korea

The oscillatory response of multiple shock waves to downstream perturbations in a supersonic flow is studied numerically in a rectangular *** shock waves are formed inside the duct at a shock Mach number of *** duct has an exit height of H,and the effect of duct resonance on multiple shock oscillations is investigated by attaching exit ducts of lengths 0H,50H,and *** downstream disturbance frequency varied from 10 Hz to 200 Hz to explore the oscillation characteristics of the multiple shock *** oscillatory response of shock waves under self-excited and forced oscillation conditions are analyzed in terms of wall static pressure,shock train leading-edge location,shock train length,and the size of the separation *** extent of the initial shock location increases with an increase in exit duct length for the self-excited oscillation *** analysis of the shock train leading edge and the spectral analysis of wall static pressure variations are *** variation in the shock train length is analyzed using the pressure ratio method for self-excited as well as forced *** RMS amplitude of the normalized shock train length(ζ_(ST))increases with an increase in the exit duct length for the self-excited oscillation *** the downstream perturbation frequency is increased,ζ_(ST)is decreased for exit duct *** all exit duct designs and downstream forcing frequencies,the size of the separation bubble grows and shrinks during the shock oscillations,demonstrating the dependence on duct resonance and forced oscillations.

关键词： shock train downstream disturbance supersonic flow shock wave boundary layer interaction duct resonance flow separation

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Learning physically based material and lighting decompositions for face editing

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Computational Visual Media 2024年第2期10卷 295-308页

作者： Qian Zhang Vikas Thamizharasan james Tompkin Brown University ProvidenceRhode Island 02906USA

Lighting is crucial for portrait photography,yet the complex interactions between the skin and incident light are expensive to model computationally in graphics and difficult to reconstruct analytically via computer ***,to allow fast and controllable reflectance and lighting editing,we developed a physically based decomposition through deep learned priors from path-traced portrait *** approaches that used simplified material models or low-frequency or low-dynamic-range lighting struggled to model specular reflections or relight directly without intermediate ***,we estimate the surface normal,skin albedo and roughness,and high-frequency HDRI maps,and propose an architecture to estimate both diffuse and specular reflectance *** our experiments,we show that this approach can represent the true appearance function more effectively than simpler baseline methods,leading to better generalization and higher-quality editing.

关键词： intrinsic decomposition portrait relighting inverse rendering deep learning

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Event-triggered sliding mode control of linear repetitive processes and its application in metal rolling process

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第3期67卷 167-181页

作者： Xinyu LV Yugang NIU james LAM Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process (East China University of Science and Technology) Ministry of Education Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong

This paper investigates the design problem of a sliding mode controller for linear repetitive processes(LRPs) with a finite pass length on each pass. Under limited communication resources, an eventtriggered mechanism is implemented from the sensors to the controller, whose triggered sequence is consistent with the evolution direction of LRPs. To periodically orchestrate communication between the controller and actuator, a round-robin scheduling mechanism is established based on the pass length. A sliding function involving the state and pass profile is constructed, and the sliding mode controller is designed using triggered states and pass profile signals. Feasible controller gains are attained to ensure the stability of the resultant closed-loop system. Finally, the proposed strategy is implemented for a multi-roll metal rolling process.

关键词： event-triggered mechanism linear repetitive processes metal rolling process round-robin scheduling sliding mode control

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Medical artificial intelligence and the black box problem:a view based on the ethical principle of“do no harm”

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Intelligent Medicine 2024年第1期4卷 52-57页

作者： Hanhui Xu Kyle Michael james Shuttleworth School of Medicine Nankai UniversityTianjin300071China Department of Global Connectivity Akita International UniversityOkutsubakidai-193-2 YuwatsubakigawaAkita010-1211Japan

One concern about the application of medical artificial intelligence(AI)regards the“black box”feature which can only be viewed in terms of itsinputs and outputs,with no way to understand the AI’s *** problematic because patients,physicians,and even designers,do not understand why or how a treatment recommendation is produced by AI *** view claims that the worry about black-box medicine is unreasonable because AI systems outperform human doctors in identifying the ***,under the medical AI-physicianpatient model,the physician can undertake the responsibility of interpreting the medical AI’s *** this study,we focus on the potential harm caused by the unexplainability feature of medical AI and try to show that such possible harm is *** will seek to contribute to the literature from three ***,we appealed to a thought experiment to show that although the medical AI systems perform better on accuracy,the harm caused by medical AI’s misdiagnoses may be more serious than that caused by human doctors’misdiagnoses in some ***,in patient-centered medicine,physicians were obligated to provide adequate information to their patients in medical ***,the unexplainability feature of medical AI systems would limit the patient’s ***,we tried to illustrate the psychological and financial burdens that may be caused by the unexplainablity feature of medical AI systems,which seems to be ignored by the previous ethical discussions.

关键词： Medical artificial intelligence Black box problem Do no harm Paternalism

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