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Use of carnauba based carrier for copper sprays reduces infection by Xanthomonas citrisubsp. citriand Diaporthe citriin Florida commercial grapefruit groves

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第7期3卷 962-970页

作者： Jan Narciso Wilbur Widmer christopher ference Mark Ritenour Ricardo Diaz IFAS IRRC University of Florida Fort Pierce USA PACE International Wenatchee USA USDA/ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory Fort Pierce USA

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a bacterial disease of citrus and results in peel blemishes rendering fresh fruit unsalable. Xcc is most active in warm, wet Florida summers where tissues are infected during periods of active growth. Melanose, caused by Diaporthe citri, is common in citrus producing countries, but, like canker, is only important for fresh market fruit. To control canker and melanose, Florida growers spray trees with copper formulations (Cu), but these sprays are removed by strong rains and intense radiation of Florida summers. A study was undertaken in FL commercial grapefruit groves in 2009 and 2010 to assess the efficiency of a spray combining copper with a specially formulated, hydrating wax (WashGard?) (WG). Using a 21-day spray schedule for the season, fruit were sprayed with WG + Cu, Cu and Control (no spray). Fruit from trees sprayed with WG + Cu had approximately 10 and17% more canker free fruit in 2009 and 2010 respectively compared to trees sprayed with copper alone. Compared to control trees the canker free fruit incidence was increased by ≈10% in 2009 and 57% in 2010. For melanose there was 40% more disease free fruit (treated) over fruit from trees with no treatment in 2009 and approximately 20% more in 2010. Controlling infection with this spray significantly reduces citrus canker and melanose, increasing the percentage of marketable fruit.

关键词： Citrus Canker Melanose Protective Sprays Adjuvant Coatings

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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to parenchymal hemorrhage and necrosis in the remnant liver after extended hepatectomy in mice

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第19期18卷 2320-2333页

作者： Norifumi Ohashi Tomohide Hori Florence Chen Sura Jermanus christopher B Eckman Akimasa Nakao Shinji Uemoto Justin H Nguyen Gastroenterological Surgery Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaAichi 466-8550Japan Divisions of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Transplant and Pediatric SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto 606-8507Japan Department of Neuroscience Mayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL 32224United States Division of Transplant Surgery Department of TransplantationMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFL 32224United States

AIM： To investigate the effect of matrix metallopro- teinase-9 （MMP-9） on the remnant liver after massivehepatectomy in the mouse.METHODS： Age-matched, C57BL/6 wild-type （WT）, MMP-9（-/-）, and tissue inhibitors of metalloprotein- ases （TIMP）-1（-/-） mice were used. The mice received 80%-partial hepatectomy （PH）. Samples were obtained at 6 h after 80%-PH, and we used histology, immuno- histochemical staining, western blotting analysis and zymography to investigate the effect of PH on MMP-9. The role of MMP-9 after PH was investigated using a monoclonal antibody and MMP inhibitor.RESULTS： We examined the remnant liver 6 h after 80%-PH and found that MMP-9 deficiency attenuated the formation of hemorrhage and necrosis. There were significantly fewer and smaller hemorrhagic and ne- crotic lesions in MMP-9（-/-） remnant livers compared with WT and TIMP-1（-/-） livers （P 〈 0.01）, with no dif- ference between WT and TIMP-1（-/-） mice. Serum ala- nine aminotransaminase levels were significantly lower in MMP-9（-/-） mice compared with those in TIMP-I（-/-） mice （WT： 476± 83 IU/L, MMP-9（-/-）： 392 ± 30 IU/L, TIMP-I（-/-）： 673 ± 73 IU/L, P 〈 0.01）. Western blot- ting and gelatin zymography demonstrated a lack of MMP-9 expression and activity in MMP-9（-/-） mice, which was in contrast to WT and TIMP-1（-/-） mice. No change in MMP-2 expression was observed in any of the study groups. Similar to MMP-9（-/-） mice, when WT mice were treated with MMP-9 monoclonal antibody or the synthetic inhibitor GM6001, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions were significantly smaller and fewer than in control mice （P 〈 0.05）. These results suggest that MMP-9 plays an important role in the development of parenchymal hemorrhage and necrosis in the small remnant liver.CONCLUSION： Successful MMP-9 inhibition attenuates the formation of hemorrhage and necrosis and mightbe a potential therapy to ameliorate liver injury after massive hepatectomy.

关键词： Matrix metalloproteinase Liver remnant Hepatectomy Liver failure Necrosis

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