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Possible mechanism of the effect of convection over Asian-Australian “land bridge” on the East Asian summer monsoon onset

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第11期49卷 1223-1232页

作者： HE Jinhai1, WEN Min2. DING Yihui3.& ZHANG Renhe2.1. Jiangsu Key laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME), Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing University of Informa- tion Science and Technology, Nanjing 2.0044, China 2. State Key laboratory of Severe Weather (LaSW), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, beijing 100081, China 3. National Climate Center, Chinese Meteorological Administration, beijing 100081, China Jiangsu Key laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (KLME) Nanjing Institute of Meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China State Key laboratory of Severe Weather (LaSW) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing China National Climate Center Chinese Meteorological Administration Beijing China

The Asian-Australian “land bridge” is an area with the most vigorous convection in Asian monsoon region in boreal spring, where the onset and march of convection are well associated with the onset of East Asian summer monsoon. The convection occurs over Indo-China Peninsula as early as mid-April, which exerts critical impact on the evolution of monsoon circulation. Before mid-April there are primarily sensible heatings to the atmosphere over Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula, so the apparent heating ratios over them decrease with height. However, after mid-April it changes into latent heating over Indo-China Peninsula due to the onset of convection, and the apparent heating ratio increases with height in mid- and lower troposphere. The vertical distribution of heating ratio and its differences between Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula are the key factors leading to the splitting of boreal subtropical high belt over the Bay of Bengal. Such mechanism is strongly supported by the fact that the evolution of the vertical heating ratio gradient above Indo-China Peninsula leads that of 850 hPa vorticity over the Bay of Bengal. Convections over Indo-China Peninsula and its surrounding areas further increase after the splitting. Since then, there is a positive feedback lying among the convective heating, the eastward retreat of the subtropical high and the march of monsoon, which is a possible mechanism of the advance of summer monsoon and convection from Indo-China Peninsula to South China Sea.

关键词： Asian-Australian 'land bridge', tropical convection, Indo-China Peninsula, the splitting of boreal subtropical high belt, East Asian summer monsoon onset.

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Water target based cross-calibration of CBERS-02.CCD camera with MODIS data

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2005年第S2期48卷 61-71页

作者： TANG Junwu1,2. GU Xingfa2. NIU Shengli1, MA Chaofei1 & MIN Xiangjun3.1. National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), beijing 100081, China 2. State Key {2. of Remote Sensing Science, {2. 100010, China 3. China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications (CRESDA), {2. 100083. China National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS) Beijing 100081 China State Key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Beijing 100010 China China Center for Resource Satellite Data and Applications (CRESDA) Beijing 100083 China

In order to make quantitative watercolor sensing with China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-02. CCD camera, the MODIS data with higher accuracy is used to cross-calibrate the CCD camera over water targets. In homogeneous clear water area, two pairs of images obtained over the same area on the same day by the two sensors are selected. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances of the multispectral bands of CCD are calculated with the water and aerosol parameters from MODIS based on a water-atmosphere radiative transfer algorithm. The stripes in CCD image that caused by unequal response of the CCD array detectors are firstly removed before making the cross-calibration. The same part of CCD detectors is selected for the calibrations in the two images to eliminate the residual error of destriping and uniformity correction for the focus plane irradiance. It is shown that the calibration results from two different images are consistent. The error of this method is about 5%.

关键词： CBERS-02 CCD MODIS radiometric calibration cross-calibration. DOI: 10.13.0/05ze1006

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Inertial theory of the mean Hadley circulation under the condition of nonstatic equilibrium

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第5期49卷 546-553页

作者： CHAO Jiping1 & LIU Fei2.3.1. National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, beijing 100081, China 2. Key {2. Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 10002., China 3. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 100049, China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Beijing China Key laboratory Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Tropical atmosphere is divided into two layers, the layer near the ground is the planet boundary layer, where the motion is linear, if the radiation equilibrium temperature is given at the top of the boundary layer, the vertical motion there can be obtained. It is the non-viscous ideal atmos- pheric layer above the boundary one, where the motion is nonlinear. After getting the conservation laws of angular momentum, potential temperature and potential vortex, the inertial theory of the Hadley circulation driven by the vertical motion of the boundary layer is established, followed by sev- eral examples of its application.

关键词： Hadley circulation, inertial theory, conservation laws of angular momentum, potential temperature and potential vortex.

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Physical mechanisms of plant roots affecting weathering and leaching of loess soil

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第9期49卷 1002-1008页

作者： LI Yong1,2. ZHANG Qingwen1,2. WAN Guojiang3. HUANG Ronggui3. PIAO Hechun3. BAI Lingyu2.& LI Lu2.1. State Key laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712.00, China 2. Institute of Agro-Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, beijing 100081, China 3. Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002. China State Key laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling China Institute of Agro-Environment and Sustainable Development Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China

Plant roots have potential impacts on soil mineral weathering and *** objective is to understand the physical mechanisms of plant roots affecting weathering andleaching of loess soil. Root densities were measured through the method of a large-size dug profile,and transport fluxes of soil elements were determined using an undisturbed monolith soilinfiltration device on the hilly and gully regions of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showthat the improvement effects of soil environment by plant roots are mainly controlled by the densityand weight of the fibrous roots with the diameters less than 1 mm. Plant roots have the strongereffects on soil physical properties than chemical properties. The principal components analysis(PCA) indicates that soil physical properties by plant roots account for 56.7% of variations in soilenvironment whereas soil chemical properties and pH contribute about 2..2. of the soil *** roles of plant roots in controlling soil weathering and leaching increased in the followingorder: infiltration enhancement > increase of bio-active substance > stabilization of soilstructure. The effects of plant roots on soil mineral weathering and leaching can be quantifiedusing the multiple regression models with the high prediction accuracies developed in this study.

关键词： plant roots, soil weathering and leaching rates, soil environment field, principal components analysis (PCA), Chinese Loess Plateau.

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Applications of functionalized ionic liquids

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Science China Chemistry 2006年第5期49卷 385-401页

作者： LI Xuehui1, ZHAO Dongbin2.3. FEI Zhaofu2.& WANG Lefu1 1. Department of chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial {2. of Green chemical Technology, South China Uni-versity of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China 2. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 3. PKU Green Chemistry Center, {3. National {2. for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, {3. 100871, China Department of chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China Lausanne EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland PKU Green Chemistry Center Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China

Recent developments of the synthesis and applications of functionalized ionic liquids (including dual-functionalized ionic liquids) have been highlighted in this review. Ionic liquids are at-tracting attention as alternative solvents in green chemistry, but as more functionalized ILs are pre-pared, a greater number of applications in increasingly diverse fields are found.

关键词： ionic liquids functionalized ionic liquids dual-functionallzed ionicliquids reaction media asymmetric synthesis nano-materials porous materials lubricants flue-gas desulfurization oil desul-furization

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Cloning and sequencing of nifBHDKENX genes of Paenibacillus massiliensis T7 and its nif promoter analysis

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2006年第2期49卷 115-122页

作者： ZHAO Hongxin1,2.3. XIE Baoen2.& CHEN Sanfeng1,2.1. State Key laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Biological School, China Agricultural University, {2. 100094, China 2. Key laboratory for Agro-Microbial Resource and Application of Agriculture Ministry, China Agricultural University, {2. 100094, China 3. chemical and Biological School, ShenYang Normal University, Shenyang 11003., China State Key laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Biological School China Agricultural University Beijing China Key laboratory for Agro-Microbial Resource and Application of Agriculture Ministry China Agricultural University Beijing China chemical and Biological School ShenYang Normal University Shenyang China

A 3.4 bp of nifH fragment was PCR amplified from Paenibacillus massiliensis T7 using the universal degenerate primers. The PCR-amplified nifH fragment was labeled with DIG; then used as a probe in Southern blot analysis. Southern blot result showed that there were two positive signals, indicating that there might be two copies of nifH in P. massiliensis T7. A total of 102.4 bp DNA sequence containing purD; nifBHDKENX was obtained by five rounds of inverse-PCR amplification. The predicted proteins of nifBHDKENX had high homology with those from other nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Only one putative σ[54]-dependent promoter sequence was detected upstream of the nifB gene; nifBHDKENX were likely to be organized in one operon. Assays of β-galactosidase activity of P. massiliensis T7PB carrying a nifB-lacZ fusion under different concentrations of NH4 [+]; O2.showed that the expression of nifB-lacZ was strongly inhibited by O2.

关键词： Paenibacillus massiliensis T7, nifBHDKENX, nifB-lacZ, inverse-PCR.

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Characteristics and origins of primary fluids and noble gases in mantle-derived minerals from the Yishu area,Shandong Province,China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第1期49卷 77-87页

作者： MA Jinlong1,2. TAO Mingxin2.3.& YE Xianren2.1. Resources and Environmental School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, China 2. Key {2. of Gas Geochemistry, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, China 3. College of Resources Science & Technology, beijing Normal University, beijing 100875, China Resources and Environmental School Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Key laboratory of Gas Geochemistry Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China College of Resources Science & Technology Beijing Normal University Beijing China

Fluids and noble gases of mantle-derived materials are important tracers forthe mantle information. Compositions of primary fluids and noble gases in mantle-derived mineralsfrom the Yishu area, Shandong Province, China, were tested by the methods of heat-bursting andheat-melting respectively. The fluids are mainly composed of CO_2. CO and H_2. which account forabout 90% of the total, and are similar to the mantle-derived rocks from other areas of easternChina; ratios of ~3.e/~4He in almost all samples range from 0.82.Ra to 2.74 Ra, whereas^(40)Ar/^(3.)Ar from 2.9.5 to 758.8. Both ranges are much lower than those of the typical oceanmantle-derived samples (such as MORB) and primarily reflect the influences of the atmosphericcomponents and the radiogenic isotopes. Ratios of C/~3.e range from 2..6 x 10~9 to 1050 x 10~9,N_2.Ar from 92. to 56612. and N_2.~3.e from 2.5 x 10~9 to 2. x 10~9, similar to those in westernUnited States and New Zealand which belong to the tectonic plate collision regions. The ratios fallin the intersect of mantle-crust-atmosphere in the comprehensive tracer-charts, reflecting theinfluences of the atmosphere and the crusts with organic components. Our results suggest that thecomposition of the primary fluids and the isotopic ratios of the noble gases may either reflect theevolution process of mantle-derived rocks connected with the rise and eruption of magma, or theinfluence of the ancient subduction-plate on the continental mantle of this region.

关键词： noble gases, primary fluids, mantle-derived minerals, Yishu area.

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Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1120-1133页

作者： ZHOU Wenge1, XIE Hongsen1, LIU Yonggang1, ZHENG Xiaogang1, ZHAO Zhidan2.& ZHOU Hui3.1. laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002. China 2. Department of Geology, China University of Geosciences, {2. 100083. China 3. Department of Geology, Peking University, {2. 100871, China laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China Department of Geology China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geology Peking University Beijing China

Two sets of dehydration-melting with a natural solid amphibolite, collected from North Himalayan structure zone, Tibet, have been carried out in multi-anvil apparatus at 2.0 GPa and 800―1000℃, for 12.2.0 h. One is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and the annealing time of 12.h, changing the temperature (800―1000℃). The other is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and temperature at 850℃, varying the annealing time (12.2.0 h). The products are inspected with microscope and electron probe. The results indicate that at 2.0 GPa, annealing time of 12.h, garnets, melts and clinopyroxenes occur in amphibolite gradually with increasing temperature and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite, and then to tonalite. However, at 2.0 GPa and 850℃, with the annealing time increasing, the garnets, melts and cli-nopyroxenes also occur in amphibolite gradually and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite. In both cases, melts interconnect with each other when the contents of melt are over the 5 vol.%. the viscosities of the melt produced in amphibolite at temperature higher than 850℃ are on a level with 104 Pa·s. The interconnected melt with such a viscosity may segregate from the source rock and form the magma over reasonable geological time. Therefore, it is believed that at the lower part of the overthickened crust, the tonlitic and grano-dioritic magma may be generated through the dehydration melting of amphibolite.

关键词： solid amphibolite, high pressure, high temperature, time, partial melting.

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Microwave-assisted reaction of peptide formation by amino acid with phosphate:Exploration of the most possible channels for the origin of life

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Science China Chemistry 2006年第4期49卷 351-356页

作者： HU Rong1, TIAN Jinping2.& YIN Yingwu2.3.1. College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China 2. TH-UNIS Insight Co., Ltd., beijing 100085, China 3. Key laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & {2. Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, beijing 100084, China College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering Southwest University for Nationalities Chengdu China TH-UNIS Insight Co. Ltd. Beijing China Key laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & chemical Biology Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing China

Microwave-assisted reaction of peptide formation by amino acids with phosphate was studied. The results showed that the products were a mixture of peptides containing dipeptide, oc- tapeptides and cyclic peptides, which could be obtained in a short time. Polyphosphate was also produced synchronously by the intermolecular condensation of phosphate. The polymerization de- gree reached 99% (pyrophosphate 64%, trimetaphosphate 3.%) after 2.h at 2.0℃ under microwave irradiation. The intermediates of the mixed anhydrides formed by the intermolecular condensation of phosphates and glycin were determined by ESI-MS. Peptides were also produced by the reaction of amino acids with trimetaphosphate in aqueous solution. The conversion degree of valine reached 46.5% even at room temperature. The cyclic process of peptide formation and phosphate polymeri- zation, regeneration and utilization in amino acids-phosphate system under microwave irradiation was detected and proved. Peptides could be continually formed only by inputting energy into this system. The above recycle may be the most possible process for primitive peptide formation in the origin of life.

关键词： microwave, phosphate, amino acid, peptide, origin of life.

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Comparative study of the effect of Cu_2. and MoO_3.on flame retardance and smoke emission of PVC by Cone and TGA

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第13期43卷 1090-1094页

作者： LI Bin\+1 and WANG Jianqi\+2.1. Department of Chemistry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2. National laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, beijing Institute of Technology, beijing, {3., China Department of Chemistry Northeast Forestry University Harbin China National laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China

Cuprous and molybdic oxides exhibit extremely effectiveness in smoke suppression for PVC. However, few are the data reported concerning flame retardance and smoke emission of PVC taken from Cone calorimetry relative to the conventional thermal analysis technique. Abundant data from Cone calorimetry have been acquired. Data analysis was achieved through the study of MLR, HRR, SEA tested at irradiance of 2. kWm -2.. The understandable flame retardance of PVC/Cu\-2. and PVC/MoO\-3.relative to pure PVC has been rationalized by their lowered heat release rates and enhanced char residues. The difference in smoke reduction between these two oxides consists in the time scale. As clearly seen under air atmosphere both oxides exert themselves to the afterglow which has been recognized as a dangerous source, in particular in the full_scale fire situation.

关键词： cone calorimetry poly(vinyl chloride) flame retardation smoke emission cuprous oxide molybdic oxide.

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