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英国医学杂志中文版 2021年第11期24卷 646-655页

作者： Luke Wolfenden Robbie Foy Justin Presseau Jeremy m Grimshaw Noah m Ivers Byron J Powell monica Taljaard John Wiggers Rachel Sutherland Nicole Nathan christopher m williams melanie Kingsland Andrew milat Rebecca K Hodder Sze Lin Yoong 玉炫(译) 吴守媛(译) 兰慧(译) 张静怡(译) 李沁原(校) 陈耀龙(校) School of medicine and Public Health Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia Hunter New England Population Health Locked Bag 10WallsendNSW 2287Australia Leeds Institute of Health Sciences University of LeedsLeedsUK Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada School of Epidemiology and Public Health University of OttawaOttawaONCanada Department of medicine University of OttawaOttawaONCanada Women′s College Research Institute Women′s College HospitalTorontoONCanada Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care Women′s College HospitalTorontoONCanada Department of Family medicine and Community medicine Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada Institute of Health Policy Management and EvaluationUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada Brown School and School of medicine Washington University in St LouisSt LouisMIUSA School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia Swinburne University of Technology School of Health SciencesFaculty HealthArts and DesignHawthornVICAustralia 兰州大学循证医学中心世界卫生组织指南实施与知识转化合作中心

实施科学是一门研究方法的学科,旨在实践和政策中促进循证干预措施的系统实施,进而改善健康。尽管实施研究需要高质量的证据,但实施策略的随机试验往往存在较为严重的局限性。这些局限性包括存在偏倚风险、缺乏理论运用、缺乏描述实施... 详细信息

实施科学是一门研究方法的学科,旨在实践和政策中促进循证干预措施的系统实施,进而改善健康。尽管实施研究需要高质量的证据,但实施策略的随机试验往往存在较为严重的局限性。这些局限性包括存在偏倚风险、缺乏理论运用、缺乏描述实施策略标准术语、局限于实施结局以及不充分报告。本文旨在对实施策略随机试验的设计、实施和报告提供指导,以提升循证实施科学。由研究人员、卫生政策制订者和实践者组成的国际小组整合了构建随机试验方法的重要文献和实施科学的最新进展。本文为实施策略随机试验的主要内容提供指导,包括试验目的阐明、试验中人员招募和保留策略、随机设计的选择、实施科学理论和框架的使用、测量(结局指标)、样本量计算、伦理审查和试验报告。本文也关注了实施试验中需要特别重视或调整的主题。为了推进实施策略随机试验的严格开展和报告,我们建议将本指南作为研究人员、卫生保健和公共卫生政策制订者或实践者、研究资助者和期刊编辑的参考资料。

关键词：实施策略参考资料期刊编辑随机试验卫生保健伦理审查公共卫生试验报告

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Twin studies,genome-wide association studies and myopia genetics

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Annals of Eye Science 2017年第1期2卷 349-354页

作者： Katie m.williams Pirro Hysi christopher J.Hammond Department of Ophthalmology King's College LondonSt Thomas’HospitalLondonUK Department of Twin Research&Genetic Epidemiology King's College LondonSt Thomas’HospitalLondonUK

myopia is an increasingly prevalent,complex trait influenced by numerous genetic and environmental *** the increasing prevalence may be underlined by changing environmental pressures,the majority of trait variance is explained by genetic *** other words,the dispersion or variation in refractive error within individuals of a defined population is largely due to the effect of *** is supported by the crude but well-replicated dose-response association of one or more myopic parents and risk of myopia in their child(1-4),and to a better degree the high estimates of heritability for refractive error from twin studies(5-8).

关键词： refractive estimates error

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Water flow simulation and analysis in HmA microstructure

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2014年第5期1卷 362-370页

作者： Can Chen R.christopher williams Graniterock Construction Company Department of Civil Constructionand Environmental EngineeringIowa State University

This paper introduces a new method for reconstructing virtual two-dimensional （2-D） micro- structure of hot mix asphalt （HmA）. Based on the method, the gradation of coarse aggregates and the film thickness of the asphalt binder can be defined by the user. The HmA microstructure then serves as the input to the computational fluid dynamic （CFD） software （ANSYS-FLUENT） to investigate the water flow pattern through it. It is found that the realistic flow fields can be simulated in the 2-D micro- structure and the flow patterns in some typical air void structures can be identified. These flow patterns can be used to explain the mechanism that could result in moisture damage in HmA pavement. The one-dimensional numerical permeability values are also derived from the flow fields of the 2-D HmA microstructure and compared with the measured values obtained by the Karol-Warner permeameter. Be- cause the interconnected air voids channels in actual HmA samples cannot be fully represented in a 2-D model, some poor agreements need to be improved.

关键词： hot mix asphalt microstructure simulation water flow

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Generation of Rate-of-Injection (ROI) profile for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) using machine learning

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Energy and AI 2022年第2期8卷 100-115页

作者： Zachary williams Ahmed moiz Khanh Cung mike Smith Thomas Briggs christopher Bitsis Jason miwa Southwest Research Institute United States

Injector configuration and spray characteristics are important parameters that define diesel combustion and emissions performance. One of the critical spray inputs is the Rate-of-Injection (ROI) profile. The ROI profile depends on the spray’s operating conditions, including nozzle geometry (e.g., nozzle diameter), injection pressure, and injection duration. Besides, the internal nozzle flow phenomenon and external ambient conditions can further impact fuel introduction characteristics. This study measured the ROI profile of a heavy-duty (multi-hole) diesel injector using the Bosch tube technique. Injection pressure and injection duration were varied from 600 to 2600 bar and 0.5–3.0 ms, respectively. After post-processing, measurement data were then used to train numerical models, including a developed machine learning (mL) model that can create very similar ROI profiles with experimental data. Next, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation used the ROI profile generated by mL model. For comparison, there are other simplified ROI profiles used in similar CFD simulation configuration. Results showed that the any difference in ROI profiles could affect the combustion and emissions significantly. This further emphasizes the need to provide high-fidelity spray input in terms of ROI profile for CFD simulation. The current mL model can deliver a realistic ROI profile for any given rail pressure and injection duration.

关键词： Rate of Injection Diesel injector machine learning CFD

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Hydrogenolysis of glycerol over HY zeolite supported Ru catalysts

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2014年第2期23卷 185-192页

作者： Shaohua Jin Zihui Xiao Chuang Li christopher T.williams Changhai Liang Laboratory of Advanced materials and Catalytic Engineering School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering University of South Carolina

An enhanced active and selective catalyst consisting of ruthenium supported on dealuminated HY zeolite has been prepared by a wet im- pregnation method. It was found that BET surface area of Ru/HY catalysts significantly increases after HC1 treatment. This treatment also increases the concentration of strong acid sites in the catalyst. The hydrogenolysis of glycerol over 5 wt% Ru/HY catalyst was investigated at 190-220℃ , an initial H2 pressure of 3-6 mPa, and in 20 wt% glycerol aqueous solution, The results indicate that HC1 treated Ru/HY catalyst shows higher activity compared with the untreated Ru/HY catalyst, and that the glycerol hydrogenolysis efficiency is influenced by the porosity and acidity of the support. A selectivity to 1,2-PDO of 81.3% at a glycerol conversion of 60.1% under 3 mPa H2 pressure and 220 ℃ for 10 h was achieved over the modified Ru/HY catalyst with a 1.0 mol/L HC1 treatment. It has also been shown that a longer reaction time, a higher temperature and a higher H2 pressure have the positive effects on the glycerol hydrogenolysis efficiency of the enhanced Ru/HY.

关键词： ruthenium HY zeolite impregnation modification glycerol hydrogenolysis

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Functional mechanism study of the allelochemical myrigalone A identifies a group of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis in plants

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Plant Communications 2024年第6期5卷 246-262页

作者： George Heslop-Harrison Kazumi Nakabayashi Ana Espinosa-Ruiz Francesca Robertson Robert Baines christopher R.L.Thompson Katrin Hermann David Alabadí Gerhard Leubner-metzger Robin S.B.williams Centre for Biomedical Sciences Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEgham TW200EXUK Centre for Plant molecular Sciences Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEgham TW200EXUK Instituto de Biología molecular y Celular de Plantas(CSIC-UPV) 46022 ValenciaSpain Centre for Life’s Origins and Evolution Department of GeneticsEvolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK Syngenta Crop Protection AGSteinSwitzerland

Allelochemicals represent a class of natural products released by plants as root,leaf,and fruit exudates that interfere with the growth and survival of neighboring *** how allelochemicals function to regulate plant responses may provide valuable new approaches to better control plant *** such allelochemical,myrigalone A(myA)produced by myrica gale,inhibits seed germination and seedling growth through an unknown ***,we investigate myA using the tractable modelDictyostelium discoideum and reveal that its activity depends on the conserved homolog of the plant ethylenesynthesis protein 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO).Furthermore,in silico modeling predicts the direct binding of myA to ACO within the catalytic *** ***,ablation of ACO mimics the myA-dependent developmental delay,which is partially restored by exogenous ethylene,and myA reduces ethylene *** Arabidopsis thaliana,myA treatment delays seed germination,and this effect is rescued by exogenous *** also mimics the effect of established ACO inhibitors on root and hypocotyl extension,blocks ethylenedependent root hair production,and reduces ethylene ***,in silico binding analyses identify a rangeof highlypotentethylene inhibitorsthatblock ethylene-dependent responseand reduce ethyleneproduction in ***,we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which the allelochemical myA reduces ethylene biosynthesis and identify a range of ultrapotent inhibitors of ethylene-regulated responses.

关键词： 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ACC ACC oxidase ACO allelochemicals ethylene synthesis inhibitors structure-activity relationship

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Stochastic modeling and Assisted History-matching Using multiple Techniques of multi-Phase Flowback from multi-Fractured Horizontal Tight Oil Wells

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Advances in Pure mathematics 2019年第3期9卷 242-280页

作者： Jesse D. williams-Kovacs christopher R. Clarkson Department of Geoscience University of Calgary Calgary Canada

In this paper, the methods developed by?[1] are used to analyze flowback data, which involves modeling flow both before and after the breakthrough of formation fluids. Despite the versatility of these techniques, achieving an optimal combination of parameters is often difficult with a single deterministic analysis. Because of the uncertainty in key model parameters, this problem is an ideal candidate for uncertainty quantification and advanced assisted history-matching techniques, including monte Carlo (mC) simulation and genetic algorithms (GAs) amongst others. mC simulation, for example, can be used for both the purpose of assisted history-matching and uncertainty quantification of key fracture parameters. In this work, several techniques are tested including both single-objective (SO) and multi-objective (mO) algorithms for history-matching and uncertainty quantification, using a light tight oil (LTO) field case. The results of this analysis suggest that many different algorithms can be used to achieve similar optimization results, making these viable methods for developing an optimal set of key uncertain fracture parameters. An indication of uncertainty can also be achieved, which assists in understanding the range of parameters which can be used to successfully match the flowback data.

关键词： Stochastic modeling Assisted History-matching Quantitative Flowback Analysis Rate-Transient Analysis

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A review of concentrated flow erosion processes on rangelands:Fundamental understanding and knowledge gaps

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2016年第2期4卷 75-86页

作者： Sayjro K.Nouwakpo christopher J.williams Osama Z.Al-Hamdan mark A.Weltz Fred Pierson mark Nearing University of Nevada RenoDepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Science1664 N.Virginia StreetRenoNV 89557USA USDA ARSNorthwest Watershed Management Research800 Park BLVD.STE 105BoiseID 83712USA Texas A&m University–Kingsville Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringKingsvilleTX 78363USA USDA ARSGreat Basin Rangelands Research920 Valley RoadRenoNV 89512USA USDA ARSSouthwest Watershed Research2000 East Allen RoadTucsonAZ 85719USA

Concentrated flow erosion processes are distinguished from splash and sheetflow processes in their enhanced ability to mobilize and transport large amounts of soil,water and dissolved *** rangelands,soil,nutrients and water are scarce and only narrow margins of resource losses are tolerable before crossing the sustainability *** these ecosystems,concentrated flow processes are perceived as indicators of degradation and often warrant the implementation of mitigation ***,this negative perception of concentrated flow processes may conflict with the need to improve understanding of the role of these transport vessels in redistributing water,soil and nutrients along the rangeland *** influences the development and erosion of concentrated flowpaths and has been the primary factor used to control and mitigate erosion on *** the ecohydrologic level,vegetation and concentrated flow pathways are engaged in a feedback relationship,the understanding of which might help improve rangeland management and restoration *** this paper,we review published literature on experimental and conceptual research pertaining to concentrated flow processes on rangelands to:(1)present the fundamental science underpinning concentrated flow erosion modeling in these landscapes,(2)discuss the influence of vegetation on these erosion processes,(3)evaluate the contribution of concentrated flow erosion to overall sediment budget and(4)identify knowledge gaps.

关键词： Erosion Rangeland Concentrated flow Rill Gully

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A Critical Deficit of OBGYN Surgeons in the U.S by 2030

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Surgical Science 2011年第2期2卷 95-101页

作者： Bhagwan Satiani Thomas williams mark Landon christopher Ellison Steven Gabbe 不详

Objective: To estimate the OB/GYN Surgical workforce needed in the U.S by 2030 to meet the needs of our population. methods: Using a population based analysis, the net supply of OB/GYNs was calculated. Our assumptions included: a ratio of OB/GYN's to population of 27.10/100,000 women, practicing 25 years from Board Certification to retirement, 1200 graduates finishing from residency programs per year. Results: To maintain our current ratio per 100,000 population, we should have 50,135 OBGYN's practicing for a population of 364 million in 2030. We estimate the supply to be only 30,000 and hence a shortage of 20,135. To rectify the deficit 44,135 residents will require training in OBGYN with the cumulative cost exceeding $14 billion. Conclusions: 1) We estimate a 40% shortage of OB/GYN's as the best case scenario to meet the needs of the U.S population by 2030 if the current training paradigm stays constant. 2) The cumulative cost of training adequate numbers of OB/GYN’s is estimated at $14 billion and 3) In addition to revising the BBA of 1997 to permit more residents to be trained in the United States, additional strategies must be considered to provide an adequate workforce and ensure patient access to OBGYN's.

关键词： OBGYN Surgeons Shortage

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Storylines of family medicine Ⅳ:perspectives on practice—lenses of appreciation

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Family medicine and Community Health 2024年第S03期12卷 33-42页

作者： William B Ventres Leslie A Stone Radeeb Akhtar Jeffrey m Ring Lucy m Candib Erick messias Ronald m Epstein marc Tunzi Amy L Lee christopher P morley Carina m Brown David Slawson Jill Konkin David G Campbell Ian Couper Susan williams Robert Brooks Lucie Walters Family and Preventive medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of MedicineLittle RockArkansasUSA Family medicine and Community Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA Independent Health Psychologist Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA Family medicine and Community Health UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences Saint Louis University School of MedicineSaint LouisMissouriUSA Family medicine University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA Family medicine Residency Program Natividad Medical CenterSalinasCaliforniaUSA Family medicine Tufts University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA Public Health and Preventive medicine SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA Cone Health Family medicine Residency The University of North Carolina School of MedicineGreensboroNorth CarolinaUSA Family medicine Atrium HealthCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA Family medicine University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine&DentistryEdmontonAlbertaCanada Cunninghame Arm medical Centre Australian College of Rural and Remote MedicineLakes EntranceQueenslandAustralia Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa Adelaide Rural Clinical School The University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia Department of Rural Health Broken Hill UniversityBroken HillNew South WalesAustralia Adelaide Rural Clinical School The University of Adelaide Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesMount GambierSouth AustraliaAustralia

Storylines of Family medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine,as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the ***‘Ⅳ:perspectives on practice—lenses of appreciation’,authors address the following themes:‘Relational connections in the doctor–patient partnership’,‘Feminism and family medicine’,‘Positive family medicine’,‘mindful practice’,‘The new,old ethics of family medicine’,‘Public health,prevention and populations’,‘Information mastery in family medicine’and‘Clinical courage.’may readers nurture their curiosity through these essays.

关键词： thematic illustration doctor

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