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Prognostication and response assessment in liver and pancreatic tumors:The new imaging

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第22期21卷 6794-6808页

作者： Riccardo De Robertis Paolo Tinazzi Martini Emanuele Demozzi Gino Puntel Silvia Ortolani Sara Cingarlini Andrea Ruzzenente Alfredo Guglielmi Giampaolo Tortora claudio bassi Paolo Pederzoli Mirko D'Onofrio Department of Radiology Verona Comprehensive Cancer Network G.B. Rossi Hospital University of Verona Department of Radiology Casa di Cura Pederzoli Department of Oncology Verona Comprehensive Cancer Network G.B.Rossi Hospital University of Verona Department of Hepato-biliary Surgery Verona Comprehensive Cancer NetworkG.B. Rossi Hospital University of Verona Department of Pancreatic Surgery Verona Comprehensive Cancer Network G.B. Rossi Hospital University of Verona Department of Pancreatic Surgery Casa di Cura Pederzoli

Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI), dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging(DCE-MRI) and perfusion computed tomography(CT) are technical improvements of morphologic imaging that can evaluate functional properties of hepato-bilio-pancreatic tumors during conventional MRI or CT ***, the term "functional imaging" is commonly used to describe molecular imaging techniques, as positron emission tomography(PET)CT/MRI, which still represent the most widely used methods for the evaluation of functional properties of solid neoplasms; unlike PET or single photon emission computed tomography, functional imaging techniques applied to conventional MRI/CT examinations do not require the administration of radiolabeled drugs or specific equipments. Moreover, DWI and DCE-MRI can be performed during the same session, thus providing a comprehensive "one-step" morphological and functional evaluation of hepato-bilio-pancreatic tumors. Literature data reveal that functional imaging techniques could be proposed for the evaluation of these tumors before treatment, given that they may improve staging and predict prognosis or clinical outcome. Microscopic changes within neoplastic tissues induced by treatments can be detected and quantified with functional imaging,therefore these techniques could be used also for posttreatment assessment, even at an early stage. The aim of this editorial is to describe possible applications of new functional imaging techniques apart frommolecular imaging to hepatic and pancreatic tumors through a review of up-to-date literature data, with a particular emphasis on pathological correlations,prognostic stratification and post-treatment monitoring.

关键词： Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging Perfusion imaging Hepatocellular carcinoma Liverneoplasms Pancreatic neoplasms

New Amphiphilic Amino Acid Derivatives for Efficient DNA Transfection in Vitro

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2017年第2期7卷 191-205页

作者： Lucía C.Pena María F.Argaraná María M.De Zan Antonella Giorello Sebastián Antuna claudio C.Prieto Carolina M.I.Veaute Diana M.Müller LAQUIMAP Dto.Química OrgánicaUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina Cát.Microbiología General Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina Laoratorio de Control de Medicamentos Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina Laboratorio de Inmunología básica Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina

Nucleic acids-based therapies have recently developed as next-generation agents for treating and preventing viral infection, cancer, and genetic disorders, but their use is still limited due to its relatively poor delivery into targeted cells. We designed and synthesized new amphiphilic amino acid derivatives (cysteine-based) of low molecular weight, formed by the same pentapeptide (AG2: WWCOO) N-acylated, with different hydrophobic chains containing from 12 to 18 carbons, named AG2-Cn (N), which dimerize by oxidation in the presence of pLenti-CMV-GFP Puro plasmid (P) in the respective gemini. We determined transfection efficiency, critical micelle concentration, particle size, ζ-potential and cytotoxicity for the derivatives obtained. We found that all the synthesized compounds were active for DNA delivery and had greater ability to transfect CHO-K1 cells. In particular, AG2-C18 is a promising carrier for gene delivery because it showed no cytotoxicity and its activity was greater than or equal to the commercial actives currently used.

关键词： Amphiphile N-Acylated Cysteine Gemini Ornithine Transfection

Genetic Structure of Cartagena de Indias Population Using Hypervariable Markers of Y Chromosome

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Open Journal of Genetics 2015年第1期5卷 27-41页

作者： Doris E. G.-Camargo Rafael Camacho-Mejorado claudio Gómez-Alegría Angelo Alario Esther A. H.-Tobías Gustavo Mora- García Marco A. M.-Ríos Rocío Gómez Doctorado en Medicina Tropical Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Cartagena Cartagena de Indias Colombia Departamento de Toxicología Cinvestav-IPN México D.F. México Departamento de Farmacia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia Departamento Médico Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Cartagena Cartagena de Indias Colombia Departamento de biomedicina Molecular Cinvestav-IPN México D.F. México

Ethnicity has been associated with the incidence of diseases and consequently it is a cornerstone in medical genetic studies. It is mainly important in admixture populations, where the population stratification can produce spurious results that lead to erroneous conclusions. Consequently, population stratification has become one of the most important confounding factors in population-based genetic association studies, especially in Latino populations. Cartagena de Indias is a cosmopolitan city with dissimilar ancestry proportions due to recent miscegenation. This population mainly exhibits African and Amerindian matrilineal ancestries. Nevertheless, important asymmetries in the paternal genetic history related to the complex patterns of migration in the colonial period increase the male genetic diversity in this population. As a result of this recent admixture, population stratification has arisen, where each subpopulation is not equally represented. Consequently, the allele differences between cases and controls could be related with different frequencies among different population strata rather than the association of the genes with the disease. In order to define the patrilineal substructure of the Cartagena’s population, a total of 130 unrelated men were ancestrally studied using 15 Y-STR loci routinely employed in anthropological, forensic and population genetics. Our results show that Cartagena is an admixture population consisting of European (80%), Amerindian (10%) and African ancestries (10%), which are represented by haplogroups R1b and I2a (xI2a1), Q-M242/Q-M3, and E1b1a/E1b1b, respectively. Complex genetic patterns found in Cartagena’s population emphasize the importance to know the genetic variation in order to diminish the inconsistence for future genetic association studies. In addition, our findings illustrate the complex genetic background of Cartagena population and reinforce the need to encompass more geographic regions to generate more robust dat

关键词： Population Genetics Y-Chromosome Microsatellites Cartagena Colombia

Inflammatory bowel disease in an underdeveloped region of Northeastern brazil

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第4期21卷 1197-1206页

作者： José Miguel Luz Parente claudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy Viriato Campelo Mírian Perpétua Palha Dias Parente Leonardo Araújo Costa Renata Mendes da Silva Celso Stephan José Murilo Robilotta Zeitune Center for Health Sciences Federal University of Piaui (Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI)TeresinaPiauí 64049-550Brazil Department of Surgery School of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)CampinasS?o Paulo 13083-970Brazil Center of Health Sciences State University of Piaui (Universidade Estadual do Piauí - UESPI)TeresinaPiauí 64001-280Brazil Federal University of Piaui (Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI) TeresinaPiauí 64049-550Brazil Department of Public Health School of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp)CampinasS?o Paulo 13083-970Brazil Department of Internal Medicine School of Medical SciencesState University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp)CampinasS?o Paulo 13083-970Brazil

AIM: To evaluate the demographic characteristics and clinical phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease(IbD) in a geographic area in Northeastern ***: This retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital of the Federal University of Piauí in Northeastern brazil. Demographic characteristics and clinical phenotypes of IbD were analyzed in relation to the time of diagnostic confirmation, which was defined as the date of disease onset. Data were collected between January 2011 and December 2012 and included all census patients 18 years of age or older during that period for whom there was diagnostic confirmation of Crohn's disease(CD), ulcerative colitis(UC), or unclassified colitis according to the Montreal criteria. We also analyzed the period of time between the onset of clinical manifestations and the diagnosis of IbD(delay in the diagnosis). Statistical analyses included means and standard deviations for numeric variables and the Pearson χ2 adherence test for nominal variables. The annual index occurrence and overall prevalence of IbD at our institution were also calculated, with P values by the Institutional Ethics and Research ***: A total of 252 patients with IbD were included, including 152(60.3%) UC patients and 100(39.7%) CD patients. The clinical and demographic characteristics of all patients with IbD showed a female to male ratio of 1.3:1.0 and a mean age of35.2(SD = 14.5) years. In addition, the majority of patients were miscegenated(171, 67.9%), had received higher education(157, 62.4%), lived in urban areas(217, 86.1%), and were under the age of 40 years(97, 62.5%). For patients with CD, according to the Montreal classification, the predominant features present from the onset of disease were an age between 17 and 40 years(A2); colonic disease location(L2); and nonstricturing, nonfistulizing disease behavior(b1). However, approximately one-quarter of all CD patie

关键词： Inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn’s disease Ulcera

P2Y12受体抑制剂联合质子泵抑制剂对急性冠脉综合征患者缺血事件影响的临床分析

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中华医学杂志 2016年第33期96卷 2611-2615页

作者：冯斯婷严妍范婧尧王晓郑文聂绍平 Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin Emad Abu-Assi Jose P Simao Henriques Fabrizio D' Ascenzo Jorge Saucedo Jose R Conzalez-Juanatey Stephen b Wilton Wouter J Kikkert Ivan Nunez-Gil Albert Ariza-Sole Dimitrios Alexopoulos Christoph Liebetrau Tetsuma Kawaji claudio Moretti Zenon Huczek Toshiharu Fujii Luis C Correia Masa-aki Kawashiri Sasko Kedev 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊危重症中心 100029 University Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro Vigo Spain Academic Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Divisione di Cardiologia Citta della Salute e della Scienza Turin Italy North Shore University Hospital Chicago USA University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de compostela Spain Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta Calgary Canada San Carlos Hospital Madrid Spain bellvitge University Hospital Barcelona Spain University Patras Hospital Athens Greece Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center Frankfurt Germany Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan University Clinical Hospital Warsaw Poland Hospital Sao Rafael Salvador Brazil Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine Kanazawa Japan University Clinic of Cardiology Skopje Macedonia

目的本研究旨在分析P2Y12受体抑制剂联合质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后的急性冠脉综合征患者缺血事件的影响。方法基于国际多中心回顾性注册登记研究，纳入2003至2014年因急性冠脉综合征人院行PCI术的患者，分... 详细信息

目的本研究旨在分析P2Y12受体抑制剂联合质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗对经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后的急性冠脉综合征患者缺血事件的影响。方法基于国际多中心回顾性注册登记研究，纳入2003至2014年因急性冠脉综合征人院行PCI术的患者，分为PPI组及非PPI组并随访1年，主要临床终点为全因死亡／再发心肌梗死的复合终点。根据P2Y12受体抑制剂种类，将入组患者分为氯吡格雷组及替格瑞洛组，并比较不同药物与PPI联用发生临床终点事件的风险。结果研究入选9429例患者，PPI组占54．8％，具有更多高危因素。Cox回归结果提示PPI组较非PPI组全因死亡／再发心肌梗死复合事件的发生差异无统计学意义（HR1．00，95％CI 0．86—1．18）。根据P2Y12抑制剂种类不同分为氯吡格雷组和替格瑞洛组，不同P2Y12受体抑制剂联用PPI较未联用PPI患者的临床终点无差异，联用PPI的氯吡格雷组与替格瑞洛组的临床终点差异也无统计学意义。结论急性冠脉综合征患者PPI与P2Y12受体抑制剂联用不增加全因死亡和再发心肌梗死风险，尤其PPI联用氯吡格雷在患者的缺血事件上与替格瑞洛比较差异无统计学意义。

关键词：急性冠脉综合征氯吡格雷质子泵抑制剂患者结局评价替格瑞洛

联合应用氯吡格雷和质子泵抑制剂对急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后预后的影响

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中国医药 2017年第2期12卷 161-166页

作者：严研王晓范婧尧聂绍平 Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin Emad Abu-Assi Jose Paulo Simao Henriques Fabrizio D'Ascenzo Jorge Saucedo Jose Ramon Gonzalez-Juanatey Stephen b. Wilton Wouter J. Kikkert Ivan Nunez-Gil Albert Ariza-Sole Dimitrios Alexopoulos Christoph Liebetrau Testuma Kawaji claudio Moretti Zenon Huczek Toshiharu Fujii Luis claudio Correia Masa-aki Kawashiri Sasko Kedev 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊危重症中心 000029 西班牙比戈市阿尔瓦罗康克雷诺医院心内科 36312 荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学学术医学中心心内科 1105 意大利都灵市圣乔瓦尼巴蒂斯塔医院心内科 10126 美国芝加哥市北岸大学医院心内科 60201 西班牙圣地亚哥·德·孔波斯特拉大学临床医院心内科 15706 加拿大卡尔加里市阿尔伯塔利宾心血管研究所心脏科学医学科 T2N4N1 西班牙马德里市圣卡洛斯医院心内科 28040 西班牙巴塞罗纳市贝尔维尔医院心内科 08907 希腊雅典市佩特雷大学医院心内科 26504 德国法兰克福市基尔霍夫胸腔心脏中心心内科 61231 日本京都大学医学研究生院心内科 606-8507 波兰华沙市临床医院心内科 02-091 日本东京市东海大学医学院心内科 259-1193 巴西萨尔瓦多市圣拉斐尔医院 41253-190 日本金泽大学医学研究生院心内科 920-0942 马其顿斯科普里市临床心脏病诊所心内科 1000

目的探讨联合应用氯吡格雷和质子泵抑制剂（PPI）对急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2003年至2014年来自10个国家（加拿大，巴西，德国，波兰，荷兰，西班牙，意大利，希腊，中国... 详细信息

目的探讨联合应用氯吡格雷和质子泵抑制剂（PPI）对急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2003年至2014年来自10个国家（加拿大，巴西，德国，波兰，荷兰，西班牙，意大利，希腊，中国，日本）15个临床中心的ACS合并PCI术后18077例患者的临床资料。研究氯吡格雷、PPI与ACS患者PCI术后预后的关系。比较患者的基本临床特征、既往病史、生化指标、药物应用，以及终点事件的发生率情况。通过Cox回归模型进行分析及倾向性评分调整其他可能影响患者的预后因素包括人口学信息（年龄、性别）和临床指标，计算PPI这一干预因素的风险比并评价其是否能够明显影响患者的预后。结果基于国际多中心blee MACs注册登记研究分析，排除关键数据缺失过多患者2676例。根据纳入与排除标准及倾向性评分调整整理后，再排除患者6461例，最终列队患者8940例。根据患者用药不同，将患者分为氯吡格雷＋PPI组（4814例）和氯吡格雷组（4126例）。氯吡格雷＋PPI组患者女性、高血压病史、高脂血症病史、糖尿病史、外周血管疾病史、既往急性心肌梗死史、慢性肾功能不全病史、消化道溃疡病史、冠状动脉旁路移植术病史、既往出血病史、恶性肿瘤病史、不稳定型心绞痛、非sT段抬高型心肌梗死、心功能Killip分级≥2级、经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术、出院后血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂／血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂应用比例、年龄和入院时血肌酐水平明显高于氯吡格雷组[25．4％（1225／4814）比21．0％（865／4126）、59．9％（2882／4814）比49．2％（2032／4126）、48．3％（2327／4814）比42．7％（1762／4126）、26．4％（1272／4814）比22．1％（910／4126）、8．0％（386／4814）比5．6％（231／4126）、12．3％（593／4814）比10．6％（436／4126）、2．0％（98／4814）比0．7％（30／4126）、2．3％（112／4814）比1．0％（42／4126）、3．6％（172／4814）比2．2％（92／4126）、4．5％（219／4814）比3．0％（123／4126）、8．0％（387／4814）比4．7％（193／4126）、13．4％（644／4814）比9．1％（374／4126）、29．1％（1400／4814）比15．9％（656／4126）、14．5％（699／4814）比11．2％（462／4126）、56．0％（2697／4814）比55．7％（2300／4126）、75．5％（3633／4814）比68．6％（2829／4126）、（66±12）岁比（61±13）岁、（10±6）mg／L比（9±4）mg／L]；且入院时血红蛋白水平和出院后β受体阻滞剂应用比例明显低于氯吡格雷组[（138±19）g／L比（141±16）g／L、80．6％（3880／4814）比83．1％（3428／4126）]，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。调整前，氯吡格雷＋PPI组主要终点事件（全因死亡／再发心肌梗死／出血）发生率明显高于氯吡格雷组，差异有统计学意义（风险比为1．331，95％置信区间为1．161-1．524）。调整后，氯吡格雷＋PPI组主要终点事件（全因死亡／再发心肌梗死／出血）发生率与氯吡格雷组比较，差异无统计学意义（风险比为1．036，95％置信区间为0．903-1．189）。结论ACS患者PCI术后联合应用PPI与氯吡格雷是合理的，尤其在胃肠道出血高危患者中。

关键词：急性冠状动脉综合征氯吡格雷质子泵抑制剂预后

急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后出血情况分析

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中国医药 2017年第6期12卷 801-805页

作者：严研王晓范婧尧聂绍平宋现涛 Sergio Raposeiras-Roubin Emad Abu-Assi Jose Paulo Simao Henriques Fabrizio D'Ascenzo Jorge Saucedo Jose Ramon Gonza1ez-Juanatey Stephen b. Wilton Ivan Nufiez-Gil Albert Ariza-Sole Dimitrios Alexopoulos [ Christoph Liebetrau Testuma Kawaji Zenon Huczek Toshiharu Fujii Luis claudio Correia Masa-aki Kawashiri Sasko Kedev 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊危重症中心 100029 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科 100029 西班牙比戈市阿尔瓦罗康克雷诺医院心内科 36312 荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学学术医学中心心内科 1105 意大利都灵市圣乔瓦尼巴蒂斯塔医院心内科 10126 美国芝加哥市北岸大学医院心内科 60201 西班牙圣地亚哥·德·孔波斯特拉大学临床医院心内科 15706 加拿大卡尔加里市阿尔伯塔省利宾心血管研究所心脏科学医学科 T2N4N1 西班牙马德里市圣卡洛斯医院心内科 28040 西班牙巴塞罗纳市贝尔维尔医院心内科 08907 希腊雅典市佩特雷大学医院心内科 26504 德国法兰克福市基尔霍夫胸腔心脏中心心内科 61231 日本京都大学医学研究生院心内科 606-8507 日本东京市东海大学医学院心内科 259-1193 巴西萨尔瓦多市圣拉斐尔医院心内科 41253-190 日本金泽大学医学研究生院心内科 920-0942 马其顿斯科普里市临床心脏病诊所心内科 1000

目的分析急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后出血情况。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2014年12月来自11个国家16个临床中心的18077例行PCI的ACS患者的临床资料。根据是否出现出血事件，将患者分为出血组（558例）和非... 详细信息

目的分析急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后出血情况。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2014年12月来自11个国家16个临床中心的18077例行PCI的ACS患者的临床资料。根据是否出现出血事件，将患者分为出血组（558例）和非出血组（17519例），比较2组患者的基本临床特征、手术情况及生化指标。分析ACS患者PCI术后出血相关情况。结果马其顿中心数据因关键变量缺失过多而被排除患者2676例，故最终纳入10个国家15个中心15401例ACS患者。排除缺失数据，本研究共有12910例患者收集到出血部位的数据，409例患者存在出血事件。胃肠道是最常见出血部位，占48．7％（199／409），颅内出血占7．6％（31／409）。Logistic逐步回归方法多因素分析显示，既往出血病史、高血压病史是术后1年内消化道出血的危险因素。排除马其顿中心数据（2676例）与Cox回归模型和倾向性评分调整再排除5972例，剩余9429例作分层分析。根据是否联用质子泵抑制剂（PPI），将出院应用氯吡格雷生存患者8942例分为氯吡格雷联合应用PPI组（4814例）和氯吡格雷未联合应用PPI组（4126例）；将出院应用替格瑞洛生存患者489例分为替格瑞洛联合应用PPI组（351例）和替格瑞洛未联合应用PPI组（138例）。Kaplan-Meier法分析显示氯吡格雷联合应用PPI组1年出血事件发生率明显高于氯吡格雷未联合应用PPI组，差异有统计学意义（P=0．004）；替格瑞洛联合应用PPI组1年出血事件发生率与替格瑞洛未联合应用PPI组比较，差异无统计学意义（P=0．573）。结论ACS患者PCI术后最常见的出血部位为消化道，PPI与替格瑞洛联合应用在胃肠道出血风险较高患者中适用。

关键词：急性冠状动脉综合征出血质子泵抑制剂氯吡格雷替格瑞洛

Differences between main-duct and branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2010年第10期2卷 342-346页

作者： Roberto Salvia Stefano Crippa Stefano Partelli Giulia Armatura Giuseppe Malleo Marina Paini Antonio Pea claudio bassi Department of Surgery-General Surgery b "GB Rossi" HospitalUniversity of Verona

In the last decade,intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms(IPMNs) have become commonly *** a morphological standpoint,they are classified in main-duct IPMNs(MD-IPMNs) and branch-duct IPMNs(bD-IPMNs),depending on the type of involvement of the pancreatic ductal system by the *** the fact that our understanding of their natural history is still incomplete,recent data indicate that MD-IPMNs and bD-IPMNs show significant differences in terms of biological behaviour with MD-IPMNs at higher risk of malignant *** the present paper,clinical and epidemiological characteristics,rates of malignancy and the natural history of MD-IPMNs and bD-IPMNs are *** profile of IPMNs involving both the main pancreatic duct and its side branches(combined-IPMNs) are also ***,general recommendations for management based on these differences are given.

关键词： Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms branch-duct Main-duct Malignancy Surgery Followup Nodules Combined type

Diffusion-weighted imaging of pancreatic cancer

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World Journal of Radiology 2015年第10期7卷 319-328页

作者： Riccardo De Robertis Paolo Tinazzi Martini Emanuele Demozzi Flavia Dal Corso claudio bassi Paolo Pederzoli Mirko D'Onofrio Department of Radiology Verona Comprehensive Cancer Network Department of RadiologyG.B.Rossi Hospital-University of Verona Verona Comprehensive Cancer Network-Department of Pancreatic Surgery G.B.Rossi Hospital-University of Verona Department of Pancreatic Surgery

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) is a reliable and accurate imaging method for the evaluation of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC). Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) is a relatively recent technological improvement that expanded MRI capabilities, having brought functional aspects into conventional morphologic MRI evaluation. DWI can depict the random diffusion of water molecules within tissues(the so-called brownian motions). Modifications of water diffusion induced by different factors acting on the extracellular and intracellular spaces, as increased cell density, edema, fibrosis, or altered functionality of cell membranes, can be detected using this MR sequence. The intravoxel incoherent motion(IVIM) model is an advanced DWI technique that consent a separate quantitative evaluation of all the microscopic random motions that contribute to DWI, which are essentially represented by molecular diffusion and blood microcirculation(perfusion). Technological improvements have made possible the routine use of DWI during abdominal MRI study. Several authors have reported that the addition of DWI sequence can be of value for the evaluation of patients with PDAC, especially improving the staging; nevertheless, it is still unclear whether and how DWI could be helpful for identification, characterization, prognostic stratification and follow-up during treatment. The aim of this paper is to review up-to-date literature data regarding the applications of DWI and IVIM to PDACs.

关键词： Pancreas Pancreatic neoplasms Pancreatic ductal ca