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Viscoelasticity and shear resistance at the aggregate scale of structured and organic carbon-free Chernozems

Pedosphere 2023年第5期33卷 754-764页

作者： christoph HAAS Rainer HORN Philipp SAGGAU Rainer DUTTMANN Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science University of KielKiel 24118Germany Department of Geography Division of Landscape Ecology and Geoinformation SciencesUniversity of KielKiel 24118Germany

Soil rheology characterises the flow behaviour of soils at the particle-particle to aggregate *** sweep tests(ASTs)are often the method of choice for parameterizing soil flow properties,such as the shear strain values at the end of the linear viscoelastic range(i.e.,the deformation is mainly elastic)and at the yield point(i.e.,elastic equals plastic deformation).Samples from seven soil profiles and five soil depths of Chernozems,collected in the Maidanetske study area,close to Uman City of Ukraine,were analysed to evaluate the effect of soil organic carbon(SOC)on the parameters related to soil microstructural stability derived from *** organic carbon was removed with H_(2)O_(2)to determine the soil texture-dependent values of soil rheological properties,which were compared to the values determined for samples with intact water-stable *** shear resistance-related parameters increased for aggregated soil samples compared to SOC-free soil samples,indicating an increase in soil stability due to *** contrast,the values of the overall viscoelasticity and the shear strain were reduced for aggregated soil samples,indicating decreased soil *** functions were applied to predict the shear strain-dependent loss and storage moduli and shear stress values as a function of SOC *** particles(630–2000μm)and volumetric water content improved the *** conclude that increased SOC content,through the gluing and cementing effects of SOC and altered aggregate shapes compared to SOC-free soil materials,contributes to higher microstructural ***,the increased water content in the SOC-containing soil samples reversed soil strengthening *** was due to the fact that a more rapid increase in positive water pressure under shear stress weakened the samples and the spherical aggregates began to rotate more easily,thus loosing energy,when compared to platy particles of the SOC-free soil materials.

关键词： aggregation rheology shear strain shear stress soil organic carbon depletion soil stability

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Enhancement of methane yield from cotton stalks by mechanical pre-treatment

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Carbon Resources Conversion 2021年第1期4卷 164-168页

作者： Rafat Al Afif christoph Pfeifer Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaMuthgasse 107Vienna 1190Austria

Cotton stalks(CS)are lignocellulosic agricultural by-products,a potential source for biogas production,but pretreatment must be considered since hydrolysis is the rate-limiting stage for lignocellulosic biomass *** study investigates the feasibility of mechanical pretreatment of CS to enhance methane *** anaerobic digestion of CS samples with particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 65 mm was carried out in 1 L eudiometer batch digesters for 48 days at 37◦*** showed that methane yield was inversely proportional to particle size,and the quality of biogas was good(54.0-55.2%CH_(4)).Significant increases in methane yield were observed with 20.3%and 26%for samples with a particle size of 3 mm and 0.5 mm,respectively,compared to untreated *** coefficient of anaerobic energy turnover was relatively low(20.2-25.5%).Reduction of the CS particle size to 3 mm or less is recommended to achieve effective methane conversion and decrease the retention time in an anaerobic digester from 31 to about 25 ***,to offset the high energy demand required for grinding,further research should be conducted in combining size reduction with chemical and physicochemical pretreatment.

关键词： Cotton stalks Anaerobic digestion Methane yield Mechanical pretreatment

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Recent progress in thick-film organic photovoltaic devices:Materials,devices,and processing

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SusMat 2021年第1期1卷 4-23页

作者： Difei Zhang Baobing Fan Lei Ying Ning Li christoph j Brabec Fei Huang Yong Cao Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640P.R.China Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology(i-MEET) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstr.7Erlangen 91058Germany Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy(HIERN) Immerwahrstr.2Erlangen 91058Germany

A successful transfer of organic photovoltaic technologies from lab to fab has to overcome a range of critical challenges such as developing high-mobility light-harvesting materials,minimizing the upscaling losses,designing advanced solar modules,controlling film quality,decreasing overall cost,and extending long-operation *** realize large-area devices toward practical applications,much effort has been devoted to understanding the fundamental mechanism of how molecular structures,device architectures,interfacial engineering,and light management and carrier dynamics affect photovoltaic *** studies addressed various fundamental issues of charge carrier behavior in organic heterojunctions primarily in terms of exciton generation dependence upon light incidence,charge transportation dependence on built-in electric field,and charge extraction versus *** consideration of high-throughput roll-to-roll process for large-scale fabrication of organic photovoltaic devices,it is highly appreciable to realize high power conversion efficiencies that are highly tolerable to the film *** we summarize the recent progress in developing thick-film organic photovoltaic devices from the perspective of efficiency-loss mechanisms,material design,and device optimization strategies,proposing guidelines for designing high-efficiency thickness-insensitive devices toward mass production.

关键词： charge transport material design organic solar cells thick film

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Multi-scale magnetic resonance measurements and validation of Discrete Element Model simulations

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Particuology 2011年第4期9卷 330-341页

作者： christoph R. Müller Daniel j. Holland james R. Third Andrew j. Sederman john S. Dennis Lynn F. Gladden Institute of Energy Technology Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cambridge

This short review describes the capabilities of magnetic resonance （MR） to image opaque single- and two-phase granular systems, such as rotating cylinders and gas-fluidized beds operated in different fluidization regimes. The unique capability of MR to not only image the solids＇ distribution （voidage） but also the velocity of the particulate phase is clearly shown. It is demonstrated that MR can provide measurements over different length and time scales. With the MR equipment used for the studies summarized here, temporal and spatial scales range from sub-millisecond to hours and from a few hundred micrometres to a few centimetres, respectively. Besides providing crucial data required for an improved understanding of the underlying physics of granular flows, multi-scale MR measurements were also used to validate numerical simulations of granular systems. It is shown that predictions of time-averaged properties, such as voidage and velocity of the particulate phase, made using the Discrete Element Model agree very well with MR measurements.

关键词： Discrete Element Modelling Magnetic resonance imaging MultiscaleGas-fluidized beds Rotating cylinders

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SolarGAN:Synthetic annual solar irradiance time series on urban building facades via Deep Generative

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Energy and AI 2023年第2期12卷 1-21页

作者： Yufei Zhang Arno Schlueter christoph Waibel Chair of Architecture and Building Systems(A/S) ETH ZurichStefano-Franscini-Platz 18093 ZurichSwitzerland

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a promising technology to decarbonize urban energy systems viaharnessing solar energy available on building envelopes. While methods to assess solar irradiation, especiallyon rooftops, are well established, the assessment on building facades usually involves a higher effort due tomore complex urban features and obstructions. The drawback of existing physics-based simulation programsare that they require significant manual modeling effort and computing time for generating time resolveddeterministic results. Yet, solar irradiation is highly intermittent and representing its inherent uncertainty maybe required for designing robust BIPV energy systems. Targeting on these drawbacks, this paper proposes adata-driven model based on Deep Generative Networks (DGN) to efficiently generate stochastic ensembles ofannual hourly solar irradiance time series on building facades with uncompromised spatiotemporal resolutionat the urban scale. The only input required are easily obtainable fisheye images as categorical shading maskscaptured from 3D models. In principle, even actual photographs of urban contexts can be utilized, given they are semantically segmented. The potential of our approach is that it may be applied as a surrogate for timeconsuming simulations, when facing lacking information (e.g., no 3D model exists), and to use the generatedstochastic time-series ensembles in robust energy systems planning. Our validations exemplify a good fidelityof the generated time series when compared to the physics-based simulator. Due to the nature of the usedDGNs, it remains an open challenge to precisely reconstruct the ground truth one-to-one for each hour of theyear. However, we consider the benefits of the approach to outweigh the shortcomings. To demonstrate themodel’s relevance for urban energy planning, we showcase its potential for generative design by parametricallyaltering characteristic features of the urban environment and produc

关键词： Urban solar potential Data-driven Deep Generative Networks(DGN) Building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) Generative Adversarial Network(GAN) Variational Autoencoder(VAE)

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Complexity of molecular alterations impacts pancreatic cancer prognosis

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World journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2013年第1期5卷 1-3页

作者： Ivonne Regel Bo Kong Philipp Bruns christoph W Michalski jrg Kleeff Department of Surgery Technische Universitt München

Individualized cancer treatment(*** therapy) based on molecular alterations has emerged as an important strategy to improve the current standardof-care chemotherapy.A large number of studies have demonstrated the importance of biomarkers not only in predicting prognosis but more importantly in predicting the response towards *** example,amplification or mutation status of the two biomarkers HER2(human epidermal growth factor 2) and BRCA(breast cancer) can be used to decide on a specific targeted therapy in breast ***,no biomarkers with a similar clinical impact have been identified in pancreatic ductal *** many genome-wide and proteome-based high-throughput studies have identified candidate genes or proteins as promising biomarkers,none of them were eventually transferred into the clinical ***,the most reliable markers for predicting prognosis are still the tumor stage and grade and biomarkers for therapy response remain *** reason lies in the lack of systemic approaches to analyze the complexity of dominating cancer pathways and the impact of such signal complexity on prognosis and therapy response.

关键词： Pancreatic cancer Diagnostic markers Biomarkers Targeted therapy Prognosis Pathways

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High-performance all-polymer solar cells with only 0.47 eV energy loss

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Science China Chemistry 2020年第10期63卷 1449-1460页

作者： Qiang Wu Wei Wang Tao Wang Rui Sun jing Guo Yao Wu Xuechen jiao christoph j.Brabec Yongfang Li jie Min The Institute for Advanced Studies Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190China Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold(Ministry of Education) Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450002China Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash UniversityAustralian SynchrotronClaytonVictoriaAustralia Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology(i-MEET) Friedrich-A lexander-Universitat-Erlangen-NiirnbergErlangenGermany

The field of all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)has experienced rapid development during the past few years,mainly driven by the development of efficient polymer ***,the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of the all-PSCs are still limited by insufficient light absorption of the donor/acceptor blend and large energy loss in *** herein designed a polymer acceptor PYT1 constructed n-type molecular acceptor Y5-C20 as the key building block and blended it with a polymer donor PM6 to obtain an all-polymer photoactive *** optimized PM6:PYT1 all-PSCs achieved a record higher PCE of 13.43%with a very low energy loss of 0.47 eV and a photoresponse of up to 900 nm compared with the Y5-C20 based device with a best PCE of 9.42%.Furthermore,the PCEs of the PM6:PYT1 all-PSCs are relatively insensitive to the 1-chloronaphthalene(CN)additive contents and active layer *** results also highlight the effect of CN additive on PM6:PYT1 morphology,i.e.,charge generation,and transport find an optimized balance,and radiative and non-radiative loss is simultaneously reduced in the *** work promotes the development of high-performance polymer acceptors and heralds a brighter future of all-PSCs for commercial applications.

关键词： all-polymer solar cells polymer acceptor absorption coefficient energy loss mechanical stability

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An improved predictive-corrective incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for fluid flow modelling

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journal of Hydrodynamics 2019年第4期31卷 654-668页

作者： Chong Peng christoph Bauinger Kamil Szewc Wei Wu Hui Cao ESS Engineering Software Steyr GmbH Berggasse 35 4400 Steyr Austria Institut jur Geotechnik Universitat jur Bodenkultur Feistmantelstrasse 4 1180 Vienna Austria

Predictive-corrective incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (PCISPH) is an efficient SPH variation originally developed for computer graphics. Its application in modeling physics-focused fluid flows has not yet been reported. In this work, an improved PCISPH method is presented for physics-focused fluid flow modeling. Different from traditional weakly-compressible SPH (WCSPH) and incompressible SPH (ISPH), PCISPH satisfies the incompressibility requirement at the particle level without a predefined equation of state. The pressure is obtained using an iterative predictive-corrective scheme at each individual particle. The presented PCISPH allows much larger time steps compared with WCSPH. It also avoids the time-consuming solution of Pressure Poisson Equation (PPE) in ISPH. Consequently, the PCISPH has high computational efficiency even with millions of computational particles. To ensure physically correct modeling of fluid flows, we employ several techniques to enhance the accuracy and stability of the PCISPH:(1) the continuity equation is used to predict density, replacing the mass summation approach used in the original PCISPH,(2) numerical diffusion and pressure smoothing are introduced to improve the pressure computation,(3) a generalized boundary treatment approach which can handle arbitrarily complex geometries is employed,(4) an adaptive time-stepping algorithm is used, allowing efficient simulation as well as ensuring stability. The performance of the improved PCISPH is systematically investigated using three standard SPH validation cases. Comparisons between the improved PCISPH and the state-of-the-art 5 - SPH are presented. It is found that the improved PCISPH gives numerical results as accurate as j - SPH, except for having moderate temporal pressure oscillations. However, the numerical results show that the improved PCISPH is approximately five times faster than 8 -SPH. The improved PCISPH method shows to be a promising tool for large-scale thre

关键词： Smoothed particle hydrodynamics incompressibility predictive-corrective scheme high efficiency

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Identification of potential nitric oxide-sensing proteins using the H-NOX motif

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Molecular Plant 2021年第2期14卷 195-197页

作者： Aloysius Wong Xuechen Tian Yixin Yang christoph Gehring Department of Biology College of Science and TechnologyWenzhou-Kean University88 Daxue RoadOuhaiWenzhouZhejiang Province 325060China Department of Chemistry Biology&BiotechnologyUniversity of Perugia06121 PerugiaItaly

NO Sensing Is Universal and Ancient During the anoxic stages of the early Earth,nitric oxide(NO)served as a major nitrogen source for prokaryotes,which,against a backdrop of an increasingly oxygen-rich atmosphere,evolved NO signaling mechanisms for processes including the regulation of communal behavior(Plate and Marietta,2012).In humans,NO lowers blood pressure,acts as neurotransmitter,and activates macrophages during immune responses(Farah et al.,2018).Animal NO-sensing proteins share structural similarity with those of early prokaryotes,as exemplified by the activation of soluble guanylate cyclases(sGCs),in which a heme-containing domain enables NO sensing by the heme NO/oxygen(H-NOX),thus indicating ancient evolutionary *** plants,NO signals for defense,growth,and developmental processes(Durner et al.,1998;Domingos et al.,2015)appeared to occur mainly through protein S-nitrosation,where the redox changes of sensing proteins could directly modulate enzymatic activities thereby causing the release of reactive oxygen intermediates,or by alteration of methylation patterns of defense genes that,in turn,affect programmed cell death during stress responses(Tada et al.,2008;Yun et al.,2011;Hu et al.,2017).

关键词： Marie nitric thereby

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CFD-DEM simulation and experimental investigation of the flow behavior of lunar regolith jSC-1A

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Particuology 2018年第5期16卷 34-43页

作者： Hendrik Otto Kristin Kerst christoph Roloff Gabor janiga Andre Katterfeld Chair of Conveying Technologies University of Magdeburg "Otto yon Guericke'MagdeburgGermany Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics and Technical Flows University of Magdeburg "Otto yon Guericke"MagdeburgGermany

Rovers on Mars and the Moon analyze the local geology by collecting samples of the upper layer in containers and *** the analysis,the complete discharge of samples from the reservoir must be *** of the low atmospheric pressure,reduced gravity,and different grain shapes of the bulk material,the discharge process is very different compared to that on *** this study,the behavior of lunar regolith jSC-1A in closed containers during discharge was investigated by analyzing the flow in an hourglass under the Earth's *** fluidization of the top particle layer was observed during the outflow of the upper half of the *** particles were fluidized by the displacement flow initiated by failing particles in the completely closed *** complex problem was simulated by coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD)with the discrete element method (DEM). A CFD-DEM simulation with 1million particles was *** billions of particles are present in the actual system,the use of a coarse graining approach was *** addition,high-speed camera measurements were used to determine the velocities of individual particles to validate the simulation. The fluidization effect was successfully simulated using the coupled method.

关键词： CFD-DEM simulation Flow behavior Lunar regolith jSC-1A Experiment

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