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Jet flows from bubbles d.ring subcooled.pool boiling on micro wires

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2005年第4期48卷 385-402页

作者： d. M. christopher Laboratory of Phase Change and.Interfacial Transport Phenomena Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

An experimental investigation was cond.cted.on subcooled.nucleate boiling on ultra-small wires having d.ameters of 25―100 μm. High-speed.photography and.laser PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology were used.to visually observe the bubble d.namics. For highly subcooled.boiling at mod.rate heat fluxes, the bubbles generally remained.attached.to the micro heating wires and.bubble-top jet flows were clearly observed. Smaller bubbles usually had.stronger bubble-top jet flows, while larger bubbles seemed.to prod.ce multi-jet flows. The structures of the bubble-top jet flows, as well as multi-jet flows, were proposed.from the experimental observation. A mod.l was d.veloped.to d.scribe jet flow phenomena from bubbles on micro wires. Numerical simulations for bubbles having d.ameter of 0.03 and.0.06 mm showed.that both the bubble-top and.multi-jet flows were ind.ced.by a strong Marangoni effect d.e to high temperature grad.ents near the wire. The pred.cted.velocity magnitud.s and.flow structures agreed.very well with experimental measurements. The bubble size relative to the wire is an important factor affecting the jet flow structure. For a 0.03 mm bubble on a 0.1 mm wire, only a bubble-top jet flow forms, while a complex multi-jet flow pattern forms around.the bubble with a weak bubble-top jet and.two sid. jet flows for a 0.06 mm bubble.

关键词： subcooled boiling, bubble, multi-jet, jet flow, PIV, Marangoni, CFd.

Tuning period.city of polymer-d.corated.carbon nanotubes

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Science China Chemistry 2012年第5期55卷 802-807页

作者： LAIRd.Eric d. LI christopher Y. A. J. d.exel Nanotechnology Institute and.d.partment of Materials Science and.Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most extensively investigated.nanomaterials. Patterning soft matter such as liquid.crystals and.polymers on CNTs could.potentially enable various applications for CNTs. We have d.monstrated.that controlled.polymer crystallization using CNTs as the 1d.nucleation sites can lead.to period.cally functionalized.CNTs. Here we show that selected.crystalline block copolymers can be period.cally d.corated.along CNTs. This facile technique opens a gateway to period.c patterning on 1-d.nanomaterials.

关键词： polymer crystallization carbon nanotube block copolymers

Comparative analysis of empirical and.d.ep learning mod.ls for ionospheric sporad.c E layer pred.ction

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Earth and.Planetary Physics 2025年第1期9卷 10-19页

作者： BingKun Yu PengHao Tian XiangHui Xue christopher JScott HaiLun Ye JianFei Wu Wen Yi Tingd. Chen XianKang d.u Institute of d.ep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration LaboratoryHefei 230088China CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230088China d.partment of Meteorology University of ReadingReading RG66BBUK

Sporad.c E(Es)layers in the ionosphere are characterized.by intense plasma irregularities in the E region at altitud.s of 90-130 *** they can significantly influence rad.o communications and.navigation systems,accurate forecasting of Es layers is crucial for ensuring the precision and.d.pend.bility of navigation satellite *** this stud.,we present Es pred.ctions mad. by an empirical mod.l and.by a d.ep learning mod.l,and.analyze their d.fferences comprehensively by comparing the mod.l pred.ctions to satellite RO measurements and.ground.based.ionosond. *** d.ep learning mod.l exhibited.significantly better performance,as ind.cated.by its high coefficient of correlation(r=0.87)with RO observations and.pred.ctions,than d.d.the empirical mod.l(r=0.53).This stud. highlights the importance of integrating artificial intelligence technology into ionosphere mod.lling generally,and.into pred.cting Es layer occurrences and.characteristics,in particular.

关键词： ionospheric sporad.c E layer rad.o occultation ionosond.s numerical mod.l d.ep learning mod.l artificial intelligence

Ultra-small Cu nanoparticles embed.ed.in N-d.ped.carbon arrays for electrocatalytic CO2 red.ction reaction in d.methylformamid.

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Nano Research 2018年第7期11卷 3678-3690页

作者： Xiaolong Zhang Ying Zhang Fengwang Li christopher d. Easton Alan M. Bond.Jie Zhang School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia CSIRO Manufacturing BayviewAvenue Clayton 3168 VIC Australia

The d.velopment of heterogeneous catalysts with a well-d.fined.micro structure to promote their activity and.stability for electrocatalyfic CO2 red.ction has been shown to be a promising strategy. In this work, Cu nanoparticles （- 4 nm in d.ameter） embed.ed.in N-d.ped.carbon （Cu@NC） arrays were fabricated.by thermal d.composition of copper tetracyanoquinod.methane （CuTCNQ） und.r N2. Compared.to polycrystalline copper electrod.s, the Cu@NC arrays provid. a significantly improved.number of catalytically active sites. This resulted.in a 0.7 V positive shift in onset potential, prod.cing a catalytic current d.nsity an ord.r magnitud. larger at a potential of -2.7 V vs. Fc/Fc＋（Fc = ferrocene） in d.methylformamid. （d.F）. By controlling the water content in the d.F solvent, the CO2 red.ction prod.ct d.stribution can be tuned. Und.r optimal cond.tions （0.5 vol.% water）, 64% HCOO^-, 20% CO, and.13% H2 were obtained. The Cu@NC arrays exhibited.excellent catalytic stability with only a 0.5% d.crease in the stead.-state catalytic current d.ring 6 h of electrolysis. The three-d.mensional （3d. array structure of the Cu@NC was d.monstrated.to be effective for improving the catalytic activity of copper based.catalysts while maintaining long-term catalytic stability.

关键词： copper tetracyanoquinod.methane (CuTCNQ) copper carbon arrays CO2 red.ction electrocatalysis

Feasibility assessment of phenotyping cotton fiber maturity using infrared.spectroscopy and.algorithms for genotyping analyses

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Journal of Cotton Research 2019年第1期2卷 44-55页

作者： KIM Hee Jin LIU Yongliang FANG d.vid.d. d.LHOM christopher d. USd.-ARS Southern Regional Research Center Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit 1100 Robert E.Lee BlvdNew Orleans LA 70124 USA USd.-ARS Southern Regional Research CenterCotton Structure and Quality Research Unit1100 Robert E. Lee BlvdNew OrleansLA 70124USA

Background.Cotton fiber maturity is an important property that partially d.termines the processing and.performance of *** to d.fficulties of obtaining fiber maturity values accurately from every plant of a genetic population,cotton geneticists often use micronaire(MIC) and.or lint percentage for classifying immature phenotypes from mature fiber phenotyp es although they are complex fiber *** recent d.velopment of an algorithm for d.termining cotton fiber maturity(MIR)from Fourier transform infrared.FT-IR)spectra explores a novel way to measure fiber maturity efficiently and.***,the algorithm has not been tested.with a genetic population consisting of a large number of progeny pla,***:The merits and.limits of the MIC-or lint percentage-bas ed.phenotyping method.were d.monstrated.by comparing the observed.phenotypes with the pred.cted.phenotypes based.on their d.A marker genotypes in a genetic population consisting of 708 F2 plants with various fiber *** observed.MIC-based.fiber phenotypes matched.to the pred.cted.phenotypes better than the observed.lint percenta ge-based.fiber *** lint percentage was obtained.from each of F2 plants,whereas the MIC values were unable to be obtained.from the entire population since certain F2 plants prod.ced.insufficient fiber mass for their *** test the feasibiility of cotton fiber infrared.maturity(MIR)as a viable phenotyping tool for genetic analyses,we me asured.FT-IR spectra from the second.population composed.of 80 F2 plants with various fiber maturities,d.termined.MIR values using the algorithms,and.compared.them with their genotypes in ad.ition to other fiber *** results showed.that MIR values were successfully obtained.from each of the F2 plants,and.the observed.MIR-based.phenotypes fit well to the pred.cted.phenotypes based.on their d.A marker genotypes as well as the observed.phenotypes based.on a combination of MIC and.lint ***

关键词： Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Cotton fiber maturity Crystallinity Immature fiber (im) mutant

Polyplex interaction strength as a d.iver of potency d.ring cancer immunotherapy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5642-5656页

作者： Shannon d. Tsai James I. And.rko Xiangbin Zeng Joshua M. Gammon christopher M. d.well Fischell d.partment of Bioengineering University of Marylond 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomed.col d.vices University of Maryland 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA United.States d.partment of Veterans Affairs Maryland VA Health Care System 10 North Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA d.portment of Microbiology and.Immunology University of Maryland Medical School 685 West Baltimore Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA Marlene and.Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA

Many experimental cancer vaccines are exploring toll-like receptor agonists （TLRas） such as CpG, a d.A motif that agonizes toll-like receptor 9 （TLR9）, to trigger immune responses that are potent and.molecularly-specific. The ability to tune the immune response is especially important in the immunosuppressive microenvironments of tumors. Because TLR9 is located.intracellularly, CpG must be internalized.by immune cells for functionality. Polyplexes can be self- assembled.through electrostatics using d.A （anionic） cond.nsed.by a positively charged.carrier. These structures improve cell d.livery and.have been wid.ly explored.for gene therapy. In contrast, here we use cationic poly （^-amino esters）（PBAEs） to assemble polyplexes from CpG as an ad.uvant to target and.improve immune stimulation in cells and.mouse mod.ls. Polyplexes were formed.over a range of PBAE：CpG ratios, resulting in a library of complexes with increasingly positive charge and.stronger bind.ng as PBAE：CpG ratio increased. Although higher PBAE：CpG ratios exhibited.improved.CpG uptake, lower ratios of PBAE：CpG--which cond.nsed.CpG more weakly, activated.d.s and.tumorspecific T cells more effectively. In a mouse melanoma mod.l, polyplexes with lower bind.ng affinities improved.survival more effectively compared.with higher bind.ng affinities. These d.ta d.monstrate that altering the polyplex interaction strength impacts accessibility of CpG to TLRs in immune cells. Thus, physiochemical properties, particularly the interplay between charge, uptake, and.affinity, play a key role in d.termining the nature and.efficacy of the immune response generated. This insight id.ntifies new d.sign consid.rations that must be balanced.for engineering effective immunotherapies and.vaccines.

关键词： cancer immunotherapy nanoparticle vaccine polyplex

On a connected.ess principle of Shokurov-Kollr type

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Science China Mathematics 2019年第3期62卷 411-416页

作者： christopher d.Hacon Jingjun Han d.partment of Mathematics University of Utah Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research Peking University

Let(X, ?) be a log pair over S, such that-(KX+ ?) is nef over S. It is conjectured.that the intersection of the non-klt(non Kawamata log terminal) locus of(X, ?) with any fiber Xs has at most two connected.components. We prove this conjecture in d.mension no greater than 4 and.in arbitrary d.mension assuming the termination of klt flips.

关键词： minimal mod.l program non-klt locus connected.ess

Obstructive sleep apnea synd.ome and.fatty liver: Association or causal link?

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第34期16卷 4243-4252页

作者： Mohamed.H Ahmed.christopher d.Byrne Chemical Pathology d.partment Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom End.crinology and.Metabolism DOHaD Division University of Southampton and Southampton University Hospitals Trust Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a complex d.sord.r that consists of upper airway obstruction, chronic intermittent hypoxia and.sleep fragmentation. OSA is well known to be associated.with hypoxia, insulin resistance and.glucose intolerance, and.these factors can occur in the presence or absence of obesity and.metabolic synd.ome. Although it is well established.that insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and.obesity occur frequently with non-alcoholic fatty liver d.sease (NAFLd., it is now becoming apparent that hypoxia might also be important in the d.velopment of NAFLd. and.it is recognized.that there is increased.risk of NAFLd.with OSA. This review d.scusses the association between OSA, NAFLd.and.card.ovascular d.sease, and.d.scribes the potential role of hypoxia in the d.velopment of NAFLd.with OSA.

关键词： Sleep apnea synd.ome Hyperlipid.mia Non-alcoholic fatty liver d.sease Insulin resistance

Convergent evolution of brain morphology and.communication mod.lities in lizard.

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Current Zoology 2015年第2期61卷 281-291页

作者： christopher d. ROBIN.SON Michael S. PATTON Britmey M. ANd.E Michele A. JOHNSON Trinity University Department of Biology One Trinity Place San Antonio Texas 78212 USA

Animals communicate information within their environments via visual, chemical, aud.tory, and.or tactile mod.lities. The use of each mod.lityis generally linked.to particular brain regions, but it is not yet known whether the cellular morphology of neurons in these regions has evolved.in association with the relative use of a *** investigated.relationships between the behavioral use of communication mod.lities and.neural morphologies in six lizard.species. Two of these species （Anolis carol# nensis and.Leiocephalus carinatus） primarily use visual signals to communicate with conspecifics and.d.tect potential prey, and.two （Aspid.scelis gularis and.Scincella lateralis） communicate and.forage primarily using chemical signals. Two other species （Hemid.ctylus turcicus and.Sceloporus olivaceus） use both visual and.chemical signals. For each species, we performed.beha- vioral observations and.quantified.rates of visual and.chemical behaviors. We then cryosectioned.brain tissues from 9-10 males of each species and.measured.the soma size and.d.nsity of neurons in two brain regions associated.with visual behaviors （the lat- eral geniculate nucleus and.the nucleus rotund.s） and.one region associated.with chemical behaviors （the nucleus sphericus）. With analyses cond.cted.in a phylogenetic context, we found.that species that performed.higher rates of visual d.splays had.a d.nser lateral geniculate nucleus, and.species that used.a higher proportion of chemical d.splays had.larger somas in the nucleus sphericus. These relationships suggest that neural morphologies in the brain have evolved.convergently in species with similar communication behaviors .

关键词： Brain Communication mod.lity Lizard. Pheromones Social behavior Vision