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Compensatory foraging in Trinidadian guppies： Effects of acute and chronic predation threats

Current Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 323-332页

作者： chris k. elvidge Indar RAMNARINE Grant E. BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

In response to acute predation threats, prey may sacrifice foraging opportunities in favour of increased predator avoidance. Under conditions of high or frequent predation risk. such trade-offs may lead to reduced fitness. Here, we test the prediction that prey reduce the costs associated with lost opportunities following acute predation threats by exhibiting short-term compensatory foraging responses. Under semi-natural conditions, we exposed female guppiesPoecilia reticulatefrom high and low predation risk.sites to one of three levels of acute predation threat (high, intermediate or low concentrations of conspecific alarm cues). Our results confirm previous reports, demonstrating that guppies from a high predation site were consistently ‘bolder’ (shorter escape latencies) and exhibited graded threat-sensitive responses to different simulated threat levels while those from the low predation site were ‘shyer’ and exhibited non-graded responses. Most importantly, we found that when guppies from low predation sites resumed foraging, they did so at rates significantly lower than baseline rates. However, guppies from high predation sites resumed foraging either at rates equal to baseline (in response to low or intermediate risk.stimuli) or significantly increased relative to baseline rates (in response to high risk.stimuli). Together, these results highlight a complex compensatory behavioral mechanism that may allow prey to reduce the long-term costs associated with predator avoidance.

关键词：捕食风险孔雀鱼补偿性威胁觅食急性慢性半自然条件

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Local predation risk.shapes spatial and foraging neophobia patterns in Trinidadian guppies

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Current Zoology 2016年第5期62卷 457-462页

作者： chris k. elvidge Pierre J.C. CHUARD Grant E. BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada

The "dangerous niche" hypothesis posits that neophobia functions to reduce the cost of habitat use among animals exposed to unk.own risk.. For example, more dangerous foraging or higher competition may lead to increased spatial neophobia. Lik.wise, elevated ambient predation threats have been shown to induce phenotypically plastic neophobic predator avoidance. In both cases, neophobia is argued to reduce the cost of living associated with ecological uncertainty. Here, we test the hypothesis that ambient predation shapes both neophobic predator avoidance and spatial and foraging neophobia in Trinidadian guppies. Guppies were exposed to a novel foraging arena paired with a k.own cue (conspecific alarm cue), a novel cue (lemon odor), or a stream water control in three streams differing in ambient predation risk. We demonstrate that guppies from a high-predation-risk.stream exhibited risk.averse foraging patterns regardless of the chemical stimulus presented (high spatial neophobia) and that those from a low-predation-risk.stream were only risk.averse when the foraging arenas were paired with conspecific alarm cue (lower spatial neophobia). Those tested in the intermediate-predation-risk.stream were consistently intermediate to the high-risk.vs. low-risk.populations. Our study suggests that ambient predation risk.shapes both neophobic predator avoidance and space-use patterns and that neophobia may function as a "generalized" response to ecological uncertainty.

关键词： Trinidadian guppies foraging phenotypic plasticity predator recognition predator-prey interactions

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Interactive effects of reproductive assets and ambient predation risk.on the threat-sensitive decisions of Trinidadian guppies

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 221-226页

作者： Jemma k.TWAROO-ANDERSEN chris k. elvidge Indar RAMNARINE Grant E. BROWN Department of Biology Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal QC H4B 1R6 Canada Department of Life Sciences University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

Threat-sensitive behavioral trade-offs allow prey animals to balance the conflicting demands of successful predator detection and avoidance and a suite of fitness-related activities such as foraging, mating, and territorial defense. Here, we test the hypothesis that back.round predation level and reproductive status interact to determine the form and intensity of threat-sensitive behavioral decisions of wild-caught female Trinidadian guppies . Gravid and nongravid guppies collected from high- and low-predation pressure populations were exposed to serial dilutions of conspecific chemical alarm cues. Our results demonstrate that there was `no effect of reproductive status on the response of females originating from a low-predation population, with both gravid and nongravid guppies exhibiting strong anti-predator responses to the lowest concentration of alarm cues tested. Increasing cue concentrations did not result in increases in response intensity. Conversely, we found a significant effect of reproductive status among guppies from a high-predation population. Nongravid females from the high-predation population exhibited a strong graded (proportional) response to increasing concentrations of alarm cue. Gravid females from the same high-predation population, however, shifted to a nongraded response. Together, these results demonstrate that accrued reproductive assets influence the threat-sensitive behavioral decisions of prey, but only under conditions of high-ambient predation risk.

关键词：捕食风险生殖状况孔雀鱼敏感威胁环境资产行为决策

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