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Bulk geochemistry,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,and stable O-H isotope systematics of the Metzimevin high-grade iron ore deposit,Mbalam iron ore district,southern Cameroon

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Acta Geochimica 2024年第4期43卷 677-706页

作者： Samndong Cyril Tufoin cheo emmanuel suh Tabod Charles Tabod George Lemewihbwen Ngiamte Department of Geology Mining and Environmental ScienceThe University of BamendaB.P.39BambiliNorth West RegionCameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of GeologyUniversity of BueaP.O.63BueaSouth West RegionCameroon Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceThe University of BamendaB.P.39BambiliNorth West RegionCameroon Department of Geology Pan-African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute(PAULESI)University of IbadanIbadanNigeria

Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore district,Southern Cameroon,Metzimevin iron ore deposit is a hematite-magnetite BIF system,dominated by SiO_(2)+Fe_(2)O_(3)(97.1 to 99.84 wt%),with low concentrations of clastic elements e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and HFSE,depicting a nearly pure chemical *** REE+Y signature of the iron deposit displays strong positive Eu anomaly,strong negative Ce anomaly,and chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios,suggestive of formation by mixed seawater-high temperature hydrothermal fluids in oxidising ***^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of the BIF are higher than the maximum^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr evolution curves for all Archean reservoirs(bulk silicate earth,Archean crust and Archean seawater),indicating involvement of continentally-derived components during BIF formation and ***Ɛ_(Nd)(t)(+2.26 to+3.77)and Nd model age indicate that chemical constituents for the BIF were derived from undifferentiated crustal source,between 3.002 and 2.88 *** variable and diverse O and H isotope data(−1.9‰to 17.3‰and−57‰to 136‰respectively)indicate that the Metzimevin iron ore formed initially from magmatic plumes and later enriched by magmatic-metamorphic-modified meteoric *** balance calculations indicate mineralisation by combined leaching and precipitation,with an average iron enrichment factor of>2.67 and SiO_(2)depletion factor of>*** is associated with an overall volume reduction of 28.27%,reflecting net leaching and volume collapse of the BIF protholith.

关键词： Bulk geochemistry Rb-Sr Sm-Nd Mitzimevin High-grade iron ore

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Studying Tuff Rings and Volcanic Hazards in a Tropical Setting: The Case of the Batoke Tuff Ring, Limbe, SW Region Cameroon

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第8期13卷 883-899页

作者： George Teke Mafany Edison Forbuck Njei Gerald G. J. Ernst Wilson Yetoh Fantong cheo emmanue suh Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe Robert Stephen John Sparks Koffi Teke Mafany Stephen Manga Njome Institute of Geological and Mining Research Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Geology University of Buea Buea Cameroon Department of Geology University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Department of Geology and Soil Science University of Ghent Ghent Belgium Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK Department of Earth & Space/Physics Cypress Springs High School Houston USA

In subtropical volcanic environments, there are often few accessible outcrops. These are often highly weathered and of very poor quality. Soil development is rapid (1 cm/y) and small eruptions are unlikely to be preserved in the geological record. Reconstructing past eruptions and assessing hazards is a challenge. Here, we studied a poorly outcropping tuff ring (very poor, incomplete sections) with the best outcrop observed at a beach cliff (up to ca. 5 - 10 m high) at Batoke, to the south of Mt Cameroon volcano. Mt Cameroon has a few tuff rings, currently of unknown ages, near the SW coast of Cameroon. In the Batoke case, the sequence is dominated by gently dipping tuff beds varying in the proportion of lithics, juvenile clasts, and accretionary lapilli (acc-laps). Several beds are close-packed with acc-laps of up to 10 - 15 mm diameter. Part of the section is gullied by mud flow deposits. The rocks are highly weathered but differential weathering enhances relationships. Quantitative data can be extracted from a detailed study of outcrops’ external surfaces. The preserved section is close to where the deposits were initially thickest and where acc-laps were most abundant and largest. There is an empirical correlation between maximum acc-lap size in the thickest outcrop and eruption column height. This and the deposit features suggest that the Batoke eruption was pulsating but dominated by fallout, with a water and ice-rich eruption column reaching 10 - 15 km high. Recycling of water drops and ice-coated fine ash accumulated during eruption. At switch off, wholesale gravitational collapse of this material produced the mud flows, which gullied the previously-laid down deposits. Such ash fall and mud flows can represent a substantial hazard, e.g. they can gully down through towns and roads and cut evacuation routes. This study illustrates how, at subtropical tuff rings, it is possible to extract key data needed for hazard assessment from only 1 - 2 poor outcrops.

关键词： Batoke Tuff Ring (BTR) Accretionary Lapilli

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Petrogenetic characterization of the host rocks of the Sanaga iron ore prospect,southern Cameroon

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Acta Geochimica 2023年第2期42卷 195-220页

作者： Tasin Godlove Bafon Anthony Temidayo Bolarinwa cheo emmanuel suh Temesgen Oljira Bekele Ayele Bedada Gilles Nyuyki Ngoran Kevin Ijunghi Ateh Boris Martial Keuko Djoumbissie Cho Terence Ngang Department of Geology Pan African University Life and Earth Science InstituteUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria Department of Geology Mining and Environmental ScienceUniversity of BamendaP.O.Box 39BambiliCameroon Explorers 33 Consulting Group Sarl P.O.Box 6666YaoundeCameroon Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde IP.O.Box 812YaoundeCameroon

The Sanaga iron ore prospect is a recent discovery in the Nyong Series with a resource estimated at 82.9 Mt at 32.1%Fe and whose origin remains *** mineralization occurs as NE-SW oriented discontinuous lenticular bodies of magnetite-bearing pyroxenegneisses(MPG)hosted by ortho-derived *** amphibolites are *** MPG mineral assemblage consists of quartz-magnetite-orthopyroxene-garnet-tremolite/actinolite exhibiting a granoblastic texture,which is characteristic of granulite facies *** granodioritic gneisses show compositional features of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite *** trace and REE element geochemistry indicate their protolith melt resulted from the partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab,with interaction with the overlying mantle wedge during *** amphibolites show enrichment in LILE with negative Ta–Nb and Zr–Hf indicating arc-related magmas generated by partial melting of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle source with metasomatism by subduction-related *** MPG exhibits oxidation-exsolution features characterized by ilmenite lamellae,with hematite fracture-fillinginmagnetite,andlacksfeatures characteristic of typical BIF such as LREE depletion relative to HREE,positive Eu,La,and Y *** on the results of this study,we interpret the Sanaga MPG as a possible skarn-type mineralization formed by the metamorphism/metasomatism of a possible BIF *** results of this study compare with similar magnetite-rich mineralization in the Sa o Francisco craton in northeastern Brazil and enhance the correlation of pre-drift reconstructions of the Sa o Francisco–Congo Cratons.

关键词： Magnetite-pyroxene-gneiss Metasomatism Ilmenite exsolution Hematite fracture-filling Skarn type mineralization Nyong Series

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The Potential of Quartzitic Veins in SW Cameroon for High-Purity Quartz

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第4期13卷 281-302页

作者： Ngambu Aloysius Afahnwie Arnold Chi Kedia cheo emmanuel suh Cyrille Sigue Elisha Mutum Shemang Department of Geology Mining and Environmental Science Faculty of Science University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology University of Buea Buea Cameroon Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Botswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana

High-purity quartz (HPQ), the prime source of silica, is increasingly considered a strategic mineral in the world market because it is the raw material for special applications in high-tech industries owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. The expected growth in demand for HPQ implies that more sources have to be found. This is the primary motivation for this study which targets the Supe area, SW Region of Cameroon. The structural occurrences of quartz veins were mapped and samples collected. The chemical nature and textural features of these samples were subsequently analyzed by X-ray tomography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Three deformation events, D1 - D3 are recorded. D1 is marked by the development of the strong S1 foliation defined by the gneissic layering and schistosity. D2 is a NE-SW ductile to brittle sinistral shear that controlled the formation of tension gashes that served as subsequent pathways for quartz-rich hydrothermal fluids to circulate and eventually precipitate quartz. The presence of rutile, tourmaline, and mica inclusions in the Supe veins affects the purity of the quartz. However, quartz can be treated to improve its quality. Taking into consideration the nine determinant trace elements used to classify HPQ, three (Li, P, and B) are below detection limits, Al concentrations are within the HPQ, quartz market standard, and average natural abundance;Ti values are high above all three standards in all except one sample, while Na, Ca, K, and Fe values fluctuate, thus classifying one of the samples as high purity quartz and the others as low purity quartz. These veins define tension gashes which usually occur in an echelon arrangement covering a large surface area, suggesting that more of such veins probably exist in the Supe area. Consequently, the quality and potential quantity of HPQ veins in this area suggest a high potential

关键词： Quartz Veins High Purity Quartz X-Ray Tomography Rutile Tourmaline

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An Assessment and Geostatistics of Land-Use and Selected Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils in the Mount Cameroon Area

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2023年第2期15卷 244-266页

作者： Nchia Peter Ghong Ngwa Martin Ngwabie Godswill Azinwie Asongwe Arnold Chi Kedia cheo emmanuel suh Department of Agriculture and Environmental Engineering College of Technology University of Bamenda Bambili North West Region Cameroon Department of Environmental Science University of Buea Buea South West Region Cameroon School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA Department of Geology Faculty of Science University of Bamenda Bambili North West Region Cameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology University of Buea Buea South West Region Cameroon

This work investigated the land-use/land-cover and some physico-chemical properties of the soils of Mt Cameroon and presented same in maps. ArcGIS Pro mapping software, Landsat images, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) coordinates collected from the field combined with updated shape files from competent services were used to produce the location and land-use/land-cover maps. Sixteen topsoil samples (0 - 20 cm) were collected, 4 from each land use/cover category: farmland, forest, plantation and settlement, and analysed for soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, moisture content and soil texture, in the laboratory using standard analytical procedures. This data was used to produce spatial distribution maps using ordinary kriging, in ArcGIS Pro. The main terrestrial land use/cover categories comprised of the forest (mangrove, lowland, montane and sub-montane), agroforestry, plantations, grassland, settlement, cropland, shrubby savannah, and bare lava. Bulk density showed the highest values in settlement areas and least values under forest land-use categories. Soil moisture content exhibited a reverse trend compared to that of soil bulk density. Forest soils were the sandiest while soils in plantation agricultural land were the most clayey. The soils were slightly acidic to neutral with soils from agricultural land being more acidic (pH(water) = 5.43). It is discernible from the results that the conversion from forest to other land use/cover classes enhances soil degradation and that soil physico-chemical properties adequately serve as indicators of soil quality in the Mt Cameroon area.

关键词： Geographic Information Systems Geostatistics Land-Use Mt Cameroon Soil Quality Thematic Maps

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Application of Electrical Resistivity and Chargeability Data on a GIS Platform in Delineating Auriferous Structures in a Deeply Weathered Lateritic Terrain, Eastern Cameroon

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International Journal of Geosciences 2012年第5期3卷 960-971页

作者： Albert Nih Fon Vivian Bih Che cheo emmanuel suh Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon Remote Sensing Unit Department of Geology Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon

Exploration for primary gold in tropical settings is often problematic because of deep weathering and the development of a thick soil cover. In this paper we present the results of both chargeability and resistivity surveys carried out over the Belikombone hill gold prospect (14?00' - 14?25'E, 5?25' - 6?00'N) in the Betare Oya area (eastern Cameroon), where previous soil sampling had identified gold anomalies. The geophysical data were obtained using Syscal Junior 48 resistivity meter and the Schlumberger configuration array for both the vertical electrical soundings (VES) and horizontal profiling. These data were further built into a GIS framework and the continuity of favourable gold-bearing structures at depth modeled using WINSEV, RED2INV and SURFER extensions softwares. IP (Induced Polarization)-chargeability and resistivity data combined, have identified irregular anomalous zones trending NE-SW. This trend is consistent with the attitude of most auriferous quartz veins exposed in artisanal pits and parallel to the regional shear zone system and foliations. The high resistivity anomalies correspond to quartz veins while the relatively high IP anomalies correspond to low sulphide ± gold concentrations in the quartz veins. Modeling IP-chargeability and resistivity data prepared as contours and 3D maps, culminated to the development of an inferred, irregular and discontinuous mineralized body at depths of up to 95 m. The size and shape of this mineralized body can only later be tested by drilling to ascertain the resource.

关键词： Gold Exploration Tropical Settings Deep Weathering IP-Chargeability and Resistivity Betare Oya 3D Maps Cameroon

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Textures and Rare Earth Elements Composition of Banded Iron Formations (BIF) at Njweng Prospect, Mbalam Iron Ore District, Southern Cameroon

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International Journal of Geosciences 2013年第1期4卷 146-165页

作者： Dieudonne Charles Isidore Ilouga cheo emmanuel suh Ghogomu Richard Tanwi Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology and Environmental Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon

The REE signature of banded iron formations (BIF) and martite-goethite mineralization of the Njweng ridge (South Cameroon) are used here to decipher the nature of the ocean during the period of BIF precipitation. The textures of typical BIF categories are also presented as the only sedimentary feature. Two types of BIF facies are present at Njweng: the oxide and silicate facies. These facies show two stages of phase transformations. The first is the transformation of the original magnetite mineral into martite by oxidation resulting in trellis texture;the second is a simultaneous transformation by hydration into goethite and dehydration into martite. The samples typically show LREE depleted patterns relative to HREE, a characteristic similar to that of modern seawater. Also the strong positive Eu anomalies from the samples indicate the involvement of hydrothermal plumes of volcanic origin such as at mid ocean ridges (MOR). Yttrium (Y) has a strong positive anomaly pointing to the transportation of REEs as aqueous complexes within these ancient seas. The BIF samples have no positive Ce anomalies, suggesting that the oceans at that time were more reducing with no Ce fractionation than in present day oceans. The martite-goethite mineralization rather shows a positive Ce anomaly that derived from the enrichment in REE during the weathering of REE-bearing minerals. These results are integrated into existing literature on REE in BIFs worldwide and provide new insights into these heretofore unstudied BIFs of the northern edge of the Congo Craton.

关键词： REE BIF Martite Magnetite Alteration Njweng Cameroon

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Na-Metasomatism and Uranium Mineralization during a Two-Stage Albitization at Kitongo, Northern Cameroon: Structural and Geochemical Evidence

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International Journal of Geosciences 2012年第1期3卷 258-279页

作者： Arnaud Patrice Kouske cheo emmanuel suh Richard Tanwi Ghogomu Vincent Ngako Laboratory of Applied Geology-Metallogeny Department of Earth Sciences University of Yaoundé 1 Yaoundé Cameroon

Mapping and documentation of lithological varieties and their corresponding geochemistry at the Kitongo uranium mineralization were concerned. The Kitongo U occurrence is hosted by granitic rocks that include interleaved sequences of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the collectively termed Poli Group. U-mineralization and Na-metasomatism are related and structurally controlled. The most promising uraniferous bodies are intimately related to intersections between the ductile ENE-trending faults and the brittle conjugate R' faults postdating the shearing event. The con- centration of uranium at fault intersections rather than along individual faults suggests that these zones that are dilatational in nature were also highly permeable and therefore the hydrothermal fluids ponded there could readily precipitate U therein. A two-stage albitization has altered the foliated granitic host rock and the second albitization that has over-printed the first one is more effective at fault intersections. Whole rock geochemistry was performed by using ICP-MS and ICP-AES respectively for major oxides, trace and REE. The U-bearing rock suite exhibits restricted range in SiO2 concentration (62.89% - 70.91%) and Al2O3 (13.16% - 18.59%) and it is poor in MgO (0.02% - 1.03%), CaO (0.24% - 1.88%) and K2O (0.08% - 5.32%). The mineralized rocks are however comparatively richer in Na2O (4.33% - 10.92%) compared to their barren counterparts. The host granite and associated granodioritic rocks in the area are weakly metaluminous, peralkaline, and are calc-alkaline. They are moderately to strongly fractionated and have tholeiitic and shoshonitic affinities with moderate to high HFSE (high field strength elements) and LILE (large ion lithophile elements) enrichment. The Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and Sr/Ba ratios are 0.31, 0.14 and 1.48, respectively. U content in the mineralized granite is up to 651 ppm while the non-mineralized rock has only 2.4 ppm U. The REE patterns of the granite show LREE enric

关键词： Uranium Kitongo Granite Albitization Strike Slip Fault Cameroon

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Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks from the Nkapa Formation, North Western Part of the Douala Basin, Cameroon: Implications for Provenance, Tectonic Setting and Paleoenvironmental Conditions

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International Journal of Geosciences 2021年第9期12卷 739-762页

作者： Florence Njinto Kwankam Christopher Mbaringong Agyingi Josepha Foba-Tendo cheo emmanuel suh Department of Petroleum Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute (NAHPI) The University of Bamenda Bambili North West Region Cameroon Department of Geology Faculty of Science The University of Bamenda Bambili North West Region Cameroon Department of Chemistry University of Buea Buea South West Region Cameroon Department of Geology University of Buea Buea South West Region Cameroon

The Douala sedimentary basin in Cameroon is the main gas prospective basin in the country and has witnessed a number of investigations in this regard. The Nkapa Formation is one of the basin’s principal rock units and here we analyzed samples from sediments comprising this formation in order to constrain their provenance, tectonic setting and depositional environment using geochemical traits. Major and trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Elemental ratios provide information on geochemical signatures of Eu/Eu ratios of the sandstones and shales, suggesting the provenance of the sediments was felsic from continental rock protoliths. Calculated K2O/Na2O ratios > 1 is reminiscent of quartz-rich sediments deposited in passive margin (PM) environments with significant terrigenous input. The elemental ratios La/Sc, La/Ca, Th/Sc, and Th/Co suggest that the sediment sources are felsic and mafic in nature. The clastic sediments were normalized using North American Shale Composite (NASC). The Ni/Co and V/(V + Ni) ratios reveal that the sediments were deposited under variable conditions including euxinic, dysoxic and anoxic. Overall, the evidence from discrimination diagrams using major and trace elements suggest that the sediments were derived from mostly Passive margins (PM) and continental island arc (CIA) with minor Oceanic island arch (OIA) sources. Limestones from the studied area at Kompina, rich in calcium carbonate

关键词： Geochemistry Sedimentary Rocks Nkapa Formation Provenance Depositional Environment

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Hydrothermal Alteration of Basaltic Rocks at Eruptive Vents on Mount Cameroon Volcano, West Africa

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International Journal of Geosciences 2018年第9期9卷 513-527页

作者： Akumbom Vishiti Taboko Armstrong Elisha Mutum Shemang Jacques Etame cheo emmanuel suh Department of Civil Engineering The University Institute of Technology (IUT) University of Douala Douala Cameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology University of Buea Buea Cameroon Department of Earth and Environmental Science Botswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana Laboratory of Geosciences Natural Resources and Environment Department of Earth Science University of Douala Douala Came-roon Department of Geology Mining and Environmental Science The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon

The study of changes in rocks due to interaction with hydrothermal fluids at active volcanoes provides insights into wall rock alteration associated with ore deposits formed in the geological past. Therefore, the nature of mineral alteration and chemical changes experienced by wall rocks can be investigated at eruptive sites on active volcanoes and the results used to better constrain ore-forming processes. In this study, we investigated the alteration at eruptive sites at Mount Cameroon volcano. These eruptive vents lie along NE-SW-trending fissures that define the Mount Cameroon rift. The vents are surrounded by cones composed largely of pyroclastic materials and to a lesser extent lava. Fumaroles (volcanic gases) rising through the vents during and after the 1999 eruption have resulted in the alteration of the pyroclastic robble along the fissures and the inner walls of the cones. Consequently, altered basaltic materials are covered with thin films of reddish, yellowish to whitish secondary minerals. These coatings result from an interaction between the surfaces of the basaltic glass with volcanically-derived acidic fluids. Petrographic investigations and XRD analysis of the basalts have identified primary mineral phases, such as olivine, pyroxene (mainly augite) and feldspars. Alteration products revealed include ubiquitous silica as well as gypsum, magnetite, feldspar, alunite and jarosite. Jarosite occurrence indicates that SO2 is the primary volcanically-derived acid source involved in coating formation. High contents of sulfur identified in the basalts indicate that melts at Mount Cameroon can be sulfur saturated as backed by previous melt inclusion data. Whole rock geochemical analysis shows a gain in silica in the altered samples and this ties with the mass balance calculations although minor gains of Al2O3, , MgO, MnO, CaO and K2O are shown by some samples.

关键词： Mount Cameroon 1999 Eruption Fumarole Wall Rock Alteration Mass Bal-ance

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