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Referral for anorectal function evaluation is indicated in 65% and beneficial in 92% of patients

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第2期14卷 272-277页

作者： maria m Szojda Erik Tanis chris JJ mulder Richelle JF Felt-Bersma Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology VU University Medical Centre PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands

AIm: To determine the indicated referrals to a tertiary centre for patients with anorectal symptoms, the effect of the advised treatment and the discomfort of the ***: In a retrospective study, patients referred for anorectal function evaluation (AFE) between may 2004 and October 2006 were sent a questionnaire, as were the doctors who referred them. AFE consisted of anal manometry, rectal compliance measurement and anal endosonography. An indicated referral was defined as needing AFE to establish a diagnosis with clinical consequence (fecal incontinence without diarrhea, 3rd degree anal sphincter rupture, congenital anorectal disorder, inflammatory bowel disease with anorectal complaints and preoperative in patients for re-anastomosis or enterostoma, anal fissure, fistula or constipation). Anal ultrasound is always indicated in patients with fistula, anal manometry and rectal compliance when impaired continence reserve is suspected. The therapeutic effect was noted as improvement, no improvement but reassurance, and ***: From the 216 patients referred, 167 (78%) returned the questionnaire. The referrals were indicated in 65%. Of these, 80% followed the proposed advice. Improvement was achieved in 35% and a reassurance in 57% of the patients, no difference existed between patient groups. On a VAS scale (1 to 10) symptoms improved from 4.0 to 7.2. most patients reported no or little discomfort with AFE. CONCLUSION: Referral for AFE was indicated in 65%. Beneficial effect was seen in 92%: 35% improved and 57% was reassured. Advice was followed in 80%. Better instruction about indication for AFE referral is warranted.

关键词： Anorectal function evaluation Fecal incontinence Anal endosonography Anal manometry

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The current perspective of the PA 1957 gas well pillar study and its implications for longwall gas well pillars

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International Journal of mining Science and Technology 2021年第1期31卷 117-126页

作者： Peter Zhang Daniel Su chris mark CDC NIOSH Pittsburgh Mining Research DivisionPittsburghPA 15236USA mine Safety and Health Administration PittsburghPA 15217USA

many states rely upon the Pennsylvania 1957 Gas Well Pillar Study to evaluate the coal barrier surrounding gas *** study included 77 gas well failure cases that occurred in the Pittsburgh and Freeport coal seams over a 25-year *** the time,coal was mined using the room-and-pillar mining method with full or partial pillar recovery,and square or rectangle pillars surrounding the gas wells were left to protect the *** study provided guidelines for pillar sizes under different overburden depths up to 213 m(700 ft).The 1957 study has also been used to determine gas well pillar sizes in longwall mines since longwall mining began in the 1970 *** original study was developed for room-and-pillar mining and could be applied to gas wells in longwall chain pillars under shallow ***,under deep cover,severe deformations in gas wells have occurred in longwall chain ***,with a better understanding of coal pillar mechanics,new insight into subsidence movements induced by retreat mining,and advances in numerical modeling,it has become both critically important and feasible to evaluate the adequacy of the 1957 study for longwall gas well *** this paper,the data from the 1957 study is analyzed from a new perspective by considering various factors,including overburden depth,failure location,failure time,pillar safety factor(SF),and floor *** pillar SF and floor pressure are calculated by considering abutment pressure induced by full pillar recovery.A statistical analysis is performed to find correlations between various factors and helps identify the most significant factors for the stability of gas wells influenced by retreat *** analyzing the data from the 1957 study,the guidelines for gas well pillars in the 1957 study are evaluated for their adequacy for roomand-pillar mining and their applicability to longwall *** modeling is used to model the stability of gas wells by quantifying the mining-induced s

关键词： Gas well pillar Pennsylvania 1957 gas well pillar study Room-and-pillar mining Longwall mining

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Scale dependence in the phylogenetic relatedness of alien and native taxa

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2020年第5期13卷 601-610页

作者： chris m.mcGrannachan Gillis J.Horner melodie A.mcGeoch School of Biological Sciences Faculty of ScienceMonash UniversityMelbourne 3800Australia manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research 231 Morrin RdSt.JohnsAuckland 1072New Zealand Greening Australia Ltd PO Box 470Flinders LaneMelbourne 8009Australia

Aims Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis proposes that successfully established alien species are less closely related to native species due to differences in their ecological *** have provided support both for and against this *** reason for this is the tendency for phylogenetic clustering between aliens and natives at broad spatial scales with overdispersion at fine ***,little is known about how the phylogenetic relatedness of alien species alters the phylogenetic structure of the communities they invade,and at which spatial scales effects may ***,we examine if invaded understorey plant communities,*** both native and alien taxa,are phylogenetically clustered or overdispersed,how relatedness changes with spatial scale and how aliens affect phylogenetic patterns in understorey *** Field surveys were conducted in dry forest understorey communities in south-east Australia at five spatial scales(1,20,500,1500 and 4500 m2).Standardized effect sizes of two metrics were used to quantify phylogenetic relatedness between communities and their alien and native subcommunities,and to examine how phylogenetic patterns change with spatial scale:(i)mean pairwise distance and(ii)mean nearest taxon distance(mNTD).Important Findings Aliens were closely related to each other,and this relatedness tended to increase with *** species and the full community exhibited either no clear pattern of relatedness with increasing spatial scale or were no different from *** intermediate spatial scales(20-500 m2),the whole community tended towards random whereas the natives were strongly overdispersed and the alien subcommunity strongly *** suggests that invasion by closely related aliens shifts community phylogenetic structure from overdispersed towards *** and natives were distantly related across spatial scales,supporting Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis,but only when phylogenetic distance

关键词： alien species community phylogenetics Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis spatial scale phylogenetic beta diversity

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Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第3期28卷 1-5页

作者： Rebecca E.Paliwoda Ashley m.Newbigging Zhixin Wang X.chris Le Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta

Introduction Assessment of environmental health effects arising from exposure to multiple substances is often very *** is particularly true when humans are exposed to a mixture that contains both beneficial and harmfu... 详细信息

关键词： Environmental epidemiology Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) Omega-3 fatty acids Thyroid cancer Dietary exposure Food contamination New York fishermen

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Changes in nectar supply： A possible cause of widespread butterfly decline

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Current Zoology 2012年第3期58卷 384-391页

作者： michiel F. WALLISDEVRIES chris A.m. Van SWAAY Calijn L. PLATE De Vlinderstichting / Dutch Butterfly Conservation EO. Box 506 6700 AM Wageningen The Netherlands Wageningen University Lab of Entomology EO. Box 8031 6700 EH Wageningen The Netherlands Statistics Netherlands （CBS） P.O. Box 24500 2490 HA The Hague The Netherlands

Recent studies have documented declining trends of various groups of flower-visiting insects, even common butterfly species. Causes of these declines are still unclear but the loss of habitat quality across the wider countryside is thought to be a major factor. Nectar supply constitutes one of the main resources determining habitat quality. Yet, data on changes in nectar abundance are lacking. In this study, we provide the first analysis of changes in floral nectar abundance on a national scale and link these data to trends in butterfly species richness and abundance. We used transect data from the Dutch Butterfly monitoring Scheme to compare two time periods： 1994-1995 and 2007-2008. The results show that butterfly decline can indeed be linked to a substantial decline in overall flower abundance and specific nectar plants, such as thistles. The decline is as severe in reported flower generalists as in flower specialists. We suggest that eutrophication is a main cause of the decline of nectar sources [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 384-391, 2012].

关键词： Butterflies Eutrophication Habitat quality Land use Nectar resources Pollinators

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Electronic cigarettes and toxic substances,including arsenic species

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第6期32卷 278-283页

作者： Wenchan Deng Jordan R.m.Schofield X.chris Le Xing-Fang Li Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Alberta10-102 Clinical Sciences BuildingEdmontonAlberta T6G 2G3Canada College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China Department of Chemistry University of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada

Electronic cigarettes,or e-cigarettes,are battery-powered devices that heat a liquid and deliver an aerosolized product to the user via *** cigarettes are also popularly called"e-cigs","vapes","e-hookahs","mods",and"tank systems".A large variety of e-cigarettes are commercially *** e-cigarettes look like regular cigarettes,cigars,or pipes while others look like USB drives,pens,and popular everyday items.

关键词： everyday cigarette aerosol

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Engineered to Go Fast, maglev Trains Inch Forward

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Engineering 2021年第7期7卷 891-893页

作者： chris Palmer Senior Technology Writer

In January 2021,a prototype of a high-temperature superconducting(HTS),magnetic levitation—“maglev”—train with an intended maximum speed of 620 kmh1 rolled onto a 165 m track for its first public viewing in Chengdu,the capital city of Sichuan Province,China[1].Built of lightweight carbon fiber,the 21 m long aerodynamic locomotive and its test track represent an important move forward for China’s high-speed rail future.“While the HTS technology is not a huge innovation,the big news is that they are really working toward building it,”said Tsung-Chung Kao,professor of engineering at Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and an expert in high-speed rail planning,engineering,and operation.

关键词： Engine Forward lightweight

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Every breath you take:assessing metabolic costs of toxin resistance in garter snakes(Thamnophis)

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Integrative Zoology 2022年第4期17卷 567-580页

作者： Haley A.mONIZ molly A.RICHARD C.m.GIENGER chris R.FELDmAN Department of Biology University of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA Program in Ecology Evolution and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA Department of Biology and Center of Excellence for Field Biology Austin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTennesseeUSA

Trait specialization often comes at the expense of original trait function,potentially causing evolutionary tradeoffs that may render specialist populations vulnerable to ***,many specialized adaptations evolve repeatedly,suggesting selection favors specialization in specific *** garter snake(Thamnophis)populations possess specialized mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels that allow them to consume Pacific newts(Taricha)defended by a highly potent neurotoxin(tetrodotoxin).These mutations,however,also decrease protein and muscle function,suggesting garter snakes may suffer evolutionary *** measured a key physiological process,standard metabolic rate(SmR),to investigate whether specialized adaptations in toxin-resistant garter snakes affect baseline energy *** snakes,skeletal muscles influence metabolism and power ventilation,so inefficiencies of sodium channels in these muscles might impact whole-animal energy ***,because sodium channels are membrane-bound proteins,inefficiencies of channel kinetics and performance might be exacerbated at suboptimal *** measured SmR in 2 species,Thamnophis atratus and Thamnophis sirtalis,that independently evolved tetrodotoxin resistance through unique mutations,providing replicate experiments with distinct underlying genetics and potential physiological *** our expectations,neither resistance phenotype nor sodium channel genotype affected metabolism and resistant snakes did not perform worse under suboptimal body ***,*** and *** show nearly identical rates of mass-adjusted energy expenditure at both temperatures,despite differing eco-morphologies,life histories,and distant phylogenetic *** findings suggest SmR may be a conserved feature of Thamnophis,and that any organismal tradeoffs may be compensated to retain whole-animal function.

关键词： adaptation standard metabolic rate tetrodotoxin toxin-resistance tradeoff

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Highwall mining of thick,steeply dipping coal–A case study in geotechnical design and recovery optimization

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International Journal of mining Science and Technology 2019年第5期29卷 777-780页

作者： chris Ross David Conover Jake Baine Agapito Associate Inc.GoldenCOUSA Westmoreland Kemmerer LLC Kemmerer MineKemmererUSA

Highwall mining of thick(up to 30.48 m)steeply dipping(20°or more)coal seams provides many chal lenges,both geotechnically and operationally,as seam dips near or in excess of highwall mining machine capabilities are *** coal recovery while maintaining highwall stability requires innovative techniques with regard to web and barrier pillar layout,depth of penetration,and choice of mining horizon within the *** of highwall mining slopes,openings,and pillarsare typically analyzed using the ARmPS-HWm program,as well as LAmODEL,UDEC and SLOPE/W *** stability can be maintained,and highwall mining production optimized by applying design cri-teria in creative ways,including alternating miner penetration depths and initiating mining of thick seams toward the bottom of the *** mining of thick,steeply dipping coal requires careful planning and execution,including close cooperation between geotechnical design engineers,the mining company,and the highwall mining *** paper describes the application of creative design techniques to a specific pit arrangement at the Westmoreland Kemmerer mine,Kemmerer,*** mining was accomplished by UGm ADDCAR Systems,LLC on a contract basis.

关键词： mining thick optimization

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Prograde and retrograde growth of monazite in migmatites:An example from the Nagercoil Block,southern India

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第3期6卷 373-387页

作者： Tim E.Johnson chris Clark Richard J.m.Taylor m.Santosh Alan S.Collins Department of Applied Geology The Institute for Geoscience Research(TIGeR)Curtin University School of the Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Tectonics Resources and Exploration(TRaX)Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Adelaide

Data from a migmatised metapelite raft enclosed within charnockite provide quantitative constraints on the pressure-temperature-time （P-T-t） evolution of the Nagercoil Block at the southernmost tip of peninsular India. An inferred peak metamorphic assemblage of garnet, K-feldspar, sillimanite, plagioclase, magnetite, ilmenite, spinel and melt is consistent with peak metamorphic pressures of 6-8 kbar and temperatures in excess of 900 ℃. Subsequent growth of cordierite and biotite record high-temperature retrograde decompression to around 5 kbar and 800 ℃. SHRImP U-Pb dating of magmatic zircon cores suggests that the sedimentary protoliths were in part derived from felsic igneous rocks with Palae- oproterozoic crystallisation ages. New growth of metamorphic zircon on the rims of detrital grains constrains the onset of melt crystallisation, and the minimum age of the metamorphic peak, to around 560 ma. The data suggest two stages of monazite growth. The first generation of REE-enriched monazite grew during partial melting along the prograde path at around 570 ma via the incongruent breakdown of apatite. Relatively REE-depleted rims, which have a pronounced negative europium anomaly, grew during melt crystallisation along the retrograde path at around 535 ma. Our data show the rocks remained at suprasolidus temperatures for at least 35 million years and probably much longer, supporting a long-lived high-grade metamorphic history. The metamorphic conditions, timing and duration of the implied clockwise P-T-t path are similar to that previously established for other regions in peninsular India during the Ediacaran to Cambrian assembly of that part of the Gondwanan supercontinent.

关键词： monazire migmatite Zircon Geochronology Phase equilibria modelling Gondwana

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