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Hail Sensing Probes: Feasibility Analysis for Probes to Monitor and Study Hail

Advances in Remote Sensing 2016年第1期5卷 43-50页

作者： Silvano Bertoldo claudio lucianaz Marco Allegretti CINFAI (Interuniversity National Consortium for the Physics of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere) Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy

This work presents the feasibility study regarding the realization of hail sensing probes for remote sensing and study of hail. The probes are designed as artificial hailstones in order to study both the physical properties of the portion of atmosphere where the formation of hail occurs and the modification of atmospheric conditions while the hailstones are falling to the ground. The basic idea is to realize sensors with a similar fluid-dynamic behavior with respect to hailstones;the density, the weight and the size of the probes are determined. Consequently, the specification of the electronic boards, sensors, and material to realize the probes are studied and presented. The hail sensing probes can be dropped by a plane, or potentially a UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle), which fly above and through the clouds where the hail formation occurs. During their falling to the ground, the sensors installed on the probe measure directly different parameters such as humidity, temperature, pressure, acceleration. All data are sent to a receiver located on the ground. The study of the sampling frequency of each sensor is presented, together with the analysis of the propagation channel, in order to assure a robust communication link between probes and the ground receiver. The energy balance is also computed. The work demonstrates that a set of this kind of disposable sensors can be realized. They can be used for efficient monitoring operations and studies of hail formation dynamics and conditions, thus increasing the set of instruments for the monitoring and remote sensing of hail.

关键词： Hail Artifical Hailstones Sensing Probes Hail Studies Hail Sensors Sensors UAV

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Extreme Rainfall Event Analysis Using Rain Gauges in a Variety of Geographical Situations

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2015年第2期5卷 82-90页

作者： Silvano Bertoldo claudio lucianaz Marco Allegretti CINFAI (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Fisica delle Atmosfere e delle Idrosfere) Localunitat Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy

About 30 years of measurements made by the rain gauges located in Piedmont (Italy) have been analyzed. Rain gauges have been divided into 4 datasets considering the complex orography near Turin, namely the flatlands, mountains, hills and urban areas. For each group of gauges, the Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) distributions are estimated considering both the entire dataset of available data and different sets of 3 years of data in running mode. It is shown that the GEV estimated parameters temporal series for the 3 years dataset do not present any specific trend over the entire period. The study presented here is preliminary to a future extreme rainfall event analysis using high temporal and spatial resolution X-band weather radar with a limited temporal availability of radar maps covering the same area.

关键词： Rain Gauges Extreme Rainfall Events Generalized Extreme Value GEV

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Real Time Monitoring of Extreme Rainfall Events with Simple X-Band Mini Weather Radar

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2016年第2期6卷 285-299页

作者： Silvano Bertoldo claudio lucianaz Marco Allegretti Giovanni Perona CINFAI (National Consortium for the Physics of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere) localunit c/o DET (Department of Electronics and Telecommunications) Politecnico di Torino Turin Italy

Real time rainfall events monitoring is very important for a large number of reasons: Civil Protection, hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power purposes, road and traffic regulation, and tourism. Efficient monitoring operations need continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data. To monitor and observe extreme rainfall events, often much localized over small basins of interest, and that could frequently causing flash floods, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. On the other hand, common large C-band or S-band long range radars do not provide the necessary spatial and temporal resolution. Simple short-range X-band mini weather radar can be a valid compromise solution. The present work shows how a single polarization, non-Doppler and non-coherent, simple and low cost X-band radar allowed monitoring three very intense rainfall events occurred near Turin during July 2014. The events, which caused damages and floods, are detected and monitored in real time with a sample rate of 1 minute and a radial spatial resolution of 60 m, thus allowing to describe the intensity of the precipitation on each small portion of territory. This information could be very useful if used by authorities in charge of Civil Protection in order to avoid inconvenience to people and to monitor dangerous situations.

关键词： X-Band Radar Extreme Rainfall Event Precipitation Monitoring High Temporal Resolution High Spatial Resolution Real Time Monitoring Single Polarization

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A Wireless Sensor Network Ad-Hoc Designed as Anti-Theft Alarm System for Photovoltaic Panels

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Wireless Sensor Network 2012年第4期4卷 107-112页

作者： Silvano Bertoldo Oscar Rorato claudio lucianaz Marco Allegretti Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi Torino Italy

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have attracted increasing attention in last years as well as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which have been used in many application fields. In PV plants, especially in ground installations, a lot of thefts and damages occur due to the still high cost of the modules. A new experimental WSN ad-hoc has been designed to be an anti-theft alarm system. Each node of the network is directly installed under each PV string and it is equipped with an accelerometer sensor capable to detect a minimum displacement of the panel from its steady position. The WSN presents a star topology: a master node cyclically interrogates the slave nodes through RF link. It collects all the nodes responses and communicates though a RS-232 interface with a control PC checking the network status. When a slave node detects an alarm, continuous messages are sent to the control PC which turns on all the alarm signaling systems. The control PC is equipped with an open source operative system and software and provides for SMS, e-mail and sound-light signaling in case of alarm. It also communicates with a remote server where all the WSN information is stored. A first low cost experimental WSN has been already installed and it is working properly.

关键词： WSN Alarm System Photovoltaic System Electronic Board Ad-Hoc Designed Board Low Cost Ad-Hoc Protocol

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An Ad-Hoc Low Cost Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Gas Metering

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Wireless Sensor Network 2013年第3期5卷 61-66页

作者： Oscar Rorato Silvano Bertoldo claudio lucianaz Marco Allegretti Riccardo Notarpietro Department of Electronic and Telecommunications (DET) Polytechnic of Turin Turin Italy National Consortium of Universities for the Physics of Atmospheres and Hydrospheres (CINFAI) Local Unit c/o Polytechnic of Turin Turin Italy

The monitoring of power consumption has become of a great interest in recent years as well as the innovative technologies available to realize Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have experienced a great growth. While smart metering technologies for electric energy are already established, as sensors power supply comes directly from power lines, WSN nodes for gas metering should necessarily be equipped with long life batteries. The presented work describes a new prototypal low cost WSN designed ad hoc for gas smart metering. The network has a star topology: each sensor node can be completely integrated with standard reed relay gas meter, and it is capable to measure the gas consumption. The information is sent to the central node (the Access Point, AP) through an RF links. The sensor nodes have been designed with custom electronics and a proprietary firmware, in order to work with a common 3.6 V lithium battery which is able to ensure a life period of about 10 years for each node. Only the AP must be connected directly to electric power. The AP is connected through the RS-232 interface to a control embedded PC equipped with a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) framework: it stores all the information coming from each node in a coherent database and allows authorized users to check the network status using a web interface. The WSN is self-learning and it is capable to detect new nodes joining the network without altering the normal operative flow. Moreover e-mail and SMS alerts can be activated to alert if a node is disconnected from the network or some problems occur. A first prototype of the WSN has been already tested achieving good results.

关键词： WSN Smart Grid Smart Metering Gas Metering Energy Metering Electronic Board Ad-Hoc Designed Board Low Cost

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X-Band Mini Radar for Observing and Monitoring Rainfall Events

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2012年第3期2卷 290-297页

作者： Marco Allegretti Silvano Bertoldo Andrea Prato claudio lucianaz Oscar Rorato Riccardo Notarpietro Marco Gabella CINFAI (Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica delle Atmosfere e delle Idrosfere) unità locale presso Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi Torino Italy DET (Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni) Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi Torino Italy Envisens Technologies s.r.l. località Baraggino Campus Tecnologico Chivasso Italy MeteoSwiss Locarno Monti Switzerland

Quantitative precipitation estimation and rainfall monitoring based on meteorological data, potentially provides continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data, are of high practical use: Think of hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power, road and tourism. Both conventional long-range radars and rain-gauges suffer from measurement errors and difficulties in precipitation estimation. For efficient monitoring operation of localized rain events of limited extension and of small basins of interest, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. Alternatively C-band or S-band meteorological long range radars are able to monitor rain fields over wide areas, however with not enough space and time resolution, and with high purchase and maintenance costs. Short-range X-band radars for rain monitoring can be a valid compromise solution between the two more common rain measurement and observation instruments. Lots of scientific efforts have already focused on radar-gauge adjustment and quantitative precipitation estimation in order to improve the radar measurement techniques. After some considerations about long range radars and gauge network, this paper presents instead some examples of how X-band mini radars can be very useful for the observation of rainfall events and how they can integrate and supplement long range radars and rain gauge networks. Three case studies are presented: A very localized and intense event, a rainfall event with high temporal and spatial variability and the employ of X-band mini radar in a mountainous region with narrow valleys. The adaptability of such radar devoted to monitor rain is demonstrated.

关键词： X-Band Radar Rainfall Event Precipitation Monitoring Rain-Gauge Comparison High Temporal Resolution High Spatial Resolution Rainfall Observation

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