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The siphonic energy transfer between hot solar wind and cold martian ionosphere through open magnetic flux rope

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Fundamental Research 2024年第4期4卷 882-889页

作者： Xiaojun Xu Lou-Chuang Lee Qi Xu Qing Chang Jing Wang Ming Wang Shaosui Xu Christian Mosti charles J.Farrugia Xing Wang Yudong Ye Zilu Zhou Lei Luo Peishan He Shaoguan Cheng State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences Macao University of Science and TechnologyMacao 999078China CNSA Macao Center for Space Exploration and Science Macao 999078China Institute of Earth Science Academia SinicaTaipei 115029China Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhen 518000China Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory(PEARL) School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519000China Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210000China Space ScienceLaboratory Universityof CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94320USA Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of SciencesGraz 8010Austria University of New Hampshire NH 03824USA

A mechanism for energy transfer from the solar wind to the Martian ionosphere through open magnetic flux rope is proposed based on the observations by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN(MAVEN).The satellite was located in the dayside magnetosheath at an altitude of about 70o km above the northern *** between the hot solar wind protons and the cold heavy ions/neutrals in the subsolar region can cool the protons and heat the heavy *** a result,the magnetosheath protons are siphoned into the ionosphere due to the thermal pressure gradient of protons and the heated heavy ions escape along the open magnetic field *** direct collisions in the lower-altitude region were not detected,this physical process is demonstrated by MAVEN measurements of enhanced proton density,decreased proton temperature and oppositely directed motions of hot and cool protons within the flux rope,which are very different from the observational features of the flux transfer events near the Earth's *** mechanism could universally exist in many contexts where a collisionless plasma region is connected to a collisional plasma *** reconstructing the magnetic geometry and the cross-section of the flux rope using the Grad-Shafranov technique,the ion loss rates are quantitatively estimated to be on the order of 1023 s-l,which is much higher than previously estimated.

关键词： Mars Flux rope Solarwind Ionosphere Ion loss

Assessing Community Health Interventions in Reducing Infant and Child Mortality in the Southeastern Benin

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 17-28页

作者： charles Sossa Jerome Daouda Gbadamassi Lamidhi Salami Colette Azandjeme Clémence Metonnou Moussiliou N. Paraiso Health Promotion Department Regional Institute of Public Health University of Abomey-Calavi Ouidah Benin National Medical and Sanitary Institute University of Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Health Policy and Systems Department Regional Institute of Public Health University of Abomey-Calavi Ouidah Benin

Background: To reduce infant and child mortality in Benin, a package of high-impact interventions per healthcare level was implemented in 2009. This study aimed to assess the quality of community-based health interventions in reducing infant and child mortality within the municipality of Pobè in southeastern Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional evaluative study carried out in November 2021 focused on children aged 0 - 59 months, their mothers, health workers, community facilitators, community health workers and the Town Hall health focal point. Mothers and their children were targeted by cluster sampling, and exhaustive selection was used to recruit all other participants. Predetermined scores based on rating criteria were used to assess the quality of community health interventions using the “input, process and outcome” of Donabedian approach. Results: Over 300 mother-child couples, 46 community health workers, 7 health agents, 1 community facilitator and 1 health focal point from Pobè town hall were surveyed. Intervention quality was judged as “average”, with a score of 73.80%. The “inputs” and “outcomes” components were the weakest links. Conclusion: Improving access to the inputs needed by community health workers can enhance the quality of PIHI interventions.

关键词： Community-Based Interventions Infant and Child Mortality Benin

Microbiological Quality of Cyperus esculentus L. Products Sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第3期14卷 635-642页

作者： Zénabou Semdé Passinguemsin Alice Sonia Tiendrebeogo Bahanla Edwige Oboulbiga charles Parkouda Hagrétou Sawadogo Lingani Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies des Aliments et Nutrition Département technologie alimentaire IRSAT CNRST Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) products sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The microbial load of tubers and tiger nut milk was determined using ISO 4833-1 (2003) standard (total mesophilic aerobic flora), NF ISO 7954 (1998) standard (yeasts and molds), and ISO 4832 (2006) standard (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms). The results showed that tiger nut tubers had an average microbial load between 4.86 ± 7.03 × 106 UFC/g and 1.82 ± 2.30 × 107 UFC/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 4.34 ± 10.6 × 105 UFC/g to 3.52 ± 4.54 × 106 UFC/g for yeasts and molds, from 2.23 ± 2.25 × 105 UFC/g to 1.41 ± 2.16 × 105 UFC/g for total coliforms and from 1.83 ± 2.03 × 105 UFC/g to 7.0 ± 10.8 × 104 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. For tiger nut milk samples, the average microbial load varied from 3.48 ± 2.98 × 106 CFU/g to 2.80 ± 5.69 × 107 CFU/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 5.00 ± 7.21 × 104 CFU/g to 1.88 ± 3.31 × 105 CFU/g for yeasts and molds, from 4.58 ± 10.4 × 104 CFU/g to 6.31 ± 9.17 × 105 CFU/g for total coliforms and 7.00 ± 7.00 × 103 CFU/g to 2.87 ± 5.86 × 105 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. This study revealed that the tubers and tiger nut milk sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso had a high microbial load which could lead to the degradation of these products and food poisoning for consumers.

关键词： Cyperus esculentus L. Tiger Nut Tubers Tiger Nut Milk Microbiological Quality

Estimating the Yield Loss of Winter Wheat from Drought in the United States Southern Plains Region as Influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第9期15卷 1018-1034页

作者： Prem Woli Gerald R. Smith charles R. Long Francis M. Rouquette, Jr. Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center Overton USA

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is a major economic activity in most regional and rural areas in the Southern Plains, a semi-arid region of the United States. This region is vulnerable to drought and is projected to experience a drier climate in the future. Since the interannual variability in climate in this region is linked to an ocean-atmospheric phenomenon, called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), droughts in this region may be associated with ENSO. Droughts that occur during the critical growth phases of wheat can be extremely costly. However, the losses due to an impending drought can be minimized through mitigation measures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting the yield loss from an imminent drought is crucial for stakeholders. One of the reliable ways for such prediction is using a plant physiology-based agricultural drought index, such as Agricultural Reference Index for Drought (ARID). This study developed ENSO phase-specific, ARID-based models for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to drought. The reasonable values of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yield model for each ENSO phase (El Niño, La Niña, or Neutral) indicated that the yield models reflected reasonably well the phenomena of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yields in this region during different ENSO phases. The values of various goodness-of-fit measures used, including the Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.54 to 0.67), the Willmott Index (0.82 to 0.89), and the percentage error (20 to 26), indicated that the yield models performed fairly well at predicting the ENSO phase-specific loss of wheat yields from drought. This yield model may be useful for predicting yield loss from drought and scheduling irrigation allocation based on the phenological phase-specific sensitivity to drought as impacted by ENSO.

关键词： ARID Drought Drought Index ENSO El Niño Growth-Stage Model Phenological-Phase Prediction Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Loss

Massive abdominal muscle atrophy during prolonged mechanical ventilation: Implications for tracheostomy removal

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Journal of Intensive Medicine 2024年第1期4卷 133-135页

作者： Pascal Beuret Florian Michelin Audrey Tientcheu Laurane Chalvet Benedicte Philippon-Jouve Jean-charles Chakarian Xavier Fabre Service de Réanimation et Soins continus Centre Hospitalier de RoanneRoanneFrance

Introduction Maintaining the functional integrity of respiratory muscles is crucial for critically ill patients to be weaned from mechanical ventilation and decannulated if *** of the diaphragm is frequent in patients under mechanical ventilation and has been associated with a longer duration of weaning.[1,2]Studies on expiratory muscles are *** recent studies demonstrated the feasibility and reproducibility of ultrasound in measuring the thickness of abdominal muscles,[3,4]with one study showing abdominal muscle atrophy in 22%of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients during the first week of mechanical ventilation.[4]

关键词： critically mechanical abdominal

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Essential Oil Extracts in the Control of Termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Cashew Orchards in Badikaha (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Advances in Entomology 2024年第2期12卷 93-104页

作者： Adama Coulibaly Magloire Yves Minhibo charles Konan Kouakou Sylvain Bi Tra Djata Sanogo Lassina Fondio Mudde Barnabas National Agricultural Research Center (CNRA) Korhogo Regional Division Lataha Research Station Cashew Mango Papaya Program Abidjan C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Agricultural Production Improvement Laboratory Jean Lorougnon Gu&#233d&#233 University Daloa C&#244te d&#8217Ivoire Ngetta Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Lira Uganda

Cashew tree has gradually moved from a purely ecological aspect to a socio-economic one, due to the marketing of its nuts. But production per area, estimated at between 424 and 547 kg/ha, remains low, in contrast to India (2nd largest producer) and Vietnam (3rd largest producer), whose yields range from 1000 to 1500 and 2000 to 2500 kg/ha respectively. This low yield is due to a number of factors, among which insect pests are the most damaging. Among these insects, termites are considered to be one of the main pests of cashew trees. The general objective of this study is to contribute to termite management through the use of bioinsecticides, an alternative to the use of chemicals in cashew orchards. Five (5) biological products were tested: Limocide, Carapa oil, Neem oil, Kitana and Kaskara. Among them, two products proved effective, with a mortality rate of over 50%. These were Limocide, whose LC50 was obtained in 24 h at a dose of 3.6 g/ml and 3.1 g/ml , giving a mortality rate of 57.66% ± 4.04% and 51.33 ± 2.08 respectively , and Carapa, at a dose of 4.5 g/ml, with an estimated mortality rate of 52.33% ± 1.52%. Such results have demonstrated the potential application of Limocide and Carapa biopesticides to sustainably control termites in cashew orchards of Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Termite Pest Organic Products Cashew Tree Côte d’Ivoire

Three-dimensional analysis of age and sex differences in femoral head asphericity in asymptomatic hips in the United States

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第8期15卷 754-763页

作者： Mahad M Hassan Aliya G Feroe Brenton W Douglass Andrew E Jimenez Benjamin Kuhns charles F Mitchell Robert L Parisien Daniel A Maranho Eduardo N Novais Young-Jo Kim Ata M Kiapour Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery TRIA Orthopaedic CenterBloomingtonMN 55122United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Boston Children’s HospitalBostonMA 02115United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo ClinicRochesterMN 55901United States Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Yale School of MedicineNew HavenCT 06510United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery American Hip Institute Research FoundationDes PlainesIL 60018United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mount SinaiNew YorkNY 10029United States Department of Biomechanics Medicineand Rehabilitation of the Locomotor SystemRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirao Preto 14048-900São PauloBrazil

BACKGROUND The sphericity of the femoral head is a metric used to evaluate hip pathologies and is associated with the development of osteoarthritis and femoral-acetabular *** To analyze the three-dimensional asphericity of the femoral head of asymptomatic pediatric *** hypothesized that femoral head asphericity will vary significantly between male and female pediatric hips and increase with age in both *** Computed tomography scans were obtained on 158 children and adolescents from a single institution in the United States(8-18 years;50%male)without hip *** femoral measurements including the femoral head diameter,femoral head volume,residual volume,asphericity index,and local diameter difference were used to evaluate femoral head *** In both sexes,the residual volume increased by age(P13 years)in females,there were no sex-differences in residual volume and aspherity *** were no age-related changes in mean diameter difference in both sexes(P=0.07)with no significant sex-differences across different age groups(P=0.06).In contrast,there were significant increases in local aspherity(maximum diameter difference)across whole surface of the femoral head and all quadrants except the inferior regions in males(P=0.03).There were no sex-differences in maximum diameter difference at any regions and age group(P>0.05).Increased alpha angle was only correlated to increased mean diameter difference across overall surface of the femoral head(P=0.024).CONCLUSION There is a substantial localized asphericity in asymptomatic hips which increases with age *** 2D measured alpha angle can capture overall asphericity of the femoral head,it may not be sensitive enough to represent regional asphericity patterns.

关键词： Hip Femoral head Sphericity Skeletal growth Sex differences

The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury:an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第6期19卷 1308-1317页

作者： Daniel J.Hellenbrand charles M.Quinn Zachariah J.Piper Ryan T.Elder Raveena R.Mishra Taylor L.Marti Phoebe M.Omuro Rylie M.Roddick Jae Sung Lee William L.Murphy Amgad S.Hanna Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWIUSA Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA Forward BIO Institute University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWIUSA

After spinal cord injury,there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells,which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural ***,a major aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord *** much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord injury,there remain major discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine *** objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury,identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels,and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord *** were inflicted with either a mild contusion,moderate contusion,severe contusion,or complete transection,7 mm of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying times post-injury,and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex *** demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury,but returned to uninjured levels within approximately 24 hours post-injury,while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days *** contrast,several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days *** spinal cord injury,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development,increased more than all other cytokines tested,reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured *** a mild injury,11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms;however,after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male *** conclusion,pro-inflammatory cytokines in

关键词： astrocytes chemokines cytokines inflammation macrophages microglia secondary damage spinal cord injury

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用光纤激光器击毁无人机

科技纵览 2024年第2期 12-13页

作者： charles Q.Choi 不详

采用新型强化技术,实现高强度激光束。用射线枪击毁无人机是光纤激光器的许多潜在应用之一。如今,一项新的研究表明,科学家们已经发现了一种方法,可以在保持较高光束质量的同时,将这些激光器的功率提高约一个数量级。光纤激光器的名字... 详细信息

采用新型强化技术,实现高强度激光束。用射线枪击毁无人机是光纤激光器的许多潜在应用之一。如今,一项新的研究表明,科学家们已经发现了一种方法,可以在保持较高光束质量的同时,将这些激光器的功率提高约一个数量级。光纤激光器的名字源于使用发射激光的材料,它使用的材料是掺有镜等稀土元素的光纤。光纤激光器最初用于工业切割和焊接,它能够提供相当稳定和高质量的高能量光束,在激光武器的现场试验中发挥主导作用。

关键词：光纤激光器激光束高光束质量激光武器强化技术无人机现场试验稀土元素