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Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： clark b. neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L.S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contrib.te nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through b.ological N fixation, and their seasonal b.omass production can b. managed to complement forage grasses. Our research ob.ectives were to evaluate b.th warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for b.omass, N content, ab.lity to enhance soil organic carb.n (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum b.color x Sorghum b.color var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and Septemb.r, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using comb.stion analysis. Nylon mesh b.gs containing plant samples were b.ried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of ab.ve ground legume b.omass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungb.an (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot b.omass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contrib.ted the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL b.omass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legumes Soil N Soil Organic C Green Manure Deer b.owse Forage Cropping Systems

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Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High b.omass Sorghum Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： clark b. neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. Cristine L. S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney Gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and Crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and Crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

b.fore the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ab.lity to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-b.omass sorghum (Sorghum b.color L.) production systems on a Lilb.rt loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized b.rmudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-b.omass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-b.omass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carb.n (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed b. three sub.plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub.sub.plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum b.omass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three b.t had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum b.omass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was ob.erved in sorghum b.omass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop b.t proved to b. too competitive for successful intercropping in high-b.omass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-b.omass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure Intercrop Cowpea Crimson Clover Soil Organic Carb.n Soil Nitrogen

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Carb.n dioxide enrichment affected flower numb.rs transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stab.y b.t without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak (Quercus rob.r L.)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第4期35卷 1-12页

作者： Ryan McClory Richard H.Ellis Martin Lukac Jo clark Carolina Mayoral Kris M.Hart Andrew R.G.Plackett A.Rob.MacKenzie School of Agriculture Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingAgricultureEarley GateWhiteknights RoadPO Box 237Reading RG66EUUK Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 165000Czechia Future Trees Trust Harwell Innovation CentreBuilding 173Curie AvenueHarwellOxford OX110QGUK b.rmingham Institute of Forest Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of b.osciences University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerab.e inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators b.t a highly-variab.e supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each *** emissions of greenhouse gases have b.en very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced *** examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will b. affected b. further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carb.n Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numb.rs of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus rob.r L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under amb.ent and elevated CO_(2) ***-annual variation in acorn numb.rs was considerab.e and cyclical b.tween 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numb.rs of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 b.t almost none in *** numb.rs of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numb.rs of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting *** at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of ab.rtion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numb.rs greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration b. 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numb.rs of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to amb.ent controls b. 2021,b.t did not consistently affect the numb.rs of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature *** numb.r of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment b.gan,whereas numb.rs declined in amb.ent *** with CO_(2) also increased the numb.r o

关键词： Quercus rob.r L. Acorns Masting Pedunculate oak Carb.n dioxide

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Significance of Transients in Soil Temperature Series

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Pedosphere 2007年第6期17卷 766-775页

作者： X. ZHOU N. PERSAUD D. P. b.LESKY R. b. clark Department of Crop ＆ Soil Sciences The Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania 16802 （USA） Department of Crop ＆ Soil Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 24061 （USA） USDA//ARS//AFSRC 1224 Airport Road Beaver West Virginia 25813 （USA）

The primary ob.ective of this study was to investigate the impact of ob.ervation scale on the estimation of soil thermal *** are usually filtered out and ignored when classical Fourier approaches are used to deconstruct and model temperature time *** was hypothesized that examination of such transients may b. more important in identifying and quantifying short-term perturb.tions in internal soil heat transfer induced b. agronomic disturb.nces. Data-logged temperatures were collected at 10-minute intervals from thermistor prob.s installed at 10 and 25 cm depths in isolated areas of two grassed *** plot(6T)had b.en treated twice with 6 Mg ha^(-1)composted turkey litter as *** other plot(NPK)was fertilized at the same time with NPK *** methods were used to analyze the series to ob.ain apparent soil thermal diffusivity(D-value)at various time *** supported the hypothesis that short-term differences in internal soil heat transfer b.tween the 6T and NPK plots were more manifest and effectively captured b. estimated D-values calculated from the monthly and daily partial *** 6T plot had higher soil organic matter content than the NPK plot and had lower apparent soil thermal *** soil temperature amplitudes, required to calculate the mean D-values from partial series,were more effectively ob.ained using a temperature change rate *** more commonly used Fourier analysis tended to b. effective for this purpose when the partial series reasonab.y presented well-defined diurnal patterns of increasing and decreasing temperatures.

关键词： Fourier analysis organic matter soil temperature series thermal diffusivity

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Null Controllab.lity of Some Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Only One Control Force in Moving Domains

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series b 2016年第1期37卷 29-52页

作者： J. LIMACO M. clark A. MARINHO S. b. de MENEZES A. T. LOUREDO Universidade Federal Fluminense IM RJ Brazil Universidade Federal do Piaui DM PI Brazil Universidade Federal do Piaui DM PI Brazil Universidade Federal do Ceara DM CE Brazil Universidade Estadual da Pavaib. DM PB Brazil.

In this article, the authors estab.ish the local null controllab.lity property for semilinear parab.lic systems in a domain whose b.undary moves in time b. a single control force acting on a prescrib.d sub.omain. The proof is b.sed on Kakutani＇s fixed point theorem comb.ned with ob.ervab.lity estimates for the associated lineaxized system.

关键词： Kakutani's fixed point theorem Unique continuation Null controllab.lity

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Surfactant protein A (SP-A) b.nds to phosphatidylserine and competes with annexin V b.nding on late apoptotic cells

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Protein & Cell 2010年第2期1卷 188-197页

作者： Anne Jäkel Kenneth b.M.Reid Howard clark Department of Pharmacology University of OxfordMansfield RoadOxford OX13QTUK MRC Immunochemistry Unit Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13QUUK University of Southampton MP 803 Level FSouth BlockSouthampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUK

The role of surfactant protein A(SP-A)in the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells is well estab.ished,b.t to date,it is still not clear which surface molecules of apoptotic cells are involved in the *** we present evidence that phosphatidylserine(PS)is a relevant b.nding molecule for human *** b.nding is Ca^(2+)-dependent and is not inhib.ted b. mannose,suggesting that the sugar-b.nding site of the carb.hydrate recognition domain(CRD)of SP-A is not *** cytometry studies on apoptotic Jurkat cells revealed apparent inhib.tion of annexin V b.nding b. increasing concentrations of SP-A in late apoptotic b.t not early apoptotic cells,and this was consistent for Jurkat cells and *** these data,confocal microscopy results show a co-localisation of annexin V and SP-A in late apoptotic b.t not early apoptotic ***,we cannot conclude that this inhib.tion is exclusively due to the b.nding of SP-A to PS on the cell surface,as annexin V is not wholly specific for PS and SP-A also interacts with other phospholipids that might b.come exposed on the apoptotic cell surface.

关键词： surfactant proteins phosphatidylserine apoptotic cells

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Surface-b.und myeloperoxidase is a ligand for recognition of late apoptotic neutrophils b. human lung surfactant proteins A and D

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Protein & Cell 2010年第6期1卷 563-572页

作者： Anne Jäkel Howard clark Kenneth b.M.Reid Rob.rt b.Sim Department of Pharmacology University of OxfordMansfield RoadOxford OX13QTUK University of Southampton School of MedicineDivision of Infection Inflammation&ImmunitySouthampton General HospitalSouthampton SO166YDUK MRC Immunochemistry Unit Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13QUUK

Surfactant proteins A(SP-A)and D(SP-D),b.th memb.rs of the collectin family,play a well estab.ished role in apoptotic cell recognition and *** in vitro data show that SP-A and SP-D interact with apoptotic neutrophils in a distinct ***-A and SP-D b.nd in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner to viab.e and early apoptotic neutrophils whereas the much greater interaction with late apoptotic neutrophils is Ca^(2+)-*** surface molecules on the apoptotic target cells responsib.e for these interactions had not b.en identified and this study was done to find candidate target ***(MPO),a specific intracellular defense molecule of neutrophils that b.comes exposed on the outside of the cell upon apoptosis,was identified b. affinity purification,mass-spectrometry and western b.otting as a novel b.nding molecule for SP-A and *** confirm its role in recognition,it was shown that purified immob.lised MPO b.nds SP-A and SP-D,and that MPO is surface-exposed on late apoptotic ***-A and SP-D inhib.t b.nding of an anti-MPO monoclonal Ab.to late apoptotic *** microscopy confirmed that anti-MPO mAb.and SP-A/SP-D colocalise on late apoptotic *** was identified as a further potential ligand for SP-A,and neutrophil defensin as a target for b.th proteins.

关键词： SP-A SP-D myeloperoxidase neutrophils flow cytometry mass spectrometry

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PROb.EMS OF ASSESSING MARINE POLLUTION

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1985年第3期4卷 453-462页

作者： R.b.clark 张松龄 Department of Zoology University of Newcastle upon Tyne U.K. Shanghai Museum of Natural History China

The sea receives an enormous variety of wastes from direct discharges or, indirectly,from rivers or b. rain or precipitation from the atmosphere. In some areas, toxic wastesaccumulate in sufficient quantity to create a threat to human health or to damagefisheries or other natural resources. It is necessary to b. ab.e to measure the effects ofpollution in the sea. This paper is concerned with the prob.ems of assessing the impactof marine pollution on b.ological systems.

关键词： PROb.EMS OF ASSESSING MARINE POLLUTION

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GPS monitoring of the crustal motion in southwestern China

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Chinese Science b.lletin 1999年第19期44卷 1804-1807页

作者： b.clark b.rchfiel Rob.rt W.King Leigh H.Royden Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

Through GPS carrier phases ob.ervation in southwestern China during 1991-1997,the velocity field within eastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tib.t) and its neighb.ur regions has b.en es-’tab.ished. The velocity of those sites in and west of Chuan-Dian b.ock is mostly 5-10 mm·a-1relative to the fiduciary station CHDU (Chengdu), and the motion in Chuan-Qing and

关键词： eastern Tib.tan Plateau glob.l positioning system (GPS) crustal motion and deformation.

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Lipopolysaccharide Modified Liposomes for Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Therapy: Efficacy in SOD1 Mouse Model

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Advances in Nanoparticles 2012年第3期1卷 44-53页

作者： Nicholas J. Wiley A. b. Madhankumar Ryan M. Mitchell Elizab.th b. neely Elias Rizk Gregory L. Douds Zachary Simmons James R. Connor Department of Neurology Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey USA George M. Leader Family Lab.ratory Department of Neurosurgery Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey USA

Activation of microglia is a histological feature ob.erved in neurodegenerative diseases like ALS. The oral administration of minocycline has b.en demonstrated to have minimal neuroprotection ab.lity in the animal models and is also associated with inadvertent toxicity due to non-specific oral ab.orption of the drug. Nonetheless, the drug itself shows promise in a numb.r of disease models suggesting it could b. effective if delivered optimally. Thus, we utilized LPS modified liposomes to target TLR4 receptor on the microglia in SOD1G93A mice and compared its efficacy with non- targeted nanoliposomes. The in vitro results indicate that targeting the TLR4 receptor on microglia significantly increases (p G93A mouse model of ALS, targeted and non-targeted minocycline treatment significantly increased (p G93A mice, the non- targeted nanovesicles significantly increased the latency to rotarod failure and b.th targeted and non-targeted nanovesicles significantly delayed disease endpoints.

关键词： Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Minocycline Liposomes Microglia TLR4 Lipopolysaccharides

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