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Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Brazil

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2016年第2期7卷 111-122页

作者： Beatriz Maria de Loyola Hummell Susan L.Cutter christopher t.Emrich American Red Cross Southwest Washington ChapterHumanitarian Services Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute Department of Geography University of South Carolina

Although social vulnerability has recently gained attention in academic studies, Brazil lacks frameworks and indicators to assess it for the entire *** vulnerability highlights differences in the human capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. It varies over space and time, and among and between social groups, largely due to differences in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. this article provides a social vulnerability index(SoVI~) replication study for Brazil and shows how SoVI~concepts and indicators were adapted to the country. SoVI~Brazil follows the place-based framework adopted in the Social Vulnerability Index initially developed for the United States. Using a principal component analysis(PCA), 45city-level indicators were reduced to 10 factors that explain about 67 % of the variance in the data. Clearly identified spatial patterns showed a concentration of the most socially vulnerable cities in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, as well as the social vulnerability of metropolitan areas and state capitals in the South and Southeast *** least vulnerable cities are mainly concentrated in the inland regions of the Southeast. Although different factors contribute to the social vulnerability in each city, the overall results confirm the social and economic disparities among Brazilian’s regions and reflect a differential vulnerability to natural hazards at local to regional scales.

关键词： Brazil Natural hazards Social vulnerability Social vulnerability index(SoVI)

Sleeve Design of Permanent-magnet Machine for Low Rotor Losses

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Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering 2020年第4期6卷 86-96页

作者： Junqiang Zheng Wenxiang Zhao Jinghua Ji Jihong Zhu christopher H.t.Lee School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013China Department of Computer Science and technology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100000China School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University639798Singapore

In this study,a novel rotor sleeve for permanent-magnet(PM)machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated-windings(FSCW)is *** the newly designed rotor sleeve,the rotor eddy-current(EC)losses are significantly reduced,and the torque density of the machine is ***,the rotor EC losses of a surface-mounted PM machine with the sleeve are ***,the sleeve EC barriers and PM segmentation technologies for the suppression of the rotor EC losses are ***,an FSCW PM machine with the newly designed sleeve is proposed and optimized for a given set of *** electromagnetic and mechanical performances are evaluated by the finite element method(FEM).Finally,three assembling methods are presented and assessed comprehensively in terms of their merits and drawbacks.

关键词： Permanent-magnet machine rotor losses sleeve eddy-current concentrated-windings

C_4 Plants as Biofuel Feedstocks: Optimising Biomass Production and Feedstock Quality from a Lignocellulosic Perspective

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第2期53卷 120-135页

作者： Caitlin S.Byrt christopher P.L.Grof Robert t.Furbank School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of NewcastleUniversity Drive CSIRO Plant Industry and High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre

the main feedstocks for bioethanol are sugarcane （Saccharum offic- inarum） and maize （Zea mays）, both of which are C4 grasses, highly efficient at converting solar energy into chemical energy, and both are food crops. As the systems for lignocellulosic bioethanol production become more efficient and cost effective, plant biomass from any source may be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production. thus, a move away from using food plants to make fuel is possible, and sources of biomass such as wood from forestry and plant waste from cropping may be used. However, the bioethanol industry will need a continuous and reliable supply of biomass that can be produced at a low cost and with minimal use of water, fertilizer and arable land. As many C4 plants have high light, water and nitrogen use efficiency, as compared with C3 species, they are ideal as feedstock crops. We consider the productivity and resource use of a number of candidate plant species, and discuss biomass ＇quality＇, that is, the composition of the plant cell wall.

关键词： C4 Plants as Biofuel Feedstocks Optimising Biomass Production and Feedstock Quality from a Lignocellulosic Perspective

A multifaceted approach towards understanding the peculiar behavior of(α)-hydroxyiminophosphonates

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Organic Chemistry Frontiers 2022年第1期9卷 173-182页

作者： thomas toupy christopher Kune Kristof Van Hecke Loïc Quinton Jean-Christophe M.Monbaliu Center for Integrated technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research UnitUniversity of LiègeB-4000 Liège(Sart Tilman)Belgium Mass Spectrometry Laboratory MolSys Research UnitUniversity of LiègeB-4000 Liège(Sart Tilman)Belgium XStruct Department of ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281-S3B-9000 GhentBelgium

the peculiar isomer-selective reduction of(α)-hydroxyiminophosphonates(oxime isomers)into(α)-hydroxyaminophosphonate(hydroxylamine)derivatives is presented.A library of 16(α)-hydroxyiminophosphonates is prepared and studied via a unique multifaceted approach involving the interplay of NMR,XRD,MS,IM-MS and computational chemistry *** combination of NMR,XRD and HPLC enables the seamless separation,identification and quantification of the oxime isomers(E/Z).tandem MS(MS/MS)enables the determination of the fragmentation patterns for both *** energy breakdown curves highlight the order of apparition of the fragments as well as their related energy of fragmentation,demonstrating that the strength of the C–P bond in the Z isomers is much weaker than in the E *** chemistry demonstrates that favorable protonation site is isomer-dependent with the phosphonate moiety being the favorable protonation site for the E isomers,while protonation occurs preferentially on the amino moiety for Z isomers regardless of the phosphite *** combination of these various methods led an unprecedented level of characterization of oxime isomers,providing a better uderstanding of the isomer-dependent behavior of(α)-hydroxyiminophosphonates.

关键词： isomers phosphonate moiety

Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds

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Current Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 187-196页

作者： christopher James CLARK Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University PO Box 208106 New Haven CT 06511 USA Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California- Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbirdStellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone (hft), a low frequency tone (lft), and atonal sound pulses (asp), which were then followed by a frequency-modulatedfall. Manipulating any of the rectrices (tail-feathers) of wild males impaired production of thelftandaspbut not thehftorfall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate thelftbut not theasp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds similar to theaspwhen they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. the Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. these acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism.

关键词：声波信号风琴汽笛蜂鸟声乐求偶物理机制生产能力

A novel aptamer-based small RNA delivery platform and its application to cancer therapy

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Genes & Diseases 2023年第3期10卷 1075-1089页

作者： toshihiko tanno Peng Zhang christopher Bailey Yin Wang Wannaporn Ittiprasert Martin Devenport Pan Zheng Yang Liu OncoC4 Inc.RockvilleMD 20850USA Division of Immunotherapy Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD 21201USA Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical MedicineSchool of Medicine and HygieneGeorge Washington UniversityNW WashingtonDC 20037USA

Major challenges such as nuclease degradation, rapid renal clearance, non-specific delivery, poor cellular uptake and inflammatory response have limited the clinical application of small RNA-mediated gene silencing. to overcome these challenges, we designed a novel targeting small RNA delivery platform comprising of three oligonucleotides: (1) a guide RNA sequence, (2) part of a passenger sequence linked to a DNA aptamer via a PEG linker, and (3) another passenger sequence conjugated to cholesterol, which assemble through complementary base pair annealing. Remarkably, in the presence of magnesium, this molecule self-assembled into a nanoparticle with a hydrophobic cholesterol core, hydrophilic RNA oligonucleotide shell and PEG-linked DNA aptamer flare. the nanoparticles conferred protection to the RNA oligonucleotides against nuclease degradation, which increased bioavailability, and reduced systemic inflammatory responses. the aptamer allowed targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics through cell-specific surface markers, and once inside the cell, the nanoparticles induced lysosomal leakage that released the RNA oligonucleotides into the cytosol to achieve gene silencing. We created a c-Kit-targeting miR-26a delivery particle that specifically accumulated in c-Kit^(+) breast cancer, significantly increased t cell recruitment, and inhibited tumor growth. Regression of large established tumors were achieved when the nanoparticle was used in combination with anti-CtLA-4 monoclonal antibody.

关键词： Aptamer Cancer Micellar nanoparticle miRNA tar get delivery

基于结构完整性评定方法和有限元分析并考虑焊接残余应力的焊接缺陷评估(英文)

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transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2013年第5期23卷 1452-1458页

作者： M.JEYAKUMAR t.christopher Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Sardar Raja College of Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering

采用欧共体提出的结构完整性评定方法(SINtAP)与有限元分析(FEA)方法,结合焊接残余应力对存在横向贯穿裂纹的AStMA36钢板和7075-t7351铝合金板对接焊接头的缺陷进行评估。由SINtAP方法、FEA或者实验得到焊接产生的纵向残余应力曲线。该... 详细信息

采用欧共体提出的结构完整性评定方法(SINtAP)与有限元分析(FEA)方法,结合焊接残余应力对存在横向贯穿裂纹的AStMA36钢板和7075-t7351铝合金板对接焊接头的缺陷进行评估。由SINtAP方法、FEA或者实验得到焊接产生的纵向残余应力曲线。该残余应力曲线与SINtAP方法中得到的梯形残余应力拟合较好。计算了3种不同情况下的裂纹长度和残余应力强度因子(SIF),并与通过有限元分析得到的结果相比较,绘制了残余应力强度因子与裂纹长度的关系曲线。利用该图可以计算包括残余应力和力学载荷的总的SIF,比较了总的SIF与损伤容限分析法得到的材料断裂韧性。绘制了焊接态的、力学载荷的和存在残余应力情况下的不同裂纹尺寸的7075-t7351铝合金板的失效评估图,以确定在某特殊裂纹尺寸和力学载荷下的安全水平。

关键词：失效评估图断裂韧性应力强度因子贯穿裂纹焊接残余应力

Removing ammonium from water and wastewater using cost-effective adsorbents:A review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第1期30卷 174-197页

作者： Jianyin Huang Nadeeka Rathnayake Kankanamge christopher Chow David t.Welsh tianling Li Peter R.teasdale Natural and Built Environments Research Centre School of Natural and Built EnvironmentsUniversity of South AustraliaSA 5095Australia Future Industries Institute University of South AustraliaSA 5095Australia Enuironmental Futures Research Institute School of EnuironmentGriffith UniuersityGold Coast campusQLD 4215Australia

Ammonium is an important nutrient in primary production; however, high ammonium loads can cause eutrophication of natural waterways, contributing to undesirable changes in water quality and ecosystem structure. While ammonium pollution comes from diffuse agricultural sources, making control difficult, industrial or municipal point sources such as wastewater treatment plants also contribute significantly to overall ammonium *** latter sources can be targeted more readily to control ammonium release into water systems. to assist policy makers and researchers in understanding the diversity of treatment options and the best option for their circumstance, this paper produces a comprehensive review of existing treatment options for ammonium removal with a particular focus on those technologies which offer the highest rates of removal and cost-effectiveness. Ion exchange and adsorption material methods are simple to apply, cost-effective, environmentally friendly technologies which are quite efficient at removing ammonium from treated water. the review presents a list of adsorbents from the literature, their adsorption capacities and other parameters needed for ammonium removal. Further, the preparation of adsorbents with high ammonium removal capacities and new adsorbents is discussed in the context of their relative cost, removal efficiencies, and limitations. Efficient, cost-effective, and environmental friendly adsorbents for the removal of ammonium on a large scale for commercial or water treatment plants are provided. In addition, future perspectives on removing ammonium using adsorbents are presented.

关键词： Ammonium Water treatment Capacities Cost-effective Environmental friendly

With the wizard of the unit circle-An appreciation of ***

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2019年第6期31卷 1085-1088页

作者： christopher Earls Brennen Richard and Dorothy Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering EmeritusCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCalifornia 91125

An account of my interactions with *** Yao-tsu Wu of the California Institute of technology.

关键词： Caltech fluid mechanics cavitation