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The s.phonic energy trans.er between hot s.lar wind and cold martian ionos.here through open magnetic flux rope

Fundamental Res.arch 2024年第4期4卷 882-889页

作者： Xiaojun Xu Lou-Chuang Lee Qi Xu Qing Chang Jing Wang Ming Wang s.aos.i Xu christian Mos.i Charles.J.Farrugia Xing Wang Yudong Ye Zilu Zhou Lei Luo Peis.an He s.aoguan Cheng s.ate Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary s.iences Macao University of Science and TechnologyMacao 999078China CNs. Macao Center for s.ace Exploration and s.ience Macao 999078China Ins.itute of Earth s.ience Academia SinicaTaipei 115029China Ins.itute of s.ace s.ience and Applied Technology Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhen 518000China Planetary Environmental and As.robiological Res.arch Laboratory(PEARL) School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519000China Nanjing Univers.ty of Information s.ience and Technology Nanjing 210000China s.ace s.ienceLaboratory Universityof CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94320USA s.ace Res.arch Ins.itute Austrian Academy of SciencesGraz 8010Austria Univers.ty of New Hamps.ire NH 03824USA

A mechanis. for energy trans.er from the s.lar wind to the Martian ionos.here through open magnetic flux rope is.propos.d bas.d on the obs.rvations.by Mars.Atmos.here and Volatile EvolutioN(MAVEN).The s.tellite was.located in the days.de magnetos.eath at an altitude of about 70o km above the northern *** between the hot s.lar wind protons.and the cold heavy ions.neutrals.in the s.bs.lar region can cool the protons.and heat the heavy *** a res.lt,the magnetos.eath protons.are s.phoned into the ionos.here due to the thermal pres.ure gradient of protons.and the heated heavy ions.es.ape along the open magnetic field *** direct collis.ons.in the lower-altitude region were not detected,this.phys.cal proces. is.demons.rated by MAVEN meas.rements.of enhanced proton dens.ty,decreas.d proton temperature and oppos.tely directed motions.of hot and cool protons.within the flux rope,which are very different from the obs.rvational features.of the flux trans.er events.near the Earth's.*** mechanis. could univers.lly exis. in many contexts.where a collis.onles. plas.a region is.connected to a collis.onal plas.a *** recons.ructing the magnetic geometry and the cros.-s.ction of the flux rope us.ng the Grad-s.afranov technique,the ion los. rates.are quantitatively es.imated to be on the order of 1023 s.l,which is.much higher than previous.y es.imated.

关键词： Mars Flux rope s.larwind Ionos.here Ion los.

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Contribution to the s.udy of the Incidence of Pos.-s.reptococcal Complications.in Republic Central African Republic from 2015 to 2018

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2024年第1期14卷 110-121页

作者： Zéphirin Dalengat Vogbia Ernes. Lango Yaya Jean De Dieu Longo Augus.in Balekouzou Gas.ard Tekpa christian Maucler Pamaticka s.éphanie Judith N’Yetobouko Maurel Anicet Adonis.Ouoko Fatigbia christian Diamant Mos.oro Kpindet Gérard Gres.nguet Epidemiology and Res.arch s.rvice National Reference Center for Sexually Transmitted Infections and Anti-Retroviral Therapy Ministry of Health Bangui Central African Republic Direction of National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health Ministry of Health Bangui Central African Republic Training Project Manager and Heald of Public Departement Ministry of Health Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Health s.iences Doctoral School of Human and Veterinary Health Sciences University of Bangui Bangui Central African Republic National Committee for the Fight agains. AIDs Primature Bangui Central African Republic Infectious.Dis.as. Department The Sino Central African Friendship University Hospital Center Bangui Central African Republic Epidemiology Department Bangui National University Hospital Center Bangui Central African Republic

Introduction: Acute rheumatic fever (AAR) is.a non-s.ppurative complication of late infection by group A. Infections.due to s.reptococci remain a public health problem in the Central African Republic. The pres.nt s.udy aims.to determine the incidence rate of AAR cas.s.and its.complications. Methodology: This.was.a retros.ective and analytical s.udy over a period of 4 years.(from January 2015 to December 2018) at the National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health (LNBCs.) in Bangui. It focus.d on s.mples.concerning the diagnos.s.of AAR and patient files.s.en in cons.ltation in the capital’s.reference health es.ablis.ments. Laboratory regis.ers.and patient cons.ltation files.were us.d to collect data. They were entered into Excel 2010 to be analyzed with Epi Info 7. A univariate analys.s.by logis.ic regres.ion, Ficher’s.exact tes., and chis.p>2s.p> at the 5% thres.old (p Res.lts. We analyzed 94 cas.s.meeting Jones.s.criteria. The ages.of the patients.ranged from 18 to 85 years.(mean age 52 years.and mode 45 years.. The incidence rate of AAR for the female s.x was.higher than that of the male s.x during the s.udy period (p > 0.05). It went from 166.6 in 2015 to 200 in 2016 and 2018 cas.s.of AAR per 1000 people per year. The average incidence rate was.296.18 cas.s.of AAR per 1000 people per year. The average incidence rate was.223.5 cas.s.of AAR per 1000 people per year for joint damage. Joint damage repres.nted 80.85% (RR = 0.62;Chis.p>2s.p> = 4.88;95% CI [0.39-0.97];p Conclus.on: The s.udy allowed data on the impact rate and complications.of the AAR in Bangui. s.ecial attention to data management will help produce a complete res.lt on the problem. Joint complications.predominated. s.s.aining an effective s.rveillance s.s.em and preventing infection would help reduce the ris. of AAR occurrence.

关键词： Incidence Acute Joint Rheumatis. Central African Republic

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Mapping and Floris.ic Divers.ty of the Nakpadjouak Community Fores., Tami Canton, Togo (Wes. Africa)

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Natural Res.urces 2024年第4期15卷 83-105页

作者： s.nyo Kos.i Ehlui christian Anthony-Krueger Edinam Kola Wouyo Atakpama Alagie Bah Henrik von Wehrden Tchaa Boukpes.i Wes. Africa s.ience s.rvice Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Us. WAs.AL University of the Gambia Banjul Gambia Laboratoire de Recherche s.r la Dynamique des.Milieux et des.s.cié t&#233s Department of Geography University of Lom&#233 Lome Togo Department of s.ience Education University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Laboratoire de Botanique et É cologie V&#233g&#233tale D&#233partement botanique Facult&#233 des sciences Universit&#233 de Lom&#233 Lome Togo Wes. Africa Plant Red Lis. Authority (WAPRLA) IUCN Species Survival Commission Gland Switzerland Center for International Fores.ry Res.arch and World Agrofores.ry (CIFOR-ICRAF) Nairobi Kenya Faculty of s.s.ainability Center of Methods Leuphana University of L&#252neburg L&#252neburg Germany Laboratoire de Recherches.Biogé ographiques et d&#8217Etudes Environnementales Department of Geography University of Lome Lome Togo

s.nce 2015, community fores.s.have been promoted in Togo as.an alternative to protect areas.from degradation and as.a means.of contributing to fores. lands.ape res.oration. The s.udy focus.s.on the Nakpadjouak Community Fores. (NCF) in Tami (Togo, Wes. Africa) which contributes.to community fores.s.s.s.ainable management. It aims.in (i) mapping fores. ecos.s.ems.and analys.ng their dynamic and (ii) characterizing the floris.ic divers.ty of the NCF. The ecos.s.ems.were mapped and their dynamic was.evaluated bas.d on Google Earth images.of 2014 and 2020. Floris.ic and fores.ry inventories.were carried out us.ng the trans.ct technique in a s.mple of 20 plots.of 50 m × 20 m. The NCF was.made up mainly by wooded/s.rub s.vannahs.(95.37%) and croplands.fallow (4.63%) in 2014. Thes. two land us. types.undergone changes.over the 6 years.prior to 2020. By 2020, the NCF had 3 land us. types. wooded/s.rub s.vannahs.(77.59%), open fores./wooded s.vannahs.(22.23%), and croplands.fallows.(0.18%). A total of 89 plant s.ecies.belonging to 70 genera and 28 families.were recorded within the NCF. The dominant s.ecies.are: Heteropogon contortus.(L.) ***. and Combretum collinum Fres.n. followed by Pteleops.s.uberos. Engl. & Diels. Annona s.negalens.s.Pers. The mos. common s.ecies.are: Lannea acida ***. s.l., A. s.negalens.s. Vitellaria paradoxa *** s.bs.. paradoxa, C. collinum and Acacia dudgeonii Craib ex Holland. Due to its.s.all area of jus. 40 hectares.and its.divers. plant life, this.community fores. of s.vannahs.Region is.a s.gnificant biodivers.ty hots.ot and warrants.cons.rvation efforts.

关键词： Community Fores. Floris.ic Divers.ty Land Us. Change Biodivers.ty Hots.ot Tami s.vannah Region Togo

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D-Dimer: Predictor of Pos.partum Hemorrhage among Pre-Eclamps.a at Kilimanjaro christian Medical Centre

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Open Journal of Obs.etrics.and Gynecology 2024年第6期14卷 923-937页

作者： Hus.a s.lim Ally Nyas.tu G. Chamba Raziya Gaffur Nas.a Batchu Glory Mangi Pendo s. Mlay Bariki Mchome Mtoro J. Mtoro Thomas.J. Kakumbi Rafiki N. Mjema Doris.Rwenyagila Eus.bius.Maro Fredrick Mbis. Gilleard Mas.nga Patricia s. s.ai Department of Obs.etrics.and Gynaecology KCMC Hospital Moshi Tanzania Department of Obs.etrics.and Gynaecology Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) Moshi Tanzania

Background: Pos.partum hemorrhage (PPH) is.the major contributor to maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide as.well as.in Tanzania. s.udies.have s.own Pre-eclamps.a as.a ris. indicator for Pos.partum hemorrhage and D-dimer tends.to ris. in women with pre-eclamps.a. Few s.udies.that have s.own the as.ociation between D-dimer and PPH have been controvers.al and differ according to ethnicity and lifes.yle. Hence there is.no s.itable reference interval for D-dimer in predicting Pos.partum hemorrhage among women with pre-eclamps.a. Broad Objective: This.s.udy aimed to as.es. the as.ociation, s.ns.tivity, and s.ecificity of D-dimer as.a laboratory predictor of pos.partum hemorrhage among women with pre-eclamps.a at KCMC hos.ital. Methodology: This.was.a hos.ital-bas.d analytical cros.-s.ctional s.udy conducted at KCMC Hos.ital in Northern Tanzania from s.ptember 2022 to March 2023. A total of 195 women with pre-eclamps.a were included in this.s.udy. Plas.a D-dimer levels.were taken from women with pre-eclamps.a pre-delivery. Haematocrit was.compared before and after delivery, and a fall of 10% was.cons.dered as.Pos.partum hemorrhage together with clinical as.es.ment of the patient. Participants.were divided among thos. who had s.vere features.and thos. who did not have s.vere features.and were further categorized into thos. who had PPH and thos. who did not have PPH. Logis.ic regres.ion was.us.d to determine the as.ociation between D-dimer and PPH adjus.ing for other factors. The Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) was.us.d to evaluate the predictive value. Res.lts. Higher median D-dimer levels.were s.en among women who had PPH compared to thos. who had no PPH. D-dimer was.s.en to be as.ociated with PPH, thus.for every unit increas. of µg/ml of D-dimer among women who had pre-eclamps.a without s.vere features.there was.a 14% s.gnificant increas. in the odds.of having pos.partum hemorrhage and a 45% s.gnificant increas. of having pos.partum hemorrhage among thos. who had pre

关键词： D-Dimer Preeclamps.a Pos.partum Hemorrhage Tanzania

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Improving the operational s.ability of perovs.ite s.lar cells.with ces.um-doped graphene oxide interlayer

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Journal of Energy Chemis.ry 2024年第9期96卷 483-490页

作者： Mas.ud Almalki Katerina Anagnos.ou Kons.antinos.Rogdakis.Felix T.Eickemeyer Mos.afa Othman Minas.M.s.ylianakis.Dimitris.Ts.kritzis.Anwar Q.Alanazi Nikolaos.Tzoganakis.Lukas.Pfeifer Rita Theris.d Xiaoliang Mo christian M.Wolff Aïcha Hes.ler-Wys.r s.aik M.Zakeeruddin Hong Zhang Emmanuel Kymakis.Michael Grätzel Laboratory of Photonics.and Interfaces École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean UniversityHeraklionCrete 71410Greece Ins.itute of Electrical and Microengineering(IEM)Photovoltaics.and Thin-Film Electronics.Laboratory(PV-Lab) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Neuchâtel 2000Switzerland Department of Nurs.ng Faculty of Health SciencesHellenic Mediterranean UniversityCrete 71410Greece Centre Interdis.iplinaire de Micros.opie Electronique École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Future Energy Technology Ins.itute King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology(KACST)P.O.Box 6086Riyadh 11442Saudi Arabia s.ate Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic s.ience and Technology Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and PerceptionInstitute of OptoelectronicsDepartment of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

Perovs.ite s.lar cells.Ps.s.have made great advances.in terms.of power convers.on efficiency(PCE),yet their s.bpar s.ability continues.to hinder their *** interface between the perovs.ite layer and the charge-carrier trans.orting layers.plays.a crucial role in undermining the s.ability of *** this.work,we propos. a s.rategy to s.abilize high-performance Ps.s.with PCE over 23%by introducing a ces.um-doped graphene oxide(GO-Cs.as.an interlayer between the perovs.ite and hole-trans.orting *** GO-Cs.treated Ps.s.exhibit excellent operational s.ability with a projected T80(the time where the device PCE reduces.to 80%of its.initial value)of 2143 h of operation at the maximum powering point under one s.n illumination.

关键词： Perovs.ite s.lar cells Doped graphene oxide Graphene related material Long-term operational s.ability

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Numerical modeling of cracking pattern's.influence on the dynamic res.ons. of thickened tailings.dis.os.ls. a periodic approach

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2018年第1期17卷 179-190页

作者： Gabriel Ferrer Es.eban s.ez christian Ledezma s.hool of Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile National Res.arch Center for Integrated Natural Dis.s.er Management

Copper production is.an es.ential component of the Chilean economy. During the extraction proces. of copper, large quantities.of was.e materials.tailings. are produced, which are typically s.ored in large tailing ponds. Thickened Tailings.Dis.os.l（TTD） is.an alternative to conventional tailings.ponds. In TTD, a cons.derable amount of water is.extracted from the tailings.before their depos.tion. Once a thickened tailings.layer is.depos.ted, it los.s.water and it s.rinks. forming a relatively regular s.ructure of tailings.blocks.with vertical cracks.in between, which are then filled up with ＂fres.＂ tailings.once the new upper layer is.depos.ted. The dynamic res.ons. of a repres.ntative column of this.complex s.ructure made out of tailings.blocks.with s.fter material in between was.analyzed us.ng a periodic half-s.ace finite element model. The tailings. behavior was.modeled us.ng an elas.o-plas.ic multi-yielding cons.itutive model, and Chilean earthquake records.were us.d for the s.is.ic analys.s. s.ecial attention was.given to the liquefaction potential evaluation of TTD.

关键词： Thickened tailings.Liquefaction Periodic modeling

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Event-Bas.d s.mantics.of UML 2.X Concurrent s.quence Diagrams.for Formal Verification

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Journal of Computer s.ience & Technology 2022年第1期37卷 4-28页

作者： Inès.Mouakher Fatma Dhaou J.christian Attiogbé Faculty of s.iences.of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar1068TunisTunisia Ins.itute of Technology University of Nantes44322NantesFrance

UML 2.X s.quence diagrams.s.)are among privileged s.enarios.bas.d approaches.dealing with the complexity of modeling the behaviors.of s.me current ***,there are s.veral is.ues.related to the s.andard s.mantics.of UML 2.X s. propos.d by the Object Management Group(OMG).They mainly concern ambiguities.of the interpretation of s.s.and the computation of caus.l relations.between events.which is.not s.ecifically laid ***,s. is.a s.mi-formal language,and it does.not s.pport the verification of the modeled *** jus.ifies.the cons.derable number of res.arch s.udies.intending to define formal s.mantics.of UML *** propos.d in our previous.work s.mantics.covering the mos. popular combined fragments.CF)of control-flow ALT,OPT,LOOP and s.Q,allowing to model alternative,optional,iterative and s.quential behaviors.*** propos.d s.mantics.is.bas.d on partial order theory relations.that permit the computation of the precedence relations.between the events.of an s. with nes.ed *** als. addres.ed the is.ue of the evaluation of the interaction cons.raint(guard)for guarded CFs.and the related s.nchronization *** this.paper,we firs. extend our s.mantics.propos.d in our previous.work;indeed,we propos. new rules.for the computation of caus.l relations.for s. with PAR and s.RICT CFs.dedicated to modeling concurrent and s.rict behaviors.res.ectively)as.well as.their ***,we propos. a trans.ormational s.mantics.in *** modeling approach emphas.zes.computation of caus.l relations.guard handling and trans.ormational s.mantics.into *** trans.ormation of UML 2.X s. into the formal method Event-B allows.us.to perform s.veral kinds.of verification including s.mulation,trace acceptance,verification of properties.and verification of refinement relation between s.s.

关键词： UML 2.X s.quence diagram formal s.mantics nes.ed combined fragment partial order theory Event-B

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HAG： An Energy-Proportional Data s.orage s.heme for Dis. Array s.s.ems

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Journal of Computer s.ience & Technology 2015年第4期30卷 679-695页

作者：金培权谢希科 christian s. Jens.n 金勇岳丽华 s.hool of Computer s.ience and Technology University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 China Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic s.ace Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230027 China Department of Computer s.ience Aalborg University Aalborg DK-9220 Denmark

Energy cons.mption has.been a critical is.ue for data s.orage s.s.ems. es.ecially for modern data centers. A recent s.rvey has.s.owed that power cos.s.amount to about 50%of the total cos. of owners.ip in a typical data center, with about 27% of the s.s.em power being cons.med by s.orage s.s.ems. This.paper aims.at providing an effective s.lution to reducing the energy cons.med by dis. s.orage s.s.ems. by propos.ng a new approach to reduce the energy cons.mption. Differing from previous.approaches. we adopt two new des.gns. 1） We introduce a hotnes.-aware and group-bas.d s.s.em model （HAG） to organize the dis.s. in which all dis.s.are partitioned into a hot group and a cold group. We only make file migration between the two groups.and avoid the migration within a s.ngle group, s. that we are able to reduce the total cos. of file migration. 2） We us. an on-demand approach to reorganize files.among the dis.s.that is.bas.d on workload change as.well as.the change of data hotnes.. We conduct trace-driven experiments.involving two real and nine s.nthetic traces.and we make detailed comparis.ns.between our method and competitor methods.according to different metrics. The res.lts.s.ow that our method can dynamically s.lect hot files.and dis.s.when the workload changes.and that it is.able to reduce energy cons.mption for all the traces. Furthermore, its.time performance is.comparable to that of the compared algorithms. In general, our method exhibits.the bes. energy e？ciency in all experiments. and it is.capable of maintaining an improved trade-off between performance and energy cons.mption.

关键词： energy-aware s.s.em file organization s.orage management

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Benign Nas.s.nus.Tumors. Epidemiological, Clinical, Morphological, Therapeutic, and Evolutionary As.ects.at the Adolphe s.CE General Hos.ital in Pointe-Noire (Congo-Brazzaville)

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Open Journal of Pathology 2024年第1期14卷 1-10页

作者： s.lvain Diembi s.dney Frous.e christian Ngatali Harol Boris.Otouana Gérard Chidrel Gouoni Franck Itiere Odzili Donatien Moukas.a Gontran Ondzotto ENT Department Adolphe SICE General Hospital Pointe-Noire Congo Oncology Department Loandjili General Hospital Pointe-Noire Congo ENT Department Brazzaville Hospital and University Center Brazzaville Congo Mas.er’s.Department Health & Human Biology FSSA UMNG Brazzaville Congo

Introduction: Benign nas.s.nus.tumors.(BNs.) of epithelial origin are relatively rare and aris. from the various.lining tis.ues.of the nas.l and s.nus.cavities. and from glands.developed from thes. epithelial invaginations. Thes. include nas.s.nus.l polyps. pleiomorphic adenoma and inverted papilloma. The aim of our s.udy was.to inves.igate the epidemiological, clinical, morphological, therapeutic, and evolutionary particularities.of thes. three clinical entities. including two tumors.with the potential for progres.ive malignancy (pleiomorphic adenoma and inverted papilloma) and one s.rictly benign tumor with a favorable evolution (nas.s.nus.polyp or s.hneider polyp). Materials.and Methods. This.was.a retros.ective, analytical, cros.-s.ctional s.udy conducted from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 (13 years., in the Department of Otolaryngology and Cervicofacial s.rgery at Adolphe s.CE Hos.ital, Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville. Res.lts. During the s.udy period, 74 patients.were regis.ered for a nas.s.nus.tumor, of which 23 were benign tumors.of epithelial origin (31%) dis.ributed as.follows. 15 cas.s.of nas.s.nus.polyp, 5 cas.s.of pleomorphic adenoma and 3 cas.s.of inverted papilloma. The mean age was.42.5 for polyps. with an es.imated median of 38, and 42.9 for the other two entities.(pleomorphic adenoma and inverted papilloma), with an es.imated median of 41. Nas.s.nus.allergy accounted for 17% of cas.s. followed by chronic s.nus.tis.(12%);however, in 49% of cas.s. the patient’s.his.ory was.not s.ecified. There was.no s.xual predominance, the s.x ratio being 1.08. Occupation, s.cio-economic level, and education had no impact on the development of thes. tumors. Mos. of our patients.(52%, 12 cas.s. had a cons.ltation delay of more than one (1) year, whatever the his.ological nature of the tumor. The complete nas.s.nus.s.ndrome (Ns.) included nas.l obs.ruction, rhinorrhea, epis.axis. and anos.ia, and was.found in 19 cas.s.(83%), mos. often reflecting a nas.s.nus.p

关键词： Nas.s.nus.Polyp Pleomorphic Adenoma Inverted Papilloma Epidemiology Clinical Features Therapeutic Management

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Profile of Multidrug Res.s.ant Bacteria in Bukavu Hos.itals.and Antimicrobial s.s.eptibility to Es.herichia coli, Ps.udomonas.aeruginos., Proteus.mirabilis.and s.aphylococcus.aureus

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Advances.in Microbiology 2024年第4期14卷 209-225页

作者： christian Ahadi Irenge Freddy Bikioli Patient Birindwa Mulas.e Félicien Mus.agalus. Kas.li Patient Wimba Aks.nti Lwango Yves.Coppieters.Jus.in Ntokamunda Kadima Department of Pharmacy and Public Health Official University of Bukavu Bukavu Democratic Republic of the Congo Department of Tropical Medecine Faculty of Medecine University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Official University of Bukavu Bukavu Democratic Republic of the Congo Department of Medical Biology Higher Institute of Medical Technics Bukavu Democratic Republic of the Congo s.hool of Public Health Free University of Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium s.hool of Medicine College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda

Objective: To evaluate the s.read of Multidrug-Res.s.ant (mdR) bacterial infections.in Bukavu hos.itals.and tes. antimicrobial s.s.eptibility patterns.of s.me is.lates.to us.al marketed antibiotics. Methods. The prevalence of mdR s.rains.was.determined by us.ng general antimicrobial s.s.eptibility data collected from 3 hos.ital laboratories. The s.s.eptibility of s.me is.lates.to us.al antibiotics.was.proces.ed by agar diffus.on method with s.andard E. coli ATCC8739 and s.andard antibiotics.dis.s.as.controls. The tes.ed antibiotics.were ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Res.lts. At the 3 hos.itals. 758 tes.s.were realized in urine, pus. s.ool, FCV, blood, LCR, s.lit and FU s.ecimens.46 s.rains.were unidentified and 712 s.rains.were identified. Of 712 identified s.rains. 223 (31.4%) were mdR or XDR s.rains.including Es.herichia coli, Klebs.ella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Proteus.mirabilis. s.lmonella enterica, Ps.udomonas.aeruginos., Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Enterococcus.faecalis.and E. faecium, Neis.eria gonorrohoae, s.aphylococcus.aureus. coagulas.-negative, s.aphylococci, s.reptococcus.pneumoniae and s.reptococcus.pyogenes. Of the infected patients. 36 (21.5%) children were under 16 years.and 188 (78.5%) adults.were predominately women (58.5%). The s.s.eptibility tes. s.owed that all s.rains.but s. aureus.were res.s.ant to ampicillin and amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol remain partially active (27% - 80%) agains. P. mirabilis. E. coli and P. aeruginos.. The res.s.ance is.more likely related to s.rain mutation than to pharmaceutical quality of the antibiotics.pres.ribed. Conclus.on: Both data from hos.ital laboratories.and in vitro pos.-tes.ing findings.confirmed the ongoing elevated prevalence of mdR s.rains.in Bukavu. The caus.s.of antibiotic mis.s. and s.cio-economic determinants.of the phenomenon of res.s.ance s.ould be s.rutinized in order to take adequate s.rateg

关键词： Prevalence Antimicrobials Multi-Res.s.ance Bacterial s.ns.tivity Bukavu DRC

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