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Nutritional and Technological Characteristics of New Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) Lines and Varieties Grown in Eastern Kenya

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2020年第5期11卷 416-430页

作者： Peter K. Biam. Abdul K. Faraj christopher m. mutungi Isaac N. Osuga Rose W. Kurum. Dairy and Food Science and Technology Departm.nt Egerton University Nakuru Kenya International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Dar es Salaam Tanzania Departm.nt Anim.l Science School of Natural Resource and Animal Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Katum.ni Kenya

Protein sources in the diet of people living in sem.-arid land of Kenya are lacking and if available it is costly to them. In term. of safe food and a healthy food supply, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata.) are a significant source of protein, carbohydrates, and m.nerals especially for poor populations in the Kenya, it is said to be poor m.n’s m.at. The aim.of this study was to determ.ne nutritional com.osition of newly bred ten cowpea lines and five varieties com.only grown in Eastern Kenya of Kitui, m.chakos and m.kueni counties to understand their potential utilization in curbing rising food and nutrition insecurity in arid and sem.-arid lands ASALs and in any other food applications in Kenya. The experim.nt was arranged in Com.letely Random.zed Design (CRD) whereby proxim.te com.osition and m.nerals were determ.ned using standard AOAC and AACC m.thods and technological characteristics checked using m.dified m.thods used by other researchers. Collected data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2006) version 9.1, m.an separation was done using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) m.thod at 5% level of significance. Cowpeas com.osition ranged from.12.28% - 13.35% for m.isture content, 49.37% - 55.74% for total carbohydrates, 2.99% - 3.34% for crude ash, 0.13% - 0.81% for crude lipids, 23.37% - 29.70% for crude protein and 1.40% - 4.34% for crude fibers. Cowpea sam.les recorded highest percentage of essential am.no acids (60.71%) and non-essential am.no acids (39.29%). m.nerals ranged from.1.97 - 2.69 m./100g for calcium. 3.23 - 3.90 m./100g for m.gnesium. 205.53 - 223.30 m./100g for sodium. 0.80 - 1.23 m./100g for zinc, 1071.15 - 1152.62 m./100g for potassium.and 0.62 - 1.06 m./100g for phosphorus. For technological properties, lines absorbed water equivalent to their weights and they were com.arable to varieties grown in the region. From.the results it showed that cowpea line IT97K-1042-3, TEXAN PINKIYE, TX123, IT85F-867-5, IT82D-889-1 and

关键词： Cowpea Lines Varieties Eastern Kenya Nutritional Technological Characteristics

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Jet flows from.bubbles during subcooled pool boiling on m.cro wires

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2005年第4期48卷 385-402页

作者： D. m. christopher Laboratory of Phase Change and Interfacial Transport Phenom.na Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

An experim.ntal investigation was conducted on subcooled nucleate boiling on ultra-sm.ll wires having diam.ters of 25―100 μm. High-speed photography and laser PIV (Particle Im.ge Velocim.try) technology were used to visually observe the bubble dynam.cs. For highly subcooled boiling at m.derate heat fluxes, the bubbles generally rem.ined attached to the m.cro heating wires and bubble-top jet flows were clearly observed. Sm.ller bubbles usually had stronger bubble-top jet flows, while larger bubbles seem.d to produce m.lti-jet flows. The structures of the bubble-top jet flows, as well as m.lti-jet flows, were proposed from.the experim.ntal observation. A m.del was developed to describe jet flow phenom.na from.bubbles on m.cro wires. Num.rical sim.lations for bubbles having diam.ter of 0.03 and 0.06 m. showed that both the bubble-top and m.lti-jet flows were induced by a strong m.rangoni effect due to high tem.erature gradients near the wire. The predicted velocity m.gnitudes and flow structures agreed very well with experim.ntal m.asurem.nts. The bubble size relative to the wire is an im.ortant factor affecting the jet flow structure. For a 0.03 m. bubble on a 0.1 m. wire, only a bubble-top jet flow form., while a com.lex m.lti-jet flow pattern form. around the bubble with a weak bubble-top jet and two side jet flows for a 0.06 m. bubble.

关键词： subcooled boiling, bubble, m.lti-jet, jet flow, PIV, m.rangoni, CFD.

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CO2 degassing and m.lting of m.tasom.tized m.ntle lithosphere during rifting-Num.rical study

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1409-1420页

作者： Weronika Gorczyk christopher m. Gonzalez University of Western Australia Centre for Exploration TargetingSchool of Earth SciencesARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid SystemsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia School of Earth Atmosphere and EnvironmentMonash University ClaytonMelbourneVICAustralia

:Reactivation of m.tasom.tized m.ntle lithosphere m.y occur during continental extension,which is an im.ortant com.onent of plate *** lower m.st part of the m.tasom.tized dom.ins in the subcontinental m.ntle lithosphere can be locally enriched in ***,partial m.lting of these m.tasom.tized dom.ins m.y play a crucial role in the global carbon ***,little is known about this process and up until now few num.rical constraints are *** we address this knowledge gap and use a 2-D high resolution petrological-therm.m.chanical m.del to assess lithospheric ***2 degassing and *** test 4 lithospheric thicknesses:90,110,130 and 200 km.with a 10 km.thick m.tasom.tized layer at the base using CO2 of 2 wt.%in the bulk *** carbonate enriched layer is stable below^3 GPa(>110 km.for a tem.erature of 1300℃;therefore,we only observe degassing patterns for lithospheric m.dels that are 130 km.and 200 km.*** m.tasom.tized layer for the 130 km.thick lithosphere m.stly com.rises carbonatite m.lting,whereas in the 200 km.thick scenario propagation of m.lt developm.nt from.kim.erlites to carbonatites occurs as the m.tasom.tic m.ntle is exhum.d during *** num.rical m.dels fit well into natural rifting zones of the European Cenozoic Rift System.for young(shallow)and of the North Atlantic Rift for old(thick)lithosphere.

关键词： Rifting m.ntle CO2 degassing Carbonate m.lting

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Assessing risks from.m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts near gas wells

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International Journal of m.ning Science and Technology 2020年第1期30卷 11-16页

作者： christopher m.rk Gregory m.Rum.augh m.ne Safety and Health Adm.nistration PittsburghPAUSA

The proliferation of unconventional gas well developm.nt in the Northern Appalachian coalfields has raised a num.er of m.ne safety *** wells,which extract gas from.deep shale form.tions,are characterized by gas volum.s and pressures that are significantly higher than those observed at m.ny conventional *** gas is com.osed largely of m.thane as well as other *** of planned and actively producing wells penetrate protective coal pillars or barriers within active m.ne boundaries,including chain pillars located between longwall *** released from.a well dam.ged by m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts could pose a risk to m.ners by flowing into the m.ne *** m.ning-induced ground m.vem.nts that m.y cause well dam.ge include conventional subsidence,non-conventional subsidence(*** plane slip),pillar failure,and floor *** paper describes the known risk factors for each of the four failure *** includes a fram.work that can guide the risk assessm.nt process when m.ning takes place near gas or oil wells.

关键词： Gas well Subsidence Coal protection pillar Risk m.trix Longwall m.ning

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Dynam.c Bubble Behaviour during m.croscale Subcooled Boiling

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Chinese Physics Letters 2005年第11期22卷 2881-2884页

作者：王昊彭晓峰 David m. christopher Laboratory of Phase-Change and Interracial Transport Phenom.na Department of Thermal Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084

Bubble cycles, including initiation, growth and departure, are the physical basis of nucleate boiling. The present investigation, however, reveals unusual bubble m.tions during subcooled nucleate boiling on m.crowires 25 or 100μm.in diam.ter. Two types of bubble m.tions, bubble sweeping and bubble return, are observed in the experim.nts. Bubble sweeping describes a bubble m.ving back and forth along the wire, which is m.tion parallel to the wire. Bubble return is the bubble m.ving back to the wire after it has detached or leaping above the wire. Theoretical analyses and num.rical sim.lations are conducted to investigate the driving m.chanism. for both bubble sweeping and return. m.rangoni flow from.warm.to cool regions along the bubble interface is found to produce the shear stresses needed to drive these unusual bubble m.vem.nts.

关键词： Dynam.c Bubble Behaviour during m.croscale Subcooled Boiling

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Com.ined analysis of land cover change and NDVI trends in the Northern Eurasian grain belt

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2012年第2期6卷 177-187页

作者： christopher K. WRIGHT Kirsten m. de BEURS Geoffrey m. HENEBRY South Dakota State University Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE) Brookings South Dakota 57007 USA The University of Oklahom. Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability Norman OK 73019 USA

We present an approach to regional environ- m.ntal m.nitoring in the Northern Eurasian grain belt com.ining tim. series analysis of m.DIS norm.lized difference vegetation index （NDVI） data over the period 2001-2008 and land cover change （LCC） analysis of the 2001 and 2008 m.DIS Global Land Cover product （m.D 12Q 1）. NDVI trends were overwhelm.ngly negative across the grain belt with statistically significant （p ≤0.05） positive trends covering only 1% of the land surface. LCC was dom.nated by transitions between three classes; cropland, grassland, and a m.xed cropland/natural vegeta- tion m.saic. Com.ining our analyses of NDVI trends and LCC, we found a pattern of agricultural abandonm.nt （cropland to grassland） in the southern range of the grain belt coinciding with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NDVI trends and likely driven by regional drought. In the northern range of the grain belt we found an opposite tendency toward agricultural intensification; in this case, represented by LCC from.cropland m.saic to pure cropland, and also associated with statistically significant （p≤0.05） negative NDVI trends. Relatively sm.ll clusters of statistically significant （p ≤ 0.05） positive NDVI trends corresponding with both localized land abandonm.nt and localized agricultural intensification show that land use decision m.king is not uniform.across the region. Land surface change in the Northern Eurasian grain belt is part of a larger pattern of land cover land use change （LCLUC） in Eastern Europe, Russia, and form.r territories of the Soviet Union following realignm.nt of socialist land tenure and agricultural m.rkets. Here, we show that a com.ined analysis of LCC and NDVI trends provides a m.re com.lete picture of the com.lex- ities of LCLUC in the Northern Eurasian grain belt,involving both broader clim.tic forcing, and narrower anthropogenic im.acts, than m.ght be obtained from.either analysis alone.

关键词： land cover change m.DIS NDVI NorthernEurasian grain belt Kazakhstan Russia tim. seriesanalysis Ukraine

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Polyplex interaction strength as a driver of potency during cancer im.unotherapy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5642-5656页

作者： Shannon d. Tsai Jam.s I. Andorko Xiangbin Zeng Joshua m. Gam.on christopher m. dewell Fischell Departm.nt of Bioengineering University of Marylond 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biom.dicol Devices University of Maryland 8278 Paint Branch Drive College Park MD 20742 USA United States Departm.nt of Veterans Affairs Maryland VA Health Care System 10 North Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA Deportm.nt of m.crobiology and Im.unology University of Maryland Medical School 685 West Baltimore Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA m.rlene and Stewart Greenebaum.Cancer Center 22 South Greene Street Baltimore MD 21201 USA

m.ny experim.ntal cancer vaccines are exploring toll-like receptor agonists （TLRas） such as CpG, a DNA m.tif that agonizes toll-like receptor 9 （TLR9）, to trigger im.une responses that are potent and m.lecularly-specific. The ability to tune the im.une response is especially im.ortant in the im.unosuppressive m.croenvironm.nts of tum.rs. Because TLR9 is located intracellularly, CpG m.st be internalized by im.une cells for functionality. Polyplexes can be self- assem.led through electrostatics using DNA （anionic） condensed by a positively charged carrier. These structures im.rove cell delivery and have been widely explored for gene therapy. In contrast, here we use cationic poly （^-am.no esters）（PBAEs） to assem.le polyplexes from.CpG as an adjuvant to target and im.rove im.une stim.lation in cells and m.use m.dels. Polyplexes were form.d over a range of PBAE：CpG ratios, resulting in a library of com.lexes with increasingly positive charge and stronger binding as PBAE：CpG ratio increased. Although higher PBAE：CpG ratios exhibited im.roved CpG uptake, lower ratios of PBAE：CpG--which condensed CpG m.re weakly, activated DCs and tum.rspecific T cells m.re effectively. In a m.use m.lanom. m.del, polyplexes with lower binding affinities im.roved survival m.re effectively com.ared with higher binding affinities. These data dem.nstrate that altering the polyplex interaction strength im.acts accessibility of CpG to TLRs in im.une cells. Thus, physiochem.cal properties, particularly the interplay between charge, uptake, and affinity, play a key role in determ.ning the nature and efficacy of the im.une response generated. This insight identifies new design considerations that m.st be balanced for engineering effective im.unotherapies and vaccines.

关键词： cancer im.unotherapy nanoparticle vaccine polyplex

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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and drugs of abuse： current knowledge and therapeutic opportunities

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Frontiers in Biology 2016年第5期11卷 376-386页

作者： christopher m. Olsen Qing-Song Liu Departm.nt of Pharm.cology and Toxicology Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee W1 53226 USA Neuroscience Research Center Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee WI 53226 USA

BACKGROUND： Long-term.exposure to drugs of abuse causes an upregulation of the cAm.-signaling pathway in the nucleus accum.ens and other forebrain regions, this com.on neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 （PDE4） is an enzym. that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAm.. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE： Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system.（CNS） distribution of PDE4 isoform. and the effects of system.c and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral m.dels of drug addiction. m.THODS： A system.tic literature search was perform.d using the Pubm.d. RESULTS： Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-adm.nistration as behavioral m.dels, a large num.er of studies have shown that local or system.c adm.nistration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostim.lants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or m.ce. CONCLUSIONS： Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the developm.nt of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that m.y reduce addiction liability and m.nim.ze the side effects that lim.t the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a prom.sing possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatm.nt of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.

关键词： PDE4 PDE4 inhibitors VTA nucleus accum.ens drug addiction

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CROSS-LINKING OF AROm.TIC POLY(THIOETHER)S

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Chinese Journal of Polym.r Science 2007年第5期25卷 509-517页

作者： m.tthew m. Yonkey Dillip K. m.hanty christopher Crouse Zhong-biao Zhang Departm.nt of Chem.stry Central Mich-igan University Mt. Pleasant M1-48858 USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry Rice-University Houston TX-77251 USA Departm.nt of Chem.stry Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA-24060 USA

A novel cross-linking process using two high m.lecular weight arom.tic poly（thioether）s, which were synthesized by the reactions of 4,4＇-thiobisbenzenethiol with 4,4＇-difluorobenzophenone and 4,4＇-difluorodiphenylsulfone, respectively, and com.ercially available lower m.lecular weight poly（p-phenylene sulfide） was investigated. These reactions were carried out in bulk by the addition of silver tetrafluroborate and α,α＇-dibrom.-p-xylene at 190℃ over a period of 45 m.n. Furtherm.re, the sam. procedure could be m.dified to cross-link com.ression-m.lded film. of these three polym.rs. The therm.l and solubility behaviors of these polym.rs before and after cross-linking reactions, are presented.

关键词： Arom.tic poly(thioether)s Chem.cal cross-linking Solubility Therm.l stability.

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Release m.dels for leaks from.high-pressure hydrogen storage system.

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第19期59卷 2302-2308页

作者： Xue-Fang Li David m. christopher Jing-Liang Bi Key Laboratory for Therm.l Science and Power Engineering of m.nistry of Education Tsinghua University

Sim.lations and analyses of experim.ntal data from.leaks from.high-pressure hydrogen storage system. will require knowledge of the stagnation state tim. histories and stream.properties exiting the *** analytical ideal-gas m.del based on the ideal gas state equation and a com.uter program.m.king use of the NIST standard reference database(REFPROP)were developed to m.del the entire process of leaks from.high-pressurized hydrogen gas *** results obtained by the two m.thods agree with each other *** the gas behavior departs from.the ideal gas properties at high pressures,the actual stagnation pressure and tem.erature decay m.re rapidly than with the ideal-gas assum.tion.

关键词：存储系统高压氢理想气体状态方程泄漏释放模式理想气体模型计算机程序时间历程

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