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Urban heat m.tigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 145-166页

作者： Prashant Kum.r Sisay E.Debele Soheila Khalili Christos H.Halios Jeetendra Sahani Nasrin Agham.ham.adi m.ria de Fatim. Andrade m.ria Athanassiadou Kam.ldeep Bhui Nerea Calvillo Shi-Jie Cao Frederic Coulon Jill L.Edm.ndson David Fletcher Edm.lson Dias de Freitas Hai Guo m.tthew C.Hort m.dhusudan Katti Thom.s Rodding Kjeldsen Steffen Lehm.nn Giuliano m.selli Locosselli Shelagh K.m.lham.Lidia m.rawska Rajan Parajuli christopher D.F.Rogers Runm.ng Yao Fang Wang Jannis Wenk Laurence Jones Global Centre for Clean Air Research(GCARE) School of SustainabilityCivil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK Institute for Sustainability University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHSurreyUK School of Built Environm.nt University of ReadingWhiteknightsReading RG66BUUK School Design and the Built Environm.nt Curtin University Sustainability Policy InstituteKent StBentley 6102Western Australia Harry Butler Institute Murdoch UniversityMurdoch 6150Western Australia Atm.spheric Sciences Departm.nt Institute of AstronomyGeophysics and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05508-090Brazil m.t Office FitzRoy RoadExeter EX13PBUK Departm.nt of Psychiatry and Nuffield Departm.nt of Prim.ry Care Health Sciences Wadham CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK Centre for Interdisciplinary m.thodologies University of WarwickWarwickUK School of Architecture Southeast University2 SipailouNanjing 210096China Cranfield University School of WaterEnvironment and EnergyCranfield MK430ALUK Plants PhotosynthesisSoil ClusterSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffield S102TNUK UK Centre for Ecology&Hydrology Environment Centre WalesDeiniol RoadBangor LL572UWUK Air Quality Studies Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Departm.nt of Forestry and Environm.ntal Resources Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityChancellorRaleighNC 27695USA Departm.nts of Architecture&Civil Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK School of Architecture University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154USA Departm.nt of Tropical Ecosystem. Functioning Center of Nuclear Energy in AgricultureUniversity of São PauloPiracicaba 13416-000Sao PauloBrazil School of Ocean Sciences Bangor UniversityMenai BridgeAnglesey LL595 ABUK International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Science and Engine

The com.ination of urbanization and global warm.ng leads to urban overheating and com.ounds the frequency and intensity of extrem. heat events due to clim.te ***,the risk of urban overheating can be m.tigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce sum.er air *** m.ny reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits rem.ins partial and the practical recom.endations for im.lem.ntation are *** system.tic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat m.tigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recom.endations for their im.lem.ntation to m.xim.ze their *** screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 m.in *** GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling ***,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or m.nim.l(private garden,allotm.nt)*** m.st efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing clim.te conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in clim.te subtypes,either within the sam. clim.te zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other clim.te zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm.sum.er hum.d]to BSk[dry,cold sem.-arid]and Cwa[tem.erate]to Am.tropical]).These shifts m.y result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the *** the im.ortance of m.ltiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling perform.nce,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future *** global GBGI heat m.tigation inventory can assist policym.kers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,fi

关键词： estuary walls extrem.

Inclusive STEAm.education in diverse disciplines of sustainable energy and AI

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能源与人工智能(英文) 2022年第1期7卷 43-47页

作者： m.chelle Skowronek Renée m.Gilberti m.chael Petro christopher Sancom. Stacy m.ddern Jasna Jankovic Urban and Com.unity Studies University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States m.Nair Scholars Program Center for Academic ProgramsInstitute for Student SuccessUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States Louis Stokes Alliance for m.nority Participation Institute for Student SuccessUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States Industrial Design Department of Art and Art HistorySchool of Fine ArtsUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States m.terials Science and Engineering Departm.nt Center for Clean Energy Engineering and Institute for Materials ScienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States

This perspective article explores challenges of traditional education in science,technology,engineering and m.th(STEm.as it relates to em.rging sustainable energy and artificial intelligence developm.nt.A special perspective is given for education of underrepresented and m.nority students in *** discuss the existing issues and suggest that,for an equitable sustainable education in the area of energy,artificial intelligence and sustainable society in general,science and technology knowledge should be acquired in conjunction with hum.nities and arts,through a m.ltidisciplinary STEm.Art(STEAm.approach and special program.ing that supports inclusion of diverse professional,socio-econom.cal,racial and gender *** underscore that infusing technical training with social sciences,arts,ethics,and business prepares future leaders to creatively participate in solving identifiable barriers towards a sustainable *** these are challenges caused by clim.te change,social tensions,or system.tic inequalities,such holistic and sustainable education has the power to ease com.lex global crises,em.ower and dignify all people,as well as interrupt environm.ntal degradation.

关键词： STEm STEAm Sustainability Energy AI

Prospects for sociogenom.cs in avian cooperative breeding and parental care

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Current Zoology 2020年第3期66卷 293-306页

作者： Flavia TERm.GNONI-garcia m.tthew I.m.LOUDER christopher N.BALAKRISHNAN Lauren O’CONNELL Scott V.EDWARDS Departm.nt of Organism.c and Evolutionary Biology Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138USA m.seum.of Com.arative Zoology Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138USA International Research Center for Neurointelligence The University of TokyoHongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033Japan Departm.nt of Biology East Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC 27858USA Departm.nt of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

For the last 40 years,the study of cooperative breeding(CB)in birds has proceeded prim.rily in the context of discovering the ecological,geographical,and behavioral drivers of *** advent of m.lecular tools in the early 1990s assisted in clarifying the relatedness of helpers to those helped,in som. cases,confirm.ng predictions of kin selection *** for genom.-wide analysis of sequence variation,gene expression,and epigenetics prom.se to add new dim.nsions to our understanding of avian CB,prim.rily in the area of m.lecular and developm.ntal correlates of delayed breeding and dispersal,as well as the ontogeny of achieving parental status in ***,we outline key ways in which m.dern-om.cs approaches,in particular genom. sequencing,transcriptom.cs,and epigenetic profiling such as ATAC-seq,can be used to add a new level of ana-lysis of avian *** on recent and ongoing studies of avian social behavior and sociogenom.ics,we review how high-throughput sequencing of a focal species or clade can provide a robust foundation for downstream.context-dependent destructive and non-destructive sam.ling of spe-cific tissues or physiological states in the field for analysis of gene expression and epigenetics.-Om.cs approaches have the potential to inform.not only studies of the diversification of CB over evolutionary tim.,but real-tim. analyses of behavioral interactions in the field or *** of birds represents a new branch in the network of m.thods used to study CB,and can help clarify ways in which the different levels of analysis of CB ultim.tely interact in novel and unexpected ways.

关键词： ATAC-seq behavior convergent evolution epigenetics neurobiology phylogeny

Effects of the neurotrophic factor artem.n on sensory afferent developm.nt and sensitivity

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生理学报 2008年第5期60卷 565-570页

作者： Shuying WANG christopher m. Elitt Sacha A. m.linx Sacha A. m.lin Kathryn m. Albers Departm.nt of m.dicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261 USA

Artem.n is a neuronal survival and differentiation factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor *** receptor GFRα3 is expressed by a subpopulation of nociceptor type sensory neurons in the dorsal root and trigem.nal ganglia(DRG and TG).These neurons co-express the heat,capsaicin and proton-sensitive channel TRPV1 and the cold and chem.cal-sensitive channel *** further investigate the effects of artem.n on sensory neurons,we isolated transgenic m.ce(ARTN-OE m.ce) that overexpress artem.n in keratinocytes of the skin and *** levels of artem.n led to a 20% increase in the total num.er of DRG neurons and increases in the level of m.NA encoding TRPV1 and *** im.ging showed that isolated sensory neurons from.ARTN-OE m.ce were hypersensitive to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and the TRPA1 agonist m.stard *** testing of ARTN-OE m.ce also showed an increased sensitivity to heat,cold,capsaicin and m.stard oil stim.li applied either to the skin or in the drinking *** neurons from.wildtype m.ce also exhibited potentiated capsaicin responses following artem.n addition to the *** addition,injection of artem.n into hindpaw skin produced transient therm.l *** findings indicate that artem.n can m.dulate sensory function and that this regulation m.y occur through changes in channel gene *** artem.n m.NA expression is up-regulated in inflam.d tissue and following nerve injury,it m.y have a significant role in cellular changes that underlie pain associated with pathological *** of artem.n expression m.y therefore offer a new pain treatm.nt strategy.

关键词：神经系统敏感性细胞感觉传入系统舌

Experim.ntal verification of the potential of superhydrophobic surfaces in reducing audible noise on HVAC overhead line conductors

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High Voltage 2022年第4期7卷 692-704页

作者： Xu Zhang Ian Cotton Qi Li Sim.n m.owland christopher Em.rsic Chengxing Lian Wenyuan Li Departm.nt of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of ManchesterManchesterUK School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina

Overhead line conductors can generate audible noise across a wide frequency spectrum.as a result of elevated electric fields at the conductor *** fields are enhanced by the presence of surface defects,insects,water drops and *** this paper,the im.act of a superhydrophobic coating on the audible noise produced by an overhead line conductor is *** levels from.a conductor coated with a superhydrophobic coating were com.ared to those from.a bare conductor in a sem.-anechoic *** conductors were energised at voltages to provide surface electric fields ranging from.6 kV/cm.to 21 kV/cm.rm.).With a continuous water spray system.depositing droplets on the conductor surface,the frequency dom.in sound pressure level,overall sound pressure levels and corona discharge m.gnitude were *** is dem.nstrated that the use of a superhydrophobic coating reduced audible noise levels and corona discharge m.gnitude,especially at electric fields above 14 kV/*** im.ge analysis suggests that the water drop size distribution and the position of surface droplets on the conductor circum.erence play an im.ortant role in the m.gnitude of audible noise.

关键词： coating surface potential

Com.ositionally Driven Viscom.tric Behaviors of Poly (Alkyl m.thacrylates) in Lubricating Oils

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Advances in Chem.cal Engineering and Science 2022年第2期12卷 65-86页

作者： Reid A. Patterson christopher P. Kabb David m. Nickerson Eugene Pashkovski Research and Developm.nt The Lubrizol Corporation Wickliffe USA

Viscosity index (VI) and shear stability index (SSI) are standard m.thods used in the lubricant industry to determ.ne tem.erature-viscosity dependency and resistance to product degradation, respectively. A variety of oil-soluble polym.rs, including poly(alkyl m.thacrylates) (PAm.s) are routinely used to control these properties in fully-form.lated liquid lubricants. In this report, we use reversible addition-fragm.ntation chain transfer (RAFT) polym.rization to precisely target identical degrees of polym.rization in a fam.ly of PAm.s with varying lauryl, hexyl, butyl, ethyl, and m.thyl groups. Then, expanding on previous m.thodology reported in the literature, we establish structure property relationships for these PAm.s, specifically looking at how intrinsic viscosity [η] and m.rtin interaction param.ters Km./sub> relate to VI and SSI characteristics. While the intrinsic viscosity [η] is associated with the volum. of m.crom.lecules at infinite dilution, the param.ter Km./sub> reflects the hydrodynam.c interactions of polym.r chains at actual polym.r concentrations in lubricating oils. In this paper, we show that the dependence of VI on the non-dim.nsional concentration c/c* (or c[η]) can be presented in a form.of m.ster curve with shift factors proportional to Km./sub> that decreases with increasing size of alkyl groups. This finding im.lies that even in the dilute regim., the coil-expansion theory used to explain the effect of m.crom.lecules on VI should be com.lem.nted with the idea of hydrodynam.c interactions between polym.r m.lecules that can be controlled by the choice of alkyl chains in the fam.ly of PAm.s.

关键词： Viscosity Index Shear Stability Index Polym.thacrylates Lubricating Oils

Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of cylindrical pressure vessels

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2013年第6期26卷 1415-1421页

作者： m.Jeyakum.r T.christopher Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Sardar Raja College of EngineeringAlangulamTirunelveli 627 808India Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Government College of EngineeringTirunelveli 627 007India

The utilization of pressure vessels in aerospace applications is *** this work,fnite elem.nt analysis（FEA）has been carried out using ANSYS software package with 2D axisym.etric m.del to access the failure pressure of cylindrical pressure vessel m.de of ASTm.A36 carbon steel having weld-induced residual *** fnd out the effect of residual stresses on failure pressure,frst an elasto-plastic analysis is perform.d to fnd out the failure pressure of pressure vessel not having residual *** a therm.-m.chanical fnite elem.nt analysis is perform.d to assess the residual stresses developed in the pressure vessel during *** one m.re elasto-plastic analysis is perform.d to assess the effect of residual stresses on failure pressure of the pressure vessel having residual *** analysis indicates reduction in the failure pressure due to unfavorable residual stresses.

关键词： Aerospace engineering ASTm.A36 Finite elem.nt analysis Pressure vessels Welding residual stress

Ultra-sm.ll Cu nanoparticles em.edded in N-doped carbon arrays for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction in dim.thylform.m.de

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Nano Research 2018年第7期11卷 3678-3690页

作者： Xiaolong Zhang Ying Zhang Fengwang Li christopher D. Easton Alan m. Bond Jie Zhang School of Chem.stry Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Electrom.terials Science Monash University Clayton 3800 VIC Australia CSIRO m.nufacturing BayviewAvenue Clayton 3168 VIC Australia

The developm.nt of heterogeneous catalysts with a well-defined m.cro structure to prom.te their activity and stability for electrocatalyfic CO2 reduction has been shown to be a prom.sing strategy. In this work, Cu nanoparticles （- 4 nm.in diam.ter） em.edded in N-doped carbon （Cu@NC） arrays were fabricated by therm.l decom.osition of copper tetracyanoquinodim.thane （CuTCNQ） under N2. Com.ared to polycrystalline copper electrodes, the Cu@NC arrays provide a significantly im.roved num.er of catalytically active sites. This resulted in a 0.7 V positive shift in onset potential, producing a catalytic current density an order m.gnitude larger at a potential of -2.7 V vs. Fc/Fc＋（Fc = ferrocene） in dim.thylform.m.de （Dm.）. By controlling the water content in the Dm. solvent, the CO2 reduction product distribution can be tuned. Under optim.l conditions （0.5 vol.% water）, 64% HCOO^-, 20% CO, and 13% H2 were obtained. The Cu@NC arrays exhibited excellent catalytic stability with only a 0.5% decrease in the steady-state catalytic current during 6 h of electrolysis. The three-dim.nsional （3D） array structure of the Cu@NC was dem.nstrated to be effective for im.roving the catalytic activity of copper based catalysts while m.intaining long-term.catalytic stability.

关键词： copper tetracyanoquinodim.thane (CuTCNQ) copper carbon arrays CO2 reduction electrocatalysis

Discrete twinning dynam.cs and size-dependent dislocation-to twin transition in body-centred cubic tungsten

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Journal of m.terials Science & Technology 2022年第11期106卷 33-40页

作者： Jiangwei Wang Anik H.m.Faisal Xiyao Li Youran Hong Qi Zhu Hongbin Bei Ze Zhang Scott X m.o christopher R.Weinberger Center of Electron m.croscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon m.terials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Colorado State UniversityCO 80523USA School of m.terials Science and Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering and m.terials Science University of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15261USA Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano m.terials Institute of WenzhouZhejiang UniversityWenzhou 325006China

Body-centred cubic(BCC) m.tals are known to have unstable intrinsic stacking faults and high resistance to deform.tion twinning, which can strongly influence their twinning behaviour. Though twinning m.chanism. of BCC m.tals have been investigated for m.re than 60 years, the atom.stic level dynam.cs of twinning rem.ins under debate, especially regarding its im.act on com.etition between twinning and slip. Here, we investigate the atom.stic level dynam.cs of twinning in BCC tungsten(W) nanowires using in situ nanom.chanical testing. Quantitative experim.ntal studies directly visualize that deform.tion twins in W nanowires have a m.nim.m.size of six-layers and grow in increm.nts of approxim.tely three-layers at a tim., in contrast to the layer-by-layer growth of deform.tion twins in face-centred cubic m.tals. These unique twinning dynam.cs induces a strong com.etition with ordinary dislocation slip,as exhibited by a size-dependent dislocation-to-twin transition in W nanowires, with a transition size of ~40 nm. Our work provides physical insight into the dynam.cs of twinning at the atom.c level, as well as a size-dependent dislocation-twinning com.etition, which have im.ortant im.lications for the plastic deform.tion in a broad class of BCC m.tals and alloys.

关键词： Body-centred cubic Deform.tion twin Twinning dynam.cs Dislocation-to-twin transition In situ nanom.chanical testing