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Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第28期24卷 3101-3111页

作者： christopher j Danford Steven C Lin Martin P Smith jacqueline L Wolf Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Department of Radiology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis(EPS) is a debilitating condition characterized by a fibrocollagenous membrane encasing the small intestine, resulting in recurrent small bowel obstructions. EPS is most commonly associated with long-term peritoneal dialysis, though medications, peritoneal infection, and systemic inflammatory disorders have been implicated. Many cases remain idiopathic. Diagnosis is often delayed given the rarity of the disorder combined with non-specific symptoms and laboratory findings. Although cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography of the abdomen can be suggestive of the disorder, many patients undergo exploratory laparotomy for diagnosis. Mortality approaches 50% one year after diagnosis. Treatment for EPS involves treating the underlying condition or eliminating possible inciting agents(i.e. peritoneal dialysis, medications, infections) and nutritional support, frequently with total parenteral nutrition. EPSspecific treatment depends on the disease stage. In the inflammatory stage, corticosteroids are the treatment of choice, while in the fibrotic stage, tamoxifen may be beneficial. In practice, distinguishing between stages may be difficult and both may be used. Surgical intervention, consisting of peritonectomy and enterolysis, is timeconsuming and high-risk and is reserved for situations in which conservative medical therapy fails in institutions with surgical expertise in this area. Herein we review the available literature of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare, but potentially devastating disease.

关键词： Abdominal cocoon Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis Peritoneal sclerosis Peritonectomy Enterolysis Peritoneal dialysis Tamoxifen Corticosteroids

"Miles wide and miles deep"-Exploring the depth and breadth of geoscience during the first ten years of Geoscience Frontiers

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第3期10卷 1219-1221页

作者： christopher j. Spencer Nick M.W.Roberts Damian Nance The Institute of Geoscience Research (TIGeR) School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin University NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory British Geological Survey Department of Geological Sciences Ohio University Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University

When early explorers first crossed the Platte River in what is now Nebraska (USA), it was said the river was “a mile wide and an inch deep”(Mokler, 1923;Smith, 1971). This phrase was used to describe not only the difficulty in crossing the river but also in navigating its length. The trouble with a river being too wide is the risk that it won’t provide the depth necessary to be useful. The same thing can be said of multidisciplinary scientific journals. While a journal can claim to be multidisciplinary, there is a risk of it being so broad that its articles can only engage the reader at a superficial level. Nothing could be further from the truth with Geoscience Frontiers. Over the past ten years, this journal has successfully navigated the wide breadth of geoscience while providing a level of depth and detail that rivals discipline-specific journals.

关键词： engage its was can past be is now

Football injuries of the ankle: A review of injury mechanisms, diagnosis and management

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World journal of Orthopedics 2016年第1期7卷 8-19页

作者： Raymond j Walls Keir A Ross Ethan j Fraser christopher W Hodgkins Niall A Smyth christopher j Egan james Calder john G Kennedy Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery Hospital for Special Surgery New York University of Miami/jackson Memorial Hospital Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Chelsea and Westminster Hospital

Football is the most popular sport worldwide and is associated with a high injury rate, most of which are the result of trauma from player contact. Ankle injuries are among the most commonly diagnosed injuries in the game. The result is reduced physical activity and endurance levels, lost game time, and considerable medical cost. Sports medicine professionals must employ the correct diagnostic tools and effective treatments and rehabilitation protocols to minimize the impact of these injuries on the player. This review examines the diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative rehabilitation for common football injuries of the ankle based on the clinical evidence provided in the current literature.

关键词： Management Soccer Football Ankle Injury

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review of genetics

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The journal of Biomedical Research 2018年第6期32卷 389-400页

作者： christopher j.Danford Zemin Yao Z.Gordon jiang Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology University of Ottawa

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. It encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the key challenges in NAFLD is identifying which patients will progress. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate a strong pattern of heritability that may explain some of the variability in NAFLD phenotype and risk of progression. To date, at least three common genetic variants in the PNPLA3, TM6 SF2, and GCKR genes have been robustly linked to NAFLD in the population. The function of these genes revealed novel pathways implicated in both the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition,candidate genes previously implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis have also been identified as determinants or modulators of NAFLD phenotype including genes involved in hepatocellular lipid handling, insulin resistance,inflammation, and fibrogenesis. This article will review the current understanding of the genetics underpinning the development of hepatic steatosis and the progression of NASH. These newly acquired insights may transform our strategy to risk-stratify patients with NAFLD and to identify new potential therapeutic targets.

关键词： NAFLD NASH genetics PNPLA3 TM6SF2 GCKR MBOAT7

An experimental study of elastic properties of dragonfly-like flapping wings for use in biomimetic micro air vehicles(BMAVs)

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Chinese journal of Aeronautics 2017年第2期30卷 726-737页

作者： Praveena Nair Sivasankaran Thomas Arthur Ward Erfan Salami Rubentheren Viyapuri christopher j.Fearday Mohd Rafie johan Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya KuaIa Lumpur 50603 Malaysia School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Putrajaya 62200 Malaysia Department of Electrical Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia

This article studies the elastic properties of several biomimetic micro air vehicle（BMAV）wings that are based on a dragonfly *** are a new class of unmanned micro-sized air vehicles that mimic the flapping wing motion of flying biological organisms（e.g.,insects,birds,and bats）.Three structurally identical wings were fabricated using different materials：acrylonitrile butadiene styrene（ABS）,polylactic acid（PLA）,and *** wing frame structures were fabricated from these materials and then a nanocomposite film was adhered to them which mimics the membrane of an actual *** wings were then attached to an electromagnetic actuator and passively flapped at frequencies of 10-250 Hz.A three-dimensional high frame rate imaging system was used to capture the flapping motions of these wings at a resolution of 320 pixels x 240 pixels and 35000 frames per *** maximum bending angle,maximum wing tip deflection,maximum wing tip twist angle,and wing tip twist speed of each wing were measured and compared to each other and the actual dragonfly *** results show that the ABS wing has considerable flexibility in the chordwise direction,whereas the PLA and acrylic wings show better conformity to an actual dragonfly wing in the spanwise *** studies have shown that the aerodynamic performance of a BMAV flapping wing is enhanced if its chordwise flexibility is increased and its spanwise flexibility is ***,the ABS wing（fabricated using a 3D printer） shows the most promising results for future applications.

关键词： ABS Acrylic Biomimetic micro air vehicle Flapping mechanism PLA Wing structure

ABCD^(2) risk score does not predict the presence of cerebral microemboli in patients with hyper-acute symptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2017年第2期2卷 41-46页

作者： Mahmud Saedon Charles E Hutchinson christopher H E Imray Donald R j Singer Warwick Medical School University of WarwickCoventryUK University Hospitals Coventry Warwickshire NHS Trust CoventryUK Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine LondonUK Yale School of Medicine New HavenConnecticutUSA

Introduction:ABCD^(2) risk score and cerebral microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler(TCD)have been separately shown to the predict risk of recurrent acute *** studied whether ABCD2 risk score predicts cerebral microemboli in patients with hyper-acute symptomatic carotid artery *** and methods:We studied 206 patients presenting within 2 weeks of transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke and found to have critical carotid artery stenosis(≥50% ).86 patients(age 70±1(SEM:years),58 men,83 Caucasian)had evidence of microemboli;72(84% )of these underwent carotid endarterectomy(CEA).120 patients(age 72±1 years,91 men,113 Caucasian)did not have microemboli detected;102(85% )of these underwent *** were analysed using X2 and Mann–Whitney U tests and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)***:140/206(68% :95% CI 61.63 to 74.37)patients with hyper-acute symptomatic critical carotid stenosis had an ABCD2 risk score≥*** was no significant difference in the NICE red flag criterion for early assessment(ABCD^(2) risk score≥4)for patients with cerebral microemboli versus those without microemboli(59/86 vs 81/120 patients:OR 1.05 ABCD2 risk score≥4(95% CI 0.58 to 1.90,p=0.867)).The ABCD2 risk score wasjusting for pre-neurological event antiplatelet treatment(APT),area under the curve(AUC)of ROC for ABCD2 risk score showed no prediction of cerebral microemboli(no pre-event APT,n=57:AUC 0.45(95% CI 0.29 to 0.60,p=0.531);preevent APT,n=147:AUC 0.51(95% CI 0.42 to 0.60,p=0.804)).Conclusions:The ABCD2 score did not predict the presence of cerebral microemboli or carotid disease in over one-quarter of patients with symptomatic critical carotid artery *** the basis of NICE guidelines(refer early if ABCD2≥4),assessment of high stroke risk based on ABCD2 scoring may lead to inappropriate delay in urgent treat

关键词： patients cerebral emboli

Developing a USLE cover and management factor(C)for forested regions of southern China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2020年第3期14卷 660-672页

作者： Conghui Li Lili Lin Zhenbang Hao christopher j.Post Zhanghao Chen jian Liu Kunyong Yu Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou350002China University Key Laboratory for Geomatics Technology and Optimized Resources Utilization in Fujian Province Fuzhou350002China Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA

The Universal Soil Loss Equation model is often used to improve soil resource conservation by monitoring and forecasting soil *** study tested a novel method to determine the cover and management factor(C)of this model by coupling the leaf area index(LAI)and soil basal respiration(SBR)to more accurately estimate a soil erosion map for a typical region with red soil in Hetian,Fujian Province,*** spatial distribution of the LAI was obtained using the normalized difference vegetation index and was consistent with the LAI observed in the field(R^2=0.66).The spatial distribution of the SBR was obtained using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach model and verified by soil respiration field observations(R^2=0.51).Correlation analyses and regression models suggested that the LAI and SBR could reasonably reflect the structure of the forest canopy and understory vegetation,***,the C-factor was reconstructed using the proposed forest vegetation structure factor(Cs),which considers the effect of the forest canopy and shrub and litter layers on reducing rainfall *** feasibility of this new method was thoroughly verified using runoff plots(R2=0.55).The results demonstrated that Cs may help local governments understand the vital role of the structure of the vegetation layer in limiting soil erosion and provide a more accurate large-scale quantification of the C-factor for soil erosion.

关键词： leaf area index remote sensing soil basal respiration forest vegetation structure factor vegetation layer structure

Germination response of desert annuals to shrub facilitation is species specific but not ecotypic

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journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第2期10卷 364-374页

作者： Amanda R.Liczner Diego A.Sotomayor Alessandro Filazzola christopher j.Lortie Department of Biology York University4700 Keele St.TorontoOntario M3J1P3Canada Department of Geography York University4700 Keele St.TorontoOntario M3J1P3Canada

Aims Positive plant interactions can promote higher species density of beneficiary species in ***,there is limited evidence examining the trait sets of seeds from beneficiary *** this study,we examined the hypothesis that shrubs(benefactors)influ-ence the germination of desert annuals(beneficiaries)and promote ecotypic differentiation by generating distinct microhabitats through abiotic stress *** following predictions were tested using growth chambers and field-collected seeds:(i)seed mass and viability will be greater and less variable for seeds collected from within shrub understory relative to seeds from open microhabitats,(ii)germination of seeds from shrub and open microhabitats will be greatest under simulated home(source)conditions,(iii)seeds from the shrub microhabitat will adaptively accelerate their germination rate when germinated in simulated home(source)microhabitats relative to their simulated away(reciprocal)*** Seeds and their associated maternal plants were collected from four annual species found within a shrub understory(Larrea triden-tata)and open microhabitats in the Mojave Desert of California(35.30ºN,117.26ºW,793 m.a.s.l.),and then reciprocally germi-nated in growth chambers simulating both microclimatic *** germination and germination rate was measured every 4-5 days for 42 *** Findings There was no significant difference in the mean or coefficient of variation for seed mass and viability between the shrub and open *** source of the seeds did not significantly impact the cumulative germination,and there was no accelerated rate of germination within potential species ecotypes thereby suggesting no ecotypic *** germination was signifi-cantly higher within the shrub-simulated microhabitat for three out of the four species *** germination and germina-tion rate were significantly different between ***,shrubs

关键词： ecotypes facilitation germination seeds viability

Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis

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World journal of Gastroenterology 2018年第31期24卷 3513-3520页

作者： christopher j Danford Hirsh D Trivedi Konstantinos Papamichael Elliot B Tapper Alan Bonder Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School Department of Hepatology University of Michigan

Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease with multiple debilitating complications. Osteoporosis is a common complication of PBC resulting in frequent fractures and leading to significant morbidity in this population, yet evidence for effective therapy is lacking. We sought to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PBC, as well as current and emerging therapies in order to guide future research directions. A complete search with a comprehensive literature review was performed with studies from Pub Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and the Countway Library. Osteoporosis in PBC is driven primarily by decreased bone formation, which differs from the increased bone resorption seen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Despite this fundamental difference, current treatment recommendations are based primarily on experience with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trials specific to PBC-related osteoporosis are small and have not consistently demonstrated a benefit in this population. As it stands, prevention of osteoporosis in PBC relies on the mitigation of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, as well as encouraging a healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise. The primary medical intervention for the treatment of osteoporosis in PBC remains bisphosphonates though a benefit in terms of fracture reduction has never been shown. This review outlines what is known regarding the pathogenesis of bone disease in PBC and summarizes current and emerging therapies.

关键词： Biliary cirrhosis Cholestatic liver disease Osteopenia Hepatic osteodystrophy Bisphosphonates Hormone replacement therapy