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社会经济地位对大脑结构与功能的影响

科学通报 2019年第20期64卷 2114-2126页

作者：吕子旸彭凯平胡传鹏清华大学心理学系北京100084 Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum (DRZ) Mainz 55131 Germany

社会经济地位(socioeconomic status, SES)与大脑结构和功能的关系对于理解社会经济因素对心理行为的影响以及预防大脑和心理疾病具有重要意义.在过去十多年中,研究者使用认知神经科学的方法对SES与大脑的关系进行了探索,发现SES与大脑... 详细信息

社会经济地位(socioeconomic status, SES)与大脑结构和功能的关系对于理解社会经济因素对心理行为的影响以及预防大脑和心理疾病具有重要意义.在过去十多年中,研究者使用认知神经科学的方法对SES与大脑的关系进行了探索,发现SES与大脑结构和功能之间可能存在相关性,但这些研究的结果却不完全一致.本文从大脑结构与功能两个层次出发,按照认知与情绪两大主题对SES与大脑关系的认知神经科学研究进行回顾,在此基础上对比不同研究结果的异同之处.结果发现:(1)在脑结构上, SES水平与海马体(主要负责记忆)、前额叶(参与执行功能等高级认知过程)及皮层下结构(主要包括参与情绪加工的杏仁核等结构)可能存在相关;(2)在脑功能上,不同SES水平的个体在进行执行功能、学习和记忆等相关任务时,大脑活动模式可能存在差异,同时正性与负性情绪刺激所引发的大脑活动在不同SES水平的个体上可能有所差异.值得注意的是, SES与大脑关系的研究中还面临着诸多挑战,如SES测量的复杂性和全面性、大脑结构与功能自身发展和测量的复杂性、SES影响大脑机制的多层次性等.未来的研究需要应对上述的挑战,同时考虑文化差异等影响,从而能够更准确地理解SES与大脑的关系,并为中国社会治理政策提供指导.

关键词：社会经济地位大脑结构大脑功能认知能力情绪加工可重复性

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心理与脑科学研究中的样本代表性

科学通报 2024年第24期69卷 3515-3531页

作者：刘伟彪陈志毅胡传鹏南京师范大学心理学院南京210024 陆军军医大学医学心理系重庆400038

心理与脑科学以人类被试作为研究对象,其结果的可推广性(generalizability,也称为普适性)很大程度上取决于其样本的代表性(representativeness).但心理与脑科学研究中样本的代表性长久以来饱受诟病.当前研究中主要存在两大问题:(1)样本... 详细信息

心理与脑科学以人类被试作为研究对象,其结果的可推广性(generalizability,也称为普适性)很大程度上取决于其样本的代表性(representativeness).但心理与脑科学研究中样本的代表性长久以来饱受诟病.当前研究中主要存在两大问题:(1)样本信息的缺失,大部分研究仅报告了被试的性别、年龄与国别,而被试的种族/民族、受教育程度和社会经济地位等重要信息较少被报告,且从时间跨度上看,这种状况较以前未得到根本性改变;(2)从已报告的信息来看,当前样本的代表性不足:女性被试多于男性,集中于西方的、年轻的和受过高等教育的人群,而中老年人、受教育水平较低人群及低收入人群较少被研究者关注,亚洲人/亚裔、黑人/非洲裔、西班牙裔/拉丁裔人群同样较少受到关注,从国别角度来说,亚非拉国家尤其是非洲、拉丁美洲与中东地区的人群较少出现在心理和脑科学研究中.以上两大问题的产生可能主要存在如下原因:方便取样法作为主要的取样方法;欧美研究者主导了心理与脑科学的研究;整体上忽视文化以及不同人口因素的影响;研究者自身存有偏见.要改变这种现状,需要研究者、学术组织、期刊编辑和基金资助方等多方的共同努力.提升样本代表性将有助于让心理与脑科学的科学知识应用于更广泛的群体,推动人类命运共同体的构建.

关键词：人口心理学样本代表性多样性可推广性系统综述

Designing Electronic Structures of Multiscale Helical Converters for Tailored Ultrabroad Electromagnetic Absorption

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 439-455页

作者： Zhaobo Feng Chongbo Liu Xin Li Guangsheng Luo Naixin Zhai Ruizhe hu Jing Lin Jinbin peng Yuhui peng Renchao Che Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringNanchang Hangkong UniversityNanchang 330063People’s Republic of China School of Physics and Materials Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330031People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing Ministry of EducationNanchang Hangkong UniversityNanchang 330063People’s Republic of China Laboratory of Advanced Materials Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsAcademy for Engineering and TechnologyFudan UniversityShanghai 200438People’s Republic of China

Atomic-scale doping strategies and structure design play pivotal roles in tailoring the electronic structure and physicochemical property of electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)***,the relationship between configuration and electromagnetic(EM)loss mechanism has remained ***,drawing inspiration from the DNA transcription process,we report the successful synthesis of novel in situ Mn/N co-doped helical carbon nanotubes with ultrabroad EMWA *** calculation and EM simulation confirm that the orbital coupling and spin polarization of the Mn–N4–C configuration,along with cross polarization generated by the helical structure,endow the helical converters with enhanced EM *** a result,HMC-8 demonstrates outstanding EMWA performance,achieving a minimum reflection loss of−63.13 dB at an ultralow thickness of 1.29 *** precise tuning of the graphite domain size,HMC-7 achieves an effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 6.08 GHz at 2.02 mm ***,constructing macroscale gradient metamaterials enables an ultrabroadband EAB of 12.16 GHz at a thickness of only 5.00 mm,with the maximum radar cross section reduction value reaching 36.4 dB *** innovative approach not only advances the understanding of metal–nonmetal co-doping but also realizes broadband EMWA,thus contributing to the development of EMWA mechanisms and applications.

关键词： Metal-nonmetal co-doping 3d-2p orbital coupling Spin polarization Helical structure Broadband EM wave absorption

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用于数字化变电站的嵌入式环网模块设计

电测与仪表 2012年第12期49卷 86-91页

作者：王浩彭川虎王平孙小江黄炼重庆邮电大学工业物联网与网络化控制教育部重点实验室重庆400065 重庆新世纪电气股份有限公司重庆400041

针对传统变电站过渡到数字化变电站过程中传统交换设备处理速度较低、可靠性能较差和故障恢复时间较长等弊端,提出并设计一种用于数字化变电站系统中的嵌入式环网模块,介绍了该模块的硬件和软件设计方案,并搭建实验平台对其电磁兼容性... 详细信息

针对传统变电站过渡到数字化变电站过程中传统交换设备处理速度较低、可靠性能较差和故障恢复时间较长等弊端,提出并设计一种用于数字化变电站系统中的嵌入式环网模块,介绍了该模块的硬件和软件设计方案,并搭建实验平台对其电磁兼容性、电光接口转发、冗余功能进行了测试。测试结果表明该环网模块能够达到变电站自动化系统中的高可用性要求。

关键词：数字化变电站环网冗余模块网络冗余 DRP冗余技术

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轴向间距变化对轴流压气机全流量特性的影响

推进技术 2004年第6期25卷 508-511页

作者：李传鹏胡骏张燎原王英锋南京航空航天大学能源与动力学院江苏南京210016

针对动静叶排轴向间距变化对压气机特性的影响,实验研究了6个轴向间距下压气机的压升特性。并采取在静子叶片表面埋入微型压力传感器的方法,对叶尖、叶中和叶根三个截面上的动态压力进行了测量。结果表明,对于同一轴向间距,不同转速下... 详细信息

针对动静叶排轴向间距变化对压气机特性的影响,实验研究了6个轴向间距下压气机的压升特性。并采取在静子叶片表面埋入微型压力传感器的方法,对叶尖、叶中和叶根三个截面上的动态压力进行了测量。结果表明,对于同一轴向间距,不同转速下包括左支特性在内的全流量范围的压升特性具有重合性;轴向间距对压气机的失速流量和失速模态有很大的影响,轴向间距减小时,压气机的失速流量减小,稳定性得到加强;而且压气机工作于多团失速时的流量范围减小,失速模态由多团失速过渡到单团失速提前。

关键词：压气机轴向间距^+ 流量

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贝叶斯因子及其在JASP中的实现

心理科学进展 2018年第6期26卷 951-965页

作者：胡传鹏孔祥祯 Eric-Jan Wagenmakers Alexander Ly 彭凯平清华大学心理学系北京100084 Neuroimaging Center Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center55131 MainzGermany Language and Genetics Department Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics6500 AH NijmegenThe Netherlands Department of Psychological Methods University of Amsterdam1018 VZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands Centrum Wiskunde&Informatica 1090 GB AmsterdamThe Netherlands

统计推断在科学研究中起到关键作用,然而当前科研中最常用的经典统计方法——零假设检验(Null hypothesis significance test,NHST)却因难以理解而被部分研究者误用或滥用。有研究者提出使用贝叶斯因子(Bayes factor)作为一种替代和(或... 详细信息

统计推断在科学研究中起到关键作用,然而当前科研中最常用的经典统计方法——零假设检验(Null hypothesis significance test,NHST)却因难以理解而被部分研究者误用或滥用。有研究者提出使用贝叶斯因子(Bayes factor)作为一种替代和(或)补充的统计方法。贝叶斯因子是贝叶斯统计中用来进行模型比较和假设检验的重要方法,其可以解读为对零假设H_0或者备择假设H_1的支持程度。其与NHST相比有如下优势:同时考虑H_0和H_1并可以用来支持H_0、不"严重"地倾向于反对H_0、可以监控证据强度的变化以及不受抽样计划的影响。目前,贝叶斯因子能够很便捷地通过开放的统计软件JASP实现,本文以贝叶斯t检验进行示范。贝叶斯因子的使用对心理学研究者来说具有重要的意义,但使用时需要注意先验分布选择的合理性以及保持数据分析过程的透明与公开。

关键词：贝叶斯因子贝叶斯学派频率学派假设检验 JASP

Establishment of human cerebral organoid systems to model early neural development and assess the central neurotoxicity of environmental toxins

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 242-252页

作者： Daiyu hu Yuanqing Cao Chenglin Cai Guangming Wang Min Zhou Luying peng Yantao Fan Qiong Lai Zhengliang Gao Fundamental Research Center Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital(Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center)School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina Institute of Geriatrics(Shanghai University) Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University(The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong)Shanghai University School of MedicineNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair Shanghai University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias Ministry of EducationShanghai East HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina

human brain development is a complex process,and animal models often have significant *** address this,researchers have developed pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional structures,known as brain-like organoids,to more accurately model early human brain development and *** enable more consistent and intuitive reproduction of early brain development,in this study,we incorporated forebrain organoid culture technology into the traditional unguided method of brain organoid *** involved embedding organoids in matrigel for only 7 days during the rapid expansion phase of the neural epithelium and then removing them from the matrigel for further cultivation,resulting in a new type of human brain organoid *** cerebral organoid system replicated the temporospatial characteristics of early human brain development,including neuroepithelium derivation,neural progenitor cell production and maintenance,neuron differentiation and migration,and cortical layer patterning and formation,providing more consistent and reproducible organoids for developmental modeling and toxicology *** a proof of concept,we applied the heavy metal cadmium to this newly improved organoid system to test whether it could be used to evaluate the neurotoxicity of environmental *** organoids exposed to cadmium for 7 or 14 days manifested severe damage and abnormalities in their neurodevelopmental patterns,including bursts of cortical cell death and premature *** exposure caused progressive depletion of neural progenitor cells and loss of organoid integrity,accompanied by compensatory cell proliferation at ectopic *** convenience,flexibility,and controllability of this newly developed organoid platform make it a powerful and affordable alternative to animal models for use in neurodevelopmental,neurological,and neurotoxicological studies.

关键词： cadmium cell death cell proliferation cortical development environmental toxins neural progenitor cells neurogenesis neurotoxicology organoids stem cells

Construction of 3D porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks for ultrafast and long-cycle life sodium-ion storage

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2025年第1期32卷 191-200页

作者： Chen Chen Hongyu Xue Qilin hu Mengfan Wang Pan Shang Ziyan Liu Tao peng Deyang Zhang Yongsong Luo Key Laboratory of Microelectronics and Energy of Henan Province Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of New Energy Storage TechnologyCollege of Physics and Electronic EngineeringXinyang Normal UniversityXinyang 464000China School of Physics and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Normal UniversityNanyang 473061China

Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific ***,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation during sodiation-desodiation processes seriously affect its high-rate and long-cyde performance,unbeneficial for the application as fast-charging and long-cycling SIBs ***,the three-dimensional porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks(Cu_(1.81)S/NC)are synthesized by the simple and facile sol-gel and annealing processes,which can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Cu_(1.81)S nanoparticles and accelerate the transmission of ions and electrons during Na^(+)insertion/extraction processes,exhibiting the excellent rate capability(250.6 mA·g^(-1)at 20.0 A·g^(-1))and outstanding cycling stability(70% capacity retention for 6000 cycles at 10.0 A·g^(-1))for ***,the Na-ion full cells coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode also demonstrate the satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 330.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 5.0 A·g^(-1)and long-cycle performance with the 86.9% capacity retention at 2.0 A·g^(-1)after 750 *** work proposes a promising way for the conversionbased metal sulfides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.

关键词： copper sulfide nanoparticles porous carbon framework fast charging long-cycle performance sodium-ion full batteries

Porous Organic Cage‑Based Quasi‑Solid‑State Electrolyte with Cavity‑Induced Anion‑Trapping Effect for Long‑Life Lithium Metal Batteries

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第2期17卷 376-386页

作者： Wei-Min Qin Zhongliang Li Wen‑Xia Su Jia‑Min hu Hanqin Zou Zhixuan Wu Zhiqin Ruan Yue‑peng Cai Kang Li Qifeng Zheng School of Chemistry South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou 510006People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Functional Metal‑Organic Compounds of hunan Province College of Chemistry and Material ScienceHengyang Normal UniversityHengyang 421008People’s Republic of China Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Energy Storage Materials Guangzhou 510006People’s Republic of China

Porous organic cages(POCs)with permanent porosity and excellent host–guest property hold great potentials in regulating ion transport behavior,yet their feasibility as solid-state electrolytes has never been testified in a practical ***,we design and fabricate a quasi-solid-state electrolyte(QSSE)based on a POC to enable the stable operation of Li-metal batteries(LMBs).Benefiting from the ordered channels and cavity-induced anion-trapping effect of POC,the resulting POC-based QSSE exhibits a high Li+transference number of 0.67 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.25×10^(−4) S cm^(−1) with a low activation energy of 0.17 *** allow for homogeneous Li deposition and highly reversible Li plating/stripping for over 2000 *** a proof of concept,the LMB assembled with POC-based QSSE demonstrates extremely stable cycling performance with 85%capacity retention after 1000 ***,our work demonstrates the practical applicability of POC as SSEs for LMBs and could be extended to other energy-storage systems,such as Na and K batteries.

关键词： Porous organic cage Cavity-induced anion-trapping Quasi-solid-state electrolyte Homogeneous Li+flux Lithium metal battery