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Simulation of energy and water balance in soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest {2.

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 538-548页

作者： KANG Ersi1, CHENG Guodong1, , SONG Kechao1, JIN Bowen1, , LIU Xiande3.2.3.& WANG Jinye3.1. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, china 2. State Key Laboratory of Frozen soil Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, china 3. Academy of {3. Resources conservation Forest of Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, Zhangye 73.000, china Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China State Key Laboratory of Frozen nsoil Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Academy of water Resources conservation Forest of Qilian Mountains Gansu Province Zhangye China

In the mountain area of inland Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest china during the vegetation growing season from May to September, the Simultaneous Heat and water (SHAW) model of {2.-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) system is applied to simulating and studying energy and water balance of the {2.-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope and the grassland at the sun-facing slope. The simulation of energy balance indicates that net radiation of the grass- land at the sun-facing slope is more than that of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. The energy outgoing components are the first latent heat and next sensible heat from the grassland both at the shaded slope and the sun-facing slope, but those at the former are less. The energy outgoing components are the first sensible heat and next latent heat from the Picea crassifolia forest. The composition and distribution of energy in the {2.-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope make the {2. layer receive less energy, which therefore, especially the forest possesses the energy conditions for {2. water conservation. The simulation of water balance indicates that the water loss of the grassland at the sun-facing slope is mainly caused by {2. evaporation, while evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is less than that of the grassland at the sun-facing slope. Half of the evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is consumed by transpiration. After precipitation, the {2. water storage is increased much more for the Picea crassifolia forest and also more for the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. Therefore the shaded slope vegetation, especially the forest is favorable for {2. water s

关键词： inland rivers, mountain vegetation zone, soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) system, energyand water balance, simulation.

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A policy and technical measures for controlling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau of {2.

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1990年第2期2卷 79-86页

作者： Wu Qinxiao and Li YinchuNorthwestern Institute of soil and water {2. Academia sinica,Shaanxi,{3.

Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in {2. and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.

关键词： Loess Plateau soil and water loss controlling policy technical measure.

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A Study on the soil water Balance of Protective Forest Ecosystems in Loess Areas in {2.

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Forest Ecosystems 1994年第2期 52-62页

作者： Chen Lihua,Yu Xinxiao COllege of soil and water {2.,Beijing Forestry UniversityBijing 100083.P.R. {3.

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＢａｌａｎｃｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＣｈｅｎＬｉｈｕａ，ＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣＯｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎ... 详细信息

ＡＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＳｏｉｌＷａｔｅｒＢａｌａｎｃｅｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＡｒｅａｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＣｈｅｎＬｉｈｕａ，ＹｕＸｉｎｘｉａｏＣＯｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏ...

关键词： soil water balance protective forest ecosystem coefficient of water balance in-tensity coefficient of water balance guarantee loess area

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Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第5期43卷 409-412页

作者： TANG Keli+1, ZHANG Keli 1,2.and LEI Aling 1,3.1. Institute of soil and {2. conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712.00, {3. 2. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, {3. 3. {2. Resources C Institute of soil and water {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling China Department of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China water Resources conservation Bureau of Yangtze River Ministry of Water Resources Wuhan China

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 2. degrees with an average of 18.2.degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 2. degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.

关键词： hilly region of Loess Plateau upper limitation for farmland shallow gully erosion erosion dynamic.

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Using soil surface gray level to determine surface soil {2. content

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第10期53卷 1527-1532页

作者： ZHU YuanJun1,2.WANG YunQiang1,2.& SHAO MingAn1,2.1 State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau,Institute of soil and {2. {3.,Northwest A & F University,Yangling 712.00,china 2.Institute of soil and {2. {3.,Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of {2. Resources,Yangling 712.00,china State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A & F University Yangling China Institute of soil and water {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources Yangling China

How to determine surface soil water content(SWC) quickly and accurately is fundamental in studying eco-hydrological processes and their *** we use laboratory experiments to determine surface SWC using soil surface gray level(SGL) values.A negatively exponential relationship exists between SGL and SWC,i.e.,SGL increases with the decrease of *** can be estimated based on initial SGL value(surface gray level when SWC=0),SWC,and a surface roughness coefficient characterized by mean soil particle *** variation range of SGL was larger than that of SWC,indicating that changes in SWC were enhanced in SGL,and that SGL would thus be sensitive to changes in soil *** the 95% confidence level,SWC can be determined by using the relationship between SWC and SGL established by the *** determination of SWC has a high precision when SWC was between dry and saturated.

关键词： Loess Plateau soil water remote sensing surface roughness

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Run off-on-out method and models for soil infiltrability on hill-slope under rainfall conditions

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第2期49卷 193-201页

作者： LEI Tingwu1,2. LIU Han1, PAN Yinghua3. ZHAO Jun2. ZHAO Shiwei2.& YANG Yonghui2.1. The Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineer-ing, china Agricultural University, Beijing 100083. china 2. State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of soil and water conservation, Yangling 712.00, china 3. Geographic and Resources Management College, Yantai Normal University, Yantai 2.402., china The Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China State Key Laboratory of soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling China Geographic and Resources Management College Yantai Normal University Yantai China

The soil infiltrability of hill-slope is important to such studies andpractices as hydrological process, crop water supply, irrigation practices, and soil erosion. A newmethod for measuring soil infiltrability on hill-slope under rainfall condition with run off-on-outwas advanced. Based on water (mass) balance, the mathematic models for soil infiltrability estimatedfrom the advances of runoff on soil surface and the water running out of the slope were *** of 2.cases were conducted. Case Ⅰ was done under a rainfall intensity of 2. mm/h, at aslope gradient of about 0° with a runoff/on length (area) ratio of 1 : 1. Case Ⅱ was under arainfall intensity of 60 mm/h and a slope of 2.° with a runoff/on length (area) ratio of 1 : *** ring method was also used to measure the infiltrability for comparison purposes. Theexperiments were done with soil moisture of 10%. Required data were collected from laboratoryexperiments. The infiltrability curves were computed from the experimental data. The resultsindicate that the method can well conceptually represent the transient infiltrability process, withcapability to simulate the very high initial soil infiltrability. The rationalities of the methodand the models were validated. The errors of the method for the two cases were 1.82./1.3.% and4.49%/3.52.% (Experimental/Model) respectively, as estimated by comparing the rainfall amount withthe infiltrated volume, to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. The transient and steadyinfiltrability measured with double ring was much lower than those with this new method, due towater supply limit and soil aggregates breaking down at initial infiltration stage. The method canovercome the short backs of the traditional sprinkler method and double ring method for soilinfil-traility. It can be used to measure the infiltrability of sloped surface underrainfall-runoff-erosion conditions, in the related studies.

关键词： Infiltrability, runoff-on-out, rainfall, sloped surface, model.

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Effects of Terracing and Agroforestry on soil and water Loss in Hilly Areas of the Sichuan Basin, {2.

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Journal of Mountain Science 2008年第3期5卷 241-248页

作者： J.H. ZHANG Z.A. SU G.C. LIU Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes Chinese Academy of Sciences 610041 China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences ＆Ministry of Water Conservancy Chengdu 610041 China The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

soil erosion in hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin is a serious concern over sustainable crop production and sound ecosystem. A 3.year experiment was conducted using the method of runoff plots to examine the effects of terracing and agroforestry in farmland systems on soil and water {3. of slope fields in the hilly areas in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, Southwestern china. A power function (Y = aXb) can statistically describe the relationship between water runoff (Y) and rainfall (X). The regression equation for the treatment of sloping terraces with crops (Plot 2. is remarkably different from that for the treatment of sloping terraces with grasses and trees (Plot 1) and the conventional up- and down-slope crop system (Plot 3. regarding equation coefficients, while regression equations are similar between Plot 1 and Plot 3. water runoff amount and runoff coefficient of slope fields increased by 2..5～41.0 % and 2..5～69.7 % respectively, compared to those of sloping terraces, suggesting that terracing notably reduced the water runoff in the field. In the case of sloping terraces, lower amount of water runoff was observed on sloping terraces with crops than on sloping terraces with grasses and trees. Sediment yields on the slope fields in the normal year of rainfall distribution were notably higher (3..41～3.1.67 % and 3..06～403.44 % for Plot 1 and Plot 2. respectively) than those on sloping terraces, implying that terracing also plays a significant role in the reduction in soil erosion. It is suggested that terracing with crops is significantly effective for soil and water {3. in cultivatedfarmland, while the conventional practice of up- and down- slope cultivation creates high rates of water runoff and soil sediment transport. Terracing with grasses and fruit trees shows a less reduction in water runoff than terracing with crops, which was observed in the 3.year experiments.

关键词： Agroforestry sediment transport runoff sloping terrace soil and water {2.

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Simulated multi-scale watershed runoff and sediment production based on GeoWEPP model

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2009年第4期24卷 465-478页

作者： YU Xinxiao 1 , ZHANG Xiaoming 2.and NIU Lili 3. Prof. Dr., Key Laboratory of soil and {2. conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, School of soil and {2. conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083. china, 2.Dr. china Institute of {2. Resource and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, china 3.Dr., Key Laboratory of soil and {2. conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, School of soil and {2. conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083. china Prof. Dr. Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating Ministry of Education School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China Dr. china Institute of water Resource and Hydropower Research Beijing 100048 China Dr. Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating Ministry of Education School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

The runoff and sediment yield data from the Qiaozidonggou, Qiaozixigou, and Lu’ergou watersheds, in the Loess Plateau of china are used to calibrate and validate the runoff and sediment yield simulated by GeoWEPP model of the WEPP Model at watershed scale. The indices of relative error, R, correlation coefficient, R 2., and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient En s are used to evaluate the model fit. The eco-hydrological responses in the Luoyugou and Lu’ergou watersheds are also forecast based on the WEPP Model. Meanwhile, the relation between vegetation pattern changes and sediment yield in the watershed is discussed, and the responses of runoff and sediment yield in the watersheds concerning forest growth stages are studied. The results show that the relative errors of simulated values of runoff and sediment yield are below 3.%, the correlation coefficients are above 0.90, and the Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficients are above 0.80. The simulation results present satisfactory performance, thus, the model could be used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in these small watersheds. It is also observed that soil erosion tended to become severe as precipitation increased in the watershed, while soil erosion has a decreasing trend as forest cover increases and vegetation pattern is optimized. When the watershed is fully covered by forest, erosion and sediment yield are minimized. When the forest cover is about 3.% and evenly distributed in the watershed, the erosion intensity is lower than if the forest cover is collectively distributed in the watershed. Erosion varies with different forest growth stages in the watershed; it is more serious at the young and near planting stage and is the smallest at the mature forest stage.

关键词： GeoWEPP model Eco-hydrological response watershed runoff Sediment yield Model calibration Erosion modeling

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A distributed hydrological model with its application to the Jinghe watershed in the Yellow River Basin

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2004年第Z1期47卷 60-71页

作者： WANG Zhonggen1, ZHENG Hongxing1, LIU Changming1, , WU Xianfeng2.2.& ZHAO Weimin3.1. Key Laboratory of water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, {2. 2. Institute of Environmental Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, {2. 3. water Resources conservation Committee of Yellow River, Zhengzhou 450003. {2. Key Laboratory of water Cyde & Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Environmental Science Beijing Normal University Beijing China water Resources conservation Committee of Yellow River Zhengzhou China

For the purpose of water resources management in the Yellow River Basin with highly spatial difference, a daily distributed hydrological model was proposed, of which the determination of spatially-distributed parameters and model inputs processing were performed by means of GIS/RS. In the model, the computation of runoff yield was based on the topography index method and flow routing was modeled by Maskingum method. The operation of the model is followed by means of “command structure” technique based upon the topography of river network. A case study using the model was conducted for the Jinghe watershed, which locates at the middle Yellow River Basin. The simulation of the hydrological processes in 1996 has shown that water quantity balance errors were less than 5% and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient arrived at 0.7, indicating that the model structure is justifiable, and the precision of the model can satisfy the purpose of water resources management.

关键词： distributed hydrological model, structure and equation, GIS and RS, Jinghe Basin, Yellow River Basin.

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A case study of spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in the Loess Plateau,western china:A geostatistical approach

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2009年第1期24卷 63-73页

作者： BI Huaxing1,2.LI Xiaoyin3.LIU Xin3.GUO Mengxia3.and LI Jun3.1 Prof., College of soil and water conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083. {3., Key Laboratory of soil and water conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083. {3. 2.Researcher, Ji-xian National Ecological Station of {3., Beijing 100083. {3. 3.Graduate student, College of soil and water conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083. {3. Prof. College of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating Ministry of Education Beijing 100083 China Researcher Ji-xian National Ecological Station of China Beijing 100083 China Graduate student College of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

soil moisture distribution shows highly variation both spatially and temporally. This study assesses the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture on a hill-slope scale in the Loess Plateau in West {2. by using a geostatistical approach. soil moisture was measured by time-domain reflectometry(TDR) in 3.3.samples. Two kinds of sampling scales were used(2.x 2.m and 2. x 2. m) at two soil layers(0-3. cm and 3.-60 cm). The general characteristics of soil moisture were analyzed by a classical statistics method,and the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture was analyzed using a geostatistical approach. The results showed that the spherical model is the best-fit model to simulate soil moisture on the experimental hill-slope. The parameters of this model indicated that the spatial dependence of soil moisture in the selected hill-slope was moderate. Even the 2.x 2.m sampling scale was too coarse to show the detailed spatial variances of soil moisture in this area. The dependent distance increased from 2..4 m to 494.16 m as the sampling scale became coarse(from 2.x 2.m to 2. x 2. m). A map of soil moisture was generated by using original soil moisture data and interpolated values determined by the Kriging method. The average soil moisture(area weighted) in the different layers of soil was calculated on the basis of this map(10.94% for the 0-3. cm soil layer,11.88% for the 3.-60 cm soil layer). This average soil moisture is lower than the corresponding average effective soil moisture,which suggests that the soil moisture is not sufficient to support vegetation in this area.

关键词： Spatial heterogeneity soil moisture Geostatistics Loess Plateau of china

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