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Region-wide glacier area and mass budgets for the Shaksgam River Basin,Karakoram Mountains,during 2000–2016

Journal of Arid Land 2021年第2期13卷 175-188页

作者： WANG Panpan LI Zhongqin xu chunhai WANG Puyu College of Geography and Environmental Science Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070China State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/Tianshan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

The Karakoram Mountains are well known for their widespread surge-type glaciers and slight glacier mass *** the one hand,glaciers are one of the sensitive indicators of climate change,their area and thickness will adjust with climate *** the other hand,glaciers provide freshwater resources for agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric generation in the downstream areas of the Shaksgam River Basin(SRB)in western *** shrinkage of glaciers caused by climate change can significantly affect the security and sustainable development of regional water *** this study,we analyzed the changes in glacier area from 2000 to 2016 in the SRB using Landsat TM(Thematic Mapper)/ETM+(Enhanced Mapper Plus)/OLI(Operational Land Imager)*** is shown that the SRB contained 472 glaciers,with an area of 1840.3 km2,in *** glacier area decreased by 0.14%/a since 2000,and the shrinkage of glacier in the southeast,east and south directions were the most,while the northeast,north directions were the ***-covered area accounted for 8.0%of the total glacier *** estimated elevation and mass changes using the 1 arc-second SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)DEM(Digital Elevation Model)(2000)and the resolution of 8 m HMA(High Mountain Asia)DEM(2016).An average thickness of 0.08(±0.03)m/a,or a slight mass increase of 0.06(±0.02)m w.e./a has been obtained since *** found thinning was significantly lesser on the clean ice than the debris-covered *** addition,the elevation of glacier surface is spatially heterogeneous,showing that the accumulation of mass is dominant in high altitude regions,and the main mass loss is in low altitude regions,excluding the surge-type *** surge-type glaciers,the mass may transfer from the reservoir to the receiving area rapidly when surges,then resulting in an advance of glacier *** main surge mechanism is still unclear,it is worth noting that the surge did not increase the glacier mass in this study.

关键词： glacier mass balance SRTM DEM HMA DEM Karakoram Mountains

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Environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2023年第9期15卷 1052-1066页

作者： LIU Shuangshuang WANG Feiteng xu chunhai WANG Lin LI Huilin State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Analysis of environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of river water in mountainous regions is vital for ensuring water *** this study,we collected a total of 164 water samples in the western region of the Altay Mountains,China,in *** used principal component analysis and enrichment factor analysis to examine the chemical properties and spatiotemporal variations of major ions(including F-,Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Li+,Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg^(2+),and Ca^(2+))present in river water,as well as to identify the factors influencing these ***,we assessed the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the total dissolved solids,soluble sodium percentage,sodium adsorption ratio,and total *** revealed that river water had an alkaline aquatic environment with a mean pH value of *** mean ion concentration was ranked as follows:Ca^(2+)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Na+>NO_(3)->Mg^(2+)>K+>Cl->F->NH_(4)+>Li+.Ca^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-),Na+,and NO_(3)-occupied 83%of the total ion *** addition,compared with other seasons,the spatial variation of the ion concentration in spring was *** analysis of the sources of major ions revealed that these ions originated mainly from carbonate dissolution and silicate *** recharge impact of precipitation and snowmelt merely influenced the concentration of Cl-,NO_(3)-,SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),and Na+.Overall,river water was in pristine condition in terms of quality and was suitable for both irrigation and *** study provides a scientific basis for sustainable management of water quality in rivers of the Altay Mountains.

关键词： environmental significance hydrochemical characteristics water quality soluble sodium percentage(SSP) ion concentration Altay Mountains

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Glacier wastage and its vulnerability in the Qilian Mountains

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第1期32卷 117-140页

作者： CAI Xingran LI Zhongqin xu chunhai State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Cryosphere Desert Data Center Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China

Glaciers are a reliable freshwater resource in arid regions of West China and the vulnerability of its changes is closely related to regional ecosystem services and economic sustainable development. Here, we took the Qilian Mountains as an example and analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier changes from 1998 to 2018, based on remote sensing images and the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory. We estimated the basic organizational framework and evaluation index system of glacier change vulnerability from exposure, sensitivity and adaptability, which covered the factors of physical geography, population status and socio-economic level. We analyzed the spatial and temporal evolutions of glacier change vulnerability by using the vulnerability evaluation model. Our results suggested that:(1) Glacier area and volume decreased by 71.12±98.98 km^(2) and 5.59±4.41 km^(3), respectively, over the recent two decades, which mainly occurred at the altitude below 4800 m, with an area shrinking rate of 2.5%. In addition, glaciers in the northern aspect(northwest, north and northeast) had the largest area reduction. Different counties exhibited remarkable discrepancies in glacier area reduction, Tianjuan and Minle presented the maximum and minimum decrease, respectively.(2) Glacier change vulnerability level showed a decreasing trend in space from the central to the northwestern and southeastern regions with remarkable differences. Vulnerability level had increased significantly over time and was mainly concentrated in moderate, high and extreme levels with typical characteristics of phases and regional complexity. Our study can not only help to understand and master the impacts of recent glacier changes on natural and social aspects but also be conducive to evaluate the influences of glacier retreat on socio-economic developments in the future, thus providing references for formulating relevant countermeasures to achieve regional sustainable development.

关键词： glacier change vulnerability vulnerability level spatiotemporal change Qilian Mountains

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Ice thickness distribution and volume estimation of Burqin Glacier No.18 in the Chinese Altay Mountains

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Journal of Arid Land 2020年第6期12卷 905-916页

作者： JIN Shuang LI Zhongqin WANG Zemin WANG Feiteng xu chunhai AI Songtao Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079China State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

Information on the thickness distribution and volume of glacier ice is highly important for glaciological applications;however,detailed measurements of the ice thickness of many glaciers in the Chinese Altay Mountains remain *** Glacier No.18 is a northeast-orientated cirque glacier located on the southern side of the Altay *** study used PulseEKKO®PRO 100A enhancement ground-penetrating radar(GPR)to survey the ice thickness and volume of Burqin Glacier No.18 in summer *** with GPR surveying,spatial distributed profiles of the GPR measurements were concurrently surveyed using the real-time kinematic(RTK)global navigation satellite system(GNSS,Unistrong E650).Besides,we used QuickBird,WorldView-2,and Landsat TM to delineate accurate boundary of the glacier for undertaking estimation of glacier ice *** measurements revealed that the basal topography of profile B1-B2 was flat,the basal topography of profile C1-C2 presented a V-type form,and the basal topography of profile D1-D2 had a typical U-type topographic feature because the bedrock near the central elevation of the glacier was relatively *** longitudinal profile A1-A2 showed a ladder-like *** ice was thin at the terminus and its thickness increased gradually from the elevation of approximately 2620 m *** the main axis of the glacier tongue with an average value of 80(±1)*** average ice thickness of the glacier was determined as 27(±2)m and its total ice volume was estimated at 0.031(±0.002)*** of remote sensing images indicated that during 1989–2016,the glacier area reduced from 1.30 to 1.17 km2(reduction of 0.37%/a)and the glacier terminus retreated at the rate of 8.48 m/*** mean ice thickness of Burqin Glacier No.18 was less than that of the majority of other observed glaciers in China,especially those in the Qilian Mountains and Central Chinese Tianshan Mountains;this is probably attributable to differences in glacier type

关键词： glacier ice thickness glacier ice volume glacier area ground-penetrating radar Bayesian kriging method mountain glacier

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Multi-decadal variations in glacier flow velocity and the influencing factors of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2017年第6期9卷 900-910页

作者： WANG Puyu LI Zhongqin xu chunhai XING Wucheng ZHOU Ping ZHANG Hui State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Geography and Environment Science Northwest Normal University

Urumqi Glacier No. 1 is a representative glacier in the inland areas of Central Asia and is the only Chinese reference glacier in the World Glacier Monitoring Service. In this study, we explored multi-decadal variations in the flow velocity of the glacier and the influencing factors based on continuous field observations and path coefficient analysis. Results show that the glacier flow velocity decreased from 5.5 m/a in 1980/1981 to 3.3 m/a in 2010/2011. The annual variation in the direction of glacier flow velocity in the western branch and eastern branch was less than 1°–3°, and the change of glacier flow velocity in the western branch was more dramatic than that in the eastern branch. Glacier flow velocity was influenced by glacier morphology（including glacier area, glacier length, and ice thickness）, glacier mass balance and local climate conditions（air temperature and precipitation）, the glacier morphology being the leading factor. The long-term flow velocity data set of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 contributes to a better understanding of glacier dynamics within the context of climatic warming.

关键词： glacier flow velocity glacier change path coefficient analysis Urumqi Glacier No.1 Chinese Tianshan Mountains

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Vulnerability of glacier change in the Tianshan Mountains region of China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2021年第10期31卷 1469-1489页

作者： CAI Xingran LI Zhongqin ZHANG Hui xu chunhai State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China National Cryosphere Desert Data Center Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China

The glacier is a crucial freshwater resource in arid and semiarid regions,and the vulnerability of the glacier change is intimately linked to regional ecological services and socio-economic *** the Tianshan Mountains region in China as an example,a basic framework for studying the vulnerability of glacier change was constructed so as to address factors such as physical geography,population status,socio-economic level,agricultural development,and social *** framework was based on key dimensions,that is,exposure,sensitivity,and adaptability,and this constituted a targeted evaluation index *** examined the spatial structure and spatial autocorrelation of the glacier change vulnerability using ArcGIS and GeoDa *** influence and interaction of natural,social,economic,population and other factors on glacier change adaptability was examined using the GeoDetector *** results suggested the following:(1)The vulnerability level decreased from the western region to the eastern region with significant differences between the two *** eastern region had the lowest vulnerability,followed by the central region,and then western region which had the highest vulnerability.(2)Significant positive and negative correlations were found between exposure,sensitivity,and adaptability,indicating that the areas with high exposure and high sensitivity to glacier change tended to have a low adaptive capacity,which led to high vulnerability,and vice versa.(3)The spatial heterogeneity regarding the ability to cope with glacier change reflected the combined effects of the natural,social,economic,and demographic *** them,factors such as the production value of secondary and tertiary industries,the urban population,urban fixed-asset investment,and the number of employees played major roles regarding the spatial heterogeneity of glacier change.

关键词： glacier change vulnerability adaptability GeoDetector model Tianshan Mountains China

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High-precision measurements of the inter-annual evolution for Urumqi Glacier No.1 in eastern Tien Shan,China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2021年第6期13卷 474-487页

作者： chunhai xu ZhongQin Li JianXin Mu PuYu Wang FeiTeng Wang State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science/Tien Shan Glaciological Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China National Cryosphere Desert Data Center Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China

High-precision measuring of glacier evolution remains a challenge as the available global and regional remote sensing techniques cannot satisfactorily capture the local-scale processes of most small-and medium-sized mountain *** this study,we use a high-precision local remote sensing technique,long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),to measure the evolution of Urumqi Glacier No.1 at an annual *** found that the dense point clouds derived from the TLS survey can be used to reconstruct glacier surface terrain,with certain details,such as depressions,debris-covered areas,and supra-glacial drainages can be *** glacier experienced pronounced thickness thinning and continuous retreat over the last four mass-balance years(2015−2019).The mean surface slope of Urumqi Glacier No.1 gradually steepened,which may increase the removal of glacier *** glacier was deeply incised by two very prominent primary supra-glacial rivers,and those rivers presented a widening *** networks of supra-glacial channels had a significant impact on accelerated glacier mass ***-precision measuring is of vital importance to understanding the annual evolution of this type of glacier.

关键词： glacier thickness change front variation supra-glacial drainage pathway long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS) climate change

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Regional eco-efficiency evaluation and spatial pattern analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Zone

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020年第7期30卷 1117-1139页

作者： HA Lin TU Jianjun YANG Jianping xu chunhai PANG Jiaxing LU Debin YAO Zuolin ZHAO Wenyu State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China College of Economics and Management Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Land Management Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China

The environmental ecology of the Yangtze River Economic Zone(YREZ)faces ecological function decline,deterioration and degradation under intense human activities,long-term development and utilization and its economy has developed rapidly over recent ***-efficiency is considered as a measure of coordinated development of economy,resources,environment and ecology,and is currently considered a very important *** this paper,based on the slack-based measure and data envelope analysis model,we take 129 prefecture-level cities of the YREZ as the study unit and measure the eco-efficiency of the YREZ in 2000,2005,2010 and 2015,which considers undesired *** evaluation of the status quo of the regional eco-efficiency development was carried out at provincial,prefectural and city *** spatial autocorrelation test model and standard deviation ellipse were used to analyze the spatially distributed characteristics and the evolutionary regularity of *** study suggested that the eco-efficiency value varied significantly at different spatiotemporal scales and the overall distribution presented an"N-shaped"pattern,the value is the largest downstream and the smallest *** eco-efficiency presented certain volatility in growth and a clear spatial positive agglomeration trend from 2000 to *** spatial distribution of each agglomeration area was also significantly different,forming some high-high agglomeration areas at the center of the shaft with Shanghai and surrounding cities,and some low-low agglomeration areas at the center with middle reaches and upstream *** low-high over-aggregation and high-low polarization clusters were *** the same time,with the change of the research period,the degree of positive agglomeration became increasingly pronounced and the eco-efficiency gap of the neighborhoodunit *** regional eco-efficiency value of the YREZ presented a spatial distribution pattern in the northeast-southwest

关键词： eco-efficiency SBM-DEA model undesired output Yangtze River Economic Zone

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Effect of topography on the changes of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第7期14卷 719-738页

作者： LI Hongliang WANG Puyu LI Zhongqin JIN Shuang xu chunhai MU Jianxin HE Jie YU Fengchen State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Sciences Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China College of Geography and Environmental Science Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070China

Topography plays an important role in determining the glacier ***,topography has often been oversimplified in the studies of the glacier *** systematic studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between the glacier changes and topographic *** present study provided a detailed insight into the changes in the two branches(east branch and west branch)of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains since 1993 and systematically discussed the effect of topography on the glacier *** study analyzed comprehensive recently observed data(from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019),including mass balance,ice thickness,surface elevation,ice velocity,terminus,and area,and then determined the differences in the changes of the two branches and explored the effect of topography on the glacier *** also applied a topographic solar radiation model to analyze the influence of topography on the incoming shortwave radiation(SW_(in))across the entire glacier,focusing on the difference in the SW_(in) between the two *** glacier mass balance of the east branch was more negative than that of the west branch from 1992/1993 to 2018/2019,and this was mainly attributed to the lower average altitude of the east *** with the west branch,the decrease rate of the ice velocity was lower in the east branch owing to its relatively increased *** narrow shape of the west branch and its southeast aspect in the earlier period resulted in a larger glacier terminus retreat of the west *** spatial variability of the SW_(in) across the glacier surface became much larger as altitude *** SW_(in) received by the east branch was slightly larger than that received by the west branch,and the northern aspect could receive more SW_(in),leading to glacier *** the future,the difference of the glacier changes between the two branches will continue to exist due to their topographic *** work is fundamental

关键词： glacier changes topography solar radiation glacier terminus retreat climate warming Urumqi Glacier No.1 Chinese Tianshan Mountains

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60-year changes and mechanisms of Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the eastern Tianshan of China,Central Asia

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2020年第6期12卷 380-388页

作者： ZhongQin Li HuiLin Li chunhai xu YuFeng Jia FeiTeng Wang PuYu Wang XiaoYing Yue Tianshan Glaciological Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China

Worldwide examination of glacier change is based on detailed observations from only a small number of *** ground-based detailed individual glacier monitoring is of strong need and extremely important in both regional and global scales.A long-term integrated multi-level monitoring has been carried out on Urumqi Glacier No.1(UG1)at the headwaters of the Urumqi River in the eastern Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia since 1959 by the Tianshan Glaciological Station,Chinese Acamedey of Sciences(CAS),and the glaciological datasets promise to be the best in *** boundaries of all glacier zones moved up,resulting in a shrunk accumulation *** stratigraphy features of the snowpack on the glacier were found to be significantly altered by climate *** balances of UG1 show accelerated mass loss since 1960,which were attributed to three *** glacier has been contracting at an accelerated rate since 1962,resulting in a total reduction of 0.37 km2 or 19.3%from 1962 to *** runoff measured at the UG1 hydrometeorological station demonstrates a significant increase from 1959 to 2018 with a large interannual fluctuation,which is inversely correlated with the glacier's mass *** study analyzes on the changes in glacier zones,mass balance,area and length,and streamflow in the nival glacial catchment over the past 60 *** provides critical insight into the processes and mechanisms of glacier recession in response to climate *** results are not only representative of those glaciers in the Tianshan mountains,but also for the continental-type throughout the *** direct observation data form an essential basis for evaluating mountain glacier changes and the impact of glacier shrinkage on water resources in the interior drainage rivers within the vast arid and semi-arid land in northwestern China as well as Central Asia.

关键词： umqi Glacier No.1 glacier change climate change glacier zone the Tianshan Mountains

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