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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第4期14卷 1052-1069页

作者： Charles Mazereku Jerekias Gandure clever ketlogetswe Faculty of Engineering University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Global concerns about the environmental impact of combustion emissions from petroleum fuels influence new research to seek for alternative energy sources. The current study investigates the possibility of using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative biodiesel raw material. Four plant growth regulators (PGR) were used to boost the production of safflower. Thirteen treatments were constituted from the four plant regulators and applied to the safflower crop arranged in completely randomised design, repeated three times. The results show that the effect of plant growth regulators was not more than that of the control. More studies have to be channelled towards the relationship between safflower and plant growth regulators.

关键词： Safflower Biodiesel Plant Growth Regulators

A Comprehensive Economic Assessment of Producing Biodiesel Derived from Used Cooking Oil Using the BioPro380 EX

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Energy and Power Engineering 2022年第9期14卷 491-508页

作者： Karabo Samuel Matome clever ketlogetswe Gagoitseope Mmopelwa Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Science University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

The authors performed economic assessment of producing biodiesel at pilot scale using used cooking oil as feed-oil in a Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor. The overall results suggest that the biodiesel production using used cooking oil is a viable project even at large or medium scale. The payback period for producing biodiesel at a pilot scale of 31,320 liters per year was 1.5 years, which was 1 month longer than the payback period for a large plant capacity of 66,000 liters per year. The study demonstrated that the unit selling price and unit production cost are sensitive to the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, since price variations of BWP 1 result in at least a 13% increase and 12% decrease in profit, respectively. The study further revealed that feed-oil (used cooking oil) was the most expensive among all the inputs accounting for 61%, followed by methanol and direct labour with 19% and 13% respectively. The overall energy recorded to produce approximately 360 liters of biodiesel contributed to 2% only, suggesting that Bio-Pro 380 EX biodiesel reactor is relatively a low energy intensity processor. The situation is suitable for the promotion of biodiesel particularly in countries where initiatives to stimulate the development of biofuels are at its infant stage Botswana included.

关键词： Biodiesel Used Cooking Oil Unit Production Cost Cost To Capacity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Bio-Pro 380 EX Unit Selling Price

Chemical Extraction and Property Analyses of Marula Nut Oil for Biodiesel Production

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2011年第3期1卷 96-101页

作者： Jerekias Gandure clever ketlogetswe 不详

To identify and develop alternative and renewable sources of fuel for the transport sector is a present challenge for engineers and researchers. This work was carried out to assess yield of marula (Sclero carrya/birrea) nut and chemical properties of crude marula nut oil for biodiesel production in Botswana. Chemical extraction of marula oil was done to establish actual oil content by use of hexane / iso-propyl alcohol solvent in a soxhlet set up. Distillation was carried out on a Rotavapor system prior to oil purging using nitrogen gas. The results indicated that marula nuts have about 58.6% oil content. Characterisation of the extracted crude oil was carried out to determine its chemical composition using the Waters GCT Premier Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer (MS) coupled to the Agilent 6890N Gas Chromatography (GC) system. Ethyl oleate (ethyl ester) was found to be the dominant fatty acid. Trans-Oleic acid was also abundant but could not be quantified because it was not found in the standard mixture. Crude marula oil was also found to have an ester content of 93.7%, acid value of 1.4mgKOH/g, and free fatty acid content of 0.7%. These results are marginally out of specifications for biodiesel by international standards, implying that crude marula oil is a potential substrate for biodiesel production.

关键词： Marula Oil Chemical Extraction Chemical Properties

Innovative Approaches to Energy Provision in Off-Grid Rural Communities—A Case of Botswana

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2018年第3期8卷 82-91页

作者： clever ketlogetswe Jerekias Gandure University of Botswana Mechanical Engineering Department Gaborone Botswana

Although renewable energy technologies applications to rural communities to improve energy access have been embraced in numerous parts of the world, sustainability of these systems is increasingly becoming critical as far as realization of long term benefits is concerned. The current manuscript proposes approaches deemed to provide appropriate match between technology and users in a select of Botswana’s rural communities. The methodology includes a participatory and inclusive approach in which the local community is engaged in the generation of their own energy. Available information indicates that available feedstock in selected communities is sufficient to generate and provide sustainable energy supply for the community.

关键词： Energy Provision Innovation Off-Grid Rural Communities Sustainability

Blending Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel: A Comparative Performance Test on a Variable IC Engine

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2011年第2期2卷 165-168页

作者： clever ketlogetswe Jerekias Gandure 不详

Research in biodiesel production has been motivated by several reasons including consistant increase in prices of petroleum diesel, environmental advantages, security of fuel supply, and employment creation. This paper presents a review of one alternative technological method that can be used to produce this fuel. Biodiesel from used cooking oil was produced by alkali catalyzed transesterification process. Performance of internal combustion engine using this bio-diesel blended with petroleum diesel in various blending ratios was performed. The engine performance studies were conducted on a variable compression engine test rig with automatic data acquisition set up. Parameters such as brake power, torque and fuel consumption were measured at different loads for pure petroleum diesel, pure biodiesel and different combinations of the dual fuel. The test results indicate that the performance of the engine is comparable for all the fuel mixtures under

关键词： Engine Performance Biodiesel Blending

Marula Oil and Petrodiesel: A Comparative Performance Analysis on a Variable Compression Ignition Engine

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Energy and Power Engineering 2011年第3期3卷 339-342页

作者： Jerekias Gandure clever ketlogetswe 不详

The quest for biofuel production and use in Botswana is driven by factors including volatile oil prices, need for fuel security, potential for job creation, potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and economic diversification. In line with national efforts to come up with energy sources that are both environmentally friendly and sustainable, this work was carried out to compare performance properties of native crude marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed oil and petrodiesel fuel on a variable compression engine test rig with automatic data acquisition set up. Parameters such as engine torque, brake power and specific fuel consumption were measured at different loads for the two fuels. The results indicate that engine performance when powered with crude marula oil compares favourable with those for petrodiesel. Optimum numerical values for engine torque, brake power and specific fuel consumption were 28.2 Nm, 6.27 W and 0.34 g/kWh respectively for petrodiesel, and 22.7 Nm, 6.6 W, 0.33 g/kWh respectively for crude marula oil. The engine performance was also analysed for same parameters, namely, engine torque, brake power and specific fuel consumption when powered using the same fuels over a range of compression ratios while the load was fixed at 80%. Optimum numerical values for engine torque, brake power and specific fuel consumption were 27.2 Nm, 3.67 W and 0.59 g/kWh respectively for petrodiesel, and 26.3 Nm, 3.6 W, 0.34 g/kWh respectively for crude marula oil. The results indicate that compression ratio of 16:1 yields optimum engine performance in terms of engine torque and brake power for both fuels under review. However, marula oil fuel recorded smooth steady increase in performance profile across all compression ratios which out-performs petrodiesel on lower compression ratios for engine torque and brake power, and is largely better than petrodiesel on fuel consumption.

关键词： Performance Marula Oil Petrodiesel

Production, Composition and Fuel Properties of Tallow Biodiesel: A Case of Botswana

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Energy and Power Engineering 2017年第7期9卷 355-365页

作者： Jerekias Gandure clever ketlogetswe Mbako Jonas Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Biodiesel has been identified globally as presenting an opportunity for development of a sustainable fuel source, especially in light of international pressures for greenhouse gas emission reductions and the unpredictability of availability and pricing of fossil fuels. For Botswana, the internal development of biodiesel could signify a positive move away from a dependency on imported fuel products, provide sustainable employment and contribute to poverty alleviation measures. In the current study, biodiesel was synthesized from animal fat and tested for fuel properties. Results have shown a biodiesel production yield of 93%, chemical composition that is typical of a biodiesel fuel, and fuel properties that are largely comparable to those of petroleum diesel.

关键词： Animal Fat Production Biodiesel Composition Fuel Properties

Influence of Jatropha Fruit Maturity on Seed Oil Yield, Composition and Heat of Combustion of Derived Biodiesel

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Energy and Power Engineering 2018年第3期10卷 77-86页

作者： Mbako Jonas clever ketlogetswe Jerekias Gandure Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Maturity of Jatropha fruits has influence on oil yield, chemical composition and physicochemical properties of derived biodiesel. Oil yield was determined using soxhlet extraction while biodiesel was prepared through the process of transesterification. Fatty acid profile was determined according to test method EN 14103 using Agilent Technologies GC System 7890. The calorific value of biodiesel was determined using Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter, IKA C200 according to test method ASTM D5865. Results showed that Yellow Jatropha fruit seeds have the highest oil yield and energy content, coupled with the best mix of fatty acid methyl esters.

关键词： Fruit Maturity Biodiesel Oil Yield Energy Content Fatty Acid Profile

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Tylosema Esculentum Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine： An Experimental Investigation

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第1期8卷 50-58页

作者： Jerekias Gandure clever ketlogetswe Abraham Temut Mechanical Engineering Department University of Botswana Gaborone P/Bag UB 0061 Botswana Chemical and Mining Engineering Department University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 35131 Tanzania

Biodiesel derived from indigenous feed stocks such as Tylosema esculentum kernel oil is deemed a feasible alternative to petroleum diesel for the diesel engine. This paper presents results of investigation of performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Tylosema biodiesel. In this investigation, Tylosema biodiesel was prepared, analyzed and compared with the performance of petroleum diesel fuel using a single cylinder compression ignition diesel engine. The specific fuel consumption, engine torque, engine brake power, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were analyzed. The tests showed a decrease in engine brake power and torque with increase in engine load, while specific fuel consumption showed an increasing trend with maximum variation of 33% between the two fuels at engine load of 90%. Emission levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide showed an increasing trend with increase in load for both fuels. Tylosema biodiesel produced significantly lower concentrations of hydrocarbons than petroleum diesel, while levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were largely comparable to those of petroleum diesel. Soot production from combustion of Tylosema biodiesel was found to be approximately 98% lower than that from combustion of petroleum biodiesel, demonstrating insignificant contribution to environmental pollution.

关键词：柴油机性能生物柴油排放特性柴油发动机燃料消耗率发动机扭矩发动机负荷实验

Effect of Variation in Co-Digestion Ratios of Matooke, Cassava and Sweet Potato Peels on Hydraulic Retention Time, Methane Yield and Its Kinetics

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2016年第4期6卷 93-115页

作者： Peter Tumutegyereize clever ketlogetswe Jerekias Gandure Noble Banadda Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Makerere University Kampala Uganda

This paper presents the results of batch anaerobic co-digestion of matooke, cassava, and sweet potato peels and vines. These agricultural wastes and others form the biggest portion of household wastes in developing countries. However, they have remained an unexploited resource amidst the ever increasing needs of clean energy and waste disposal challenges. Efforts to use them individually as biogas substrates have been associated with process acidification failure resulting from their fast hydrolysis. The aim of this work was to exploit agricultural wastes is co-digestion among themselves and assess their effect on methane yield and its kinetics, pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Sixteen ratios of Matooke peels (MP), cassava peels (CP) and sweet potato peels (SP) were assessed in duplicate. Methane yield and its kinetics, pH and HRT demonstrated dependence on the proportion of substrates in the mixture. Depending on the ratio mixture, HRT increased to 15 days compared to less than 5 days for single substrates, hydrolysis rate constant (k) reduced to a range of 0.1 - 0.3 d-1 compared to single substrates whose k-values were above 0.5 d-1, pH was maintained in the range of 6.38 - 6.43 and CH4 yield increased by 15% - 200%. Ratios 2:1:0, 2:0:1, 0:1:2, 1:1:1 and 1:1:4 were consistent all through in terms of model fitting, having a positive synergetic effect on HRT, hydrolysis rate constant, lag phase and methane yield. However, more research is needed in maintaining the pH near the neutral for process stability assurance if household wastes are to be used as standalone substrates for biogas production without being co-substrates with livestock manure.

关键词： Co-Digestion Household Wastes Hydrolysis Methane Yield Kinetics