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CMOS direct conversion X-ray detector coupled with fluorinated liquid

Nuclear Science and Techniques 2025年第1期36卷 59-68页

作者： Shi-Hua Liu chao-song gao Xin Zhang Xiang-Ming Sun Meng Wu Zhi-Hui Han Tong Wan Yong-Shuai Ge Key Laboratory of Quark&Lepton Physics(MOE) Central China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018China Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

X-ray detectors show potential applications in medical imaging,materials science,and nuclear *** achieve high detection efficiency and spatial resolution,many conventional semiconductor materials,such as amorphous selenium,cadmium telluride zinc,and perovskites,have been utilized in direct conversion X-ray ***,these semiconductor materials are susceptible to temperature-induced performance degradation,crystallization,delamination,uneven lattice growth,radiation damage,and high dark *** study explores a new approach by coupling an FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid with a specialized high-resolution and high-readout-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)pixel array,specifically the Topmetal II−chip,to fabricate a direct conversion X-ray *** fluorinated liquid FC40(molecular formula:C_(21)F_(48)N_(2))is an electronic medium that is minimally affected by temperature and displays no issues with uniform *** exhibits a low dark current and minimal radiation damage and enables customizable thickness in X-ray *** addresses the limitations inherent in conventional semiconductor-based *** this study,simple X-ray detector imaging tests were conducted,demonstrating the excellent coupling capability between FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS chips by the X-ray detector.A spatial resolution of 4.0 lp/mm was measured using a striped line par card,and a relatively clear image of a cockroach was displayed in the digital radiography imaging *** test results indicated the feasibility of fabricating an X-ray detector by combining FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS *** to the absence of issues related to chip-material coupling,a high spatial resolution could be achieved by reducing the chip pixel *** method presents a new avenue for studies on novel liquid-based direct conversion X-ray detectors.

关键词： FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid CMOS pixel chip X-ray detector Spatial resolution

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Low-noise and low-power pixel sensor chip for gas pixel detectors

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2024年第3期35卷 142-152页

作者： Zhuo Zhou Shi-Qiang Zhou Dong Wang Xiang-Ming Sun chao-song gao Peng-Zhen Zhu Wei-Ping Ren Jun Liu Mu-Xian Li Chen Lian Chun-Lai Dong PLAC Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics(MOE)Central China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China

Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130 nm CMOS process in *** pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows×512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45μm×45μ*** array is divided into 16 subarrays,with pixels of 400 rows×32 columns per *** pixel incorporates two charge sensors:a diode sensor and a Topmetal *** in-pixel circuit primarily consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier for energy measurements,a discriminator with a peak-holding circuit,and a time-to-amplitude converter for time-of-arrival *** pixel of Topmetal-M2 has a charge input range of~0-3 k e-,a voltage output range of~0-180 mV,and a charge-voltage conversion gain of~59.56μV∕e-.The average equivalent noise charge of Topmetal-M2,which includes the readout electronic system noise,is~43.45 e-.In the scanning mode,the time resolution of Topmetal-M2 is 1 LSB=1.25μs,and the precision is^()7.41μ*** an operating voltage of 1.5 V,Topmetal-M2 has a power consumption of~49 mW∕cm~*** this article,we provide a comprehensive overview of the chip architecture,pixel working principles,and functional behavior of ***,we present the results of preliminary tests conducted on Topmetal-M2,namely,alpha-particle and soft X-ray tests.

关键词： Charge collection Gas detectors Semiconductor detectors X-ray detectors

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Prototype of single-event effect localization system with CMOS pixel sensor

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第11期33卷 10-20页

作者： Jun Liu Zhuo Zhou Dong Wang Shi-Qiang Zhou Xiang-Ming Sun Wei-Ping Ren Bi-Hui You chao-song gao Le Xiao Ping Yang Di Guo Guang-Ming Huang Wei Zhou Cheng-Xin Zhao Min Wang PLAC Key Laboratory of Quark&Lepton Physics(MOE)Central China Normal UniversityWuhan 430079China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

The single-event effect(SEE) is a serious threat to electronics in radiation environments. The most important issue in radiation-hardening studies is the localization of the sensitive region in electronics to the SEE. To solve this problem, a prototype based on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) pixel sensor, i.e., TopmetalM, was designed for SEE localization. A beam test was performed on the prototype at the radiation terminal of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL). The results indicated that the inherent deflection angle of the prototype to the beam was 1.7°, and the angular resolution was 0.6°. The prototype localized heavy ions with a position resolution of 3.4 μm.

关键词： Single-event effect Radiation resistant Topmetal-M

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Oxygen atmosphere enhances ball milling remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and reuse as adsorptive/catalytic materials for wastewater treatment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2025年第1期147卷 652-664页

作者： Pingting gao Simin song Mingxin Wang Meng Yao Jinjuan Xue School of Environmental Science and Engineering Changzhou UniversityChangzhou 213164China Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center Changzhou 213164China

Ball milling is an environmentally friendly technology for the remediation of petroleumcontaminated soil(PCS),but the cleanup of organic pollutants requires a long time,and the post-remediation soil needs an economically viable disposal/reuse strategy due to its vast *** present paper develops a ball milling process under oxygen atmosphere to enhance PCS remediation and reuse the obtained carbonized soil(BCS-O)as wastewater treatment *** total petroleum hydrocarbon removal rates by ball milling under vacuum,air,and oxygen atmospheres are 39.83%,55.21%,and 93.84%,*** Langmuir and pseudo second-order models satisfactorily describe the adsorption capacity and behavior of BCS-O for transition *** Cu^(2+),Ni^(2+),and Mn^(2+)adsorbed onto BCS-O were mainly bound to metal carbonates and metal ***,BCS-O can effectively activate persulfate(PDS)oxidation to degrade aniline,while BCS-O loaded with transition metal(BCS-O-Me)shows better activation efficiency and ***-O and BCS-O-Me activated PDS oxidation systems are dominated by^(1)O_(2)oxidation and electron *** main active sites are oxygen-containing functional groups,vacancy defects,and graphitized *** oxygen-containing functional groups and vacancy defects primarily activate PDS to generate^(1)O_(2)and attack *** carbon promotes aniline degradation by accelerating electron *** paper develops an innovative strategy to simultaneously realize efficient remediation of PCS and sequential reuse of the postremediation soil.

关键词： Petroleum-contaminated soil Ball milling Oxygen atmosphere Pyrolysis Resource utilization

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Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics and their significance in provenance tracing of detrital sediment in major rivers and marginal seas of eastern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第2期68卷 523-537页

作者： Xiaobao gao chao LI Zhifei DUAN Yulong GUO Shouye YANG State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Sr-Nd isotopes are widely utilized as reliable tracers in sediment provenance *** this study,we compiled 304 Sr and 335 Nd isotope data of fine-grained surface sediments collected from major rivers in eastern China,including the Huanghe River,Changjiang River,southeastern coastal rivers,and rivers in Taiwan Island,as well as from marginal seas(Yellow Sea and East China Sea)and the Okinawa *** comprehensive dataset allowed us to examine the spatial distribution patterns of these isotopes and their implications for provenance *** variations ofεNd values in the sediments in Changjiang and Huanghe Basins primarily reflect the diversity of sediment sources,whereas the^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios are influenced by both grain size and source ***,the reduction in^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios observed in the middle and lower Changjiang River is attributed to the inputs of sources characterized by distinct^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr signatures beyond mere grain size *** the southeastern coastal and Taiwan rivers,sediments in the tidal reaches of the Jiao River exhibit hybrid characteristics,a mix of Changjiang-derived sediment and those originating from local ***,the Min River and Jiulong River sediments predominantly reflect local sources,with minimal influence from the Changjiang *** significant isotopic variation of Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics observed between riverine sediments on the eastern and western sides of Taiwan Island underscores the diverse provenance heterogeneity of source rocks in the *** the marginal seas,our data indicates that the surface sediments in the central mud area of the South Yellow Sea and the southern Yellow Sea are predominantly sourced from the Changjiang River catchment,potentially augmented by inputs from Korean *** inner shelf sediments of the East China Sea are primarily influenced by Changjiang River inputs,whereas rivers in eastern Taiwan Island contribute to the sediments on

关键词： Sr-Nd isotope Provenance tracing Detrital sediments Eastern China rivers Marginal seas

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Efficiency improvement for post-sulfurized CIGS solar cells enabled by in situ Na doping

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第2期101卷 324-332页

作者： Zeran gao Yuchen Xiong Jiawen Wang Shanshan Tian Wanlei Dai Haoyu Xu Xinzhan Wang chao gao Yali Sun Wei Yu National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Photovoltaic Devices Key Laboratory of Brain-like Neuromorphic Devices and Systems of Hebei Province Hebei University

Despite sulfurization offers the advantage of improving the photovoltaic performance in preparing Cu（In,Ga）Se2（CIGS） absorbers,deep level defects in the absorber and poor energy level alignment on the front surface are still main obstacles limiting the improvement of power co nversion efficiency（PCE） in sulfided CIGS solar ***,an in-situ Na doping strategy is proposed,in which the tailing effect of crystal growth is used to promote the sulfurization of CIGS *** is found that the grain growth is supported by Na incorporating due to the enrichment of NaSexnear the upper *** high soluble Na during grain growth can not only suppress intrinsic InCudonor defects in the absorber,but also tailor S distribution in bulk and the band alignment at the heterojunction,which are both beneficial for the effective electron ***,the Na aggregation near the bottom of the absorber also contributes to the crystalline quality increasing and favorable ultra-thin MoSe2formation at back contact,resulting in a reduced barrier height conducive to hole *** of the champion device is as high as 16.76% with a 28% *** research offers new insights into synthesizing CIGS solar cells and other chalcogenide solar cells with superior cell performance when using an intense sulfurization process.

关键词： CBO CIGS Defect In situ doping Sulfurization

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An efficient quantum proactive incremental learning algorithm

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第1期68卷 45-53页

作者： Lingxiao Li Jing Li Yanqi song Sujuan Qin Qiaoyan Wen Fei gao State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing 100876China School of Cyberspace Security Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing 100876China

In scenarios where a large amount of data needs to be learned,incremental learning can make full use of old knowledge,signif-icantly reduce the computational cost of the overall learning process,and maintain high *** this paper,taking the MaxCut problem as our example,we introduce the idea of incremental learning into quantum computing,and propose a Quantum Proactive Incremental Learning algorithm(QPIL).Instead of a one-off training of quantum circuit,QPIL contains a multi-phase training on gradually-increased subgraphs of all vertices,proactively reducing large-scale problems to smaller ones to solve in steps,providing an efficient solution for ***,some vertices and corresponding edges are randomly selected for training to obtain optimized parameters of the quantum circuit at ***,in each incremental phase,the remaining vertices and corresponding edges are gradually added and the parameters obtained from the previous phase are reused in the parameter initialization of the current *** perform experiments on 120 different small-scale graphs,and it shows that QPIL performs superior to prevalent quantum and classical baselines in terms of approximation ratio(AR),time cost,anti-forgetting,and solv-ing *** particular,QPIL’s AR surpasses 20%of mainstream quantum baselines,and the time cost is less than 1/5 of *** idea of QPIL is expected to inspire efficient and high-quality solutions in large-scale MaxCut and other combinatorial optimization problems.

关键词： variational quantum algorithm incremental learning multi-phase training MaxCut quantum computing

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Effect of lanthanum on microstructure of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy

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China Foundry 2025年第1期22卷 55-64页

作者： Hong gao Kai Guan Ren-jie Cui Jian-chao Qin Zi-han Zhao Zhao-hui Huang Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory Beijing Institute of Aeronautical MaterialsBeijing 100095China

To enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of a secondgeneration nickel-based superalloy,various concentrations of lanthanum(La)ranging from 5.0×10^(-5)wt.%to 3.4×10^(-4)wt.%are added to the *** microstructure of the nickel-based single crystal superalloy with trace of La was examined by means of SEM,EDS and *** show the addition of La decreases the segregation of elements and increases the amount ofγ/γ′eutectics of the as-cast alloy,and in the interdendritic region,the growth of eutectics is accompanied by the growth of strip clusters composed of Ni_(5)La and Ni_(3)*** the La content in the alloy increases,the proportion of Ni_(5)La in the cluster *** heat treatment,incipient melting occurs in the cluster regions,leading to an increase in microporosity compared to the original as-cast ***,the heat treatment alters the shape of the clusters from a strip morphology to an elliptical one,and it changes their composition from Ni_(5)La and Ni_(3)Ta to a combination of Ni_(5)La,Ni_(3)Ta,and MC carbides.

关键词： single crystal superalloy lanthanum microstructure heat-treatment precipitate phase

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Fabrication of flake-like NiCo_(2)O_(4)/reduced graphene oxide/melamine-derived carbon foam as an excellent microwave absorber

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2025年第3期32卷 556-565页

作者： Konghu Tian Hang Yang chao Zhang Ruiwen Shu Qun Shao Xiaowei Liu Kaipeng gao The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology(Huainan First People’s Hospital) Huainan 232001China Analysis and Test Center Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China School of Chemical and Blasting Engineering Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China

Carbon-based foams with a three-dimensional structure can serve as a lightweight template for the rational design and control-lable preparation of metal oxide/carbon-based composite microwave absorption *** this study,a flake-like nickel cobaltate/re-duced graphene oxide/melamine-derived carbon foam(FNC/RGO/MDCF)was successfully fabricated through a combination of solvo-thermal treatment and high-temperature *** indicated that RGO was evenly distributed in the MDCF skeleton,providing ef-fective support for the load growth of FNC on its *** S3,the FNC/RGO/MDCF composite prepared by solvothermal method for 16 h,exhibited a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of-66.44 dB at a thickness of 2.29 *** the thickness was reduced to 1.50 mm,the optimal effective absorption bandwidth was 3.84 *** of the absorption mechanism of FNC/RGO/MDCF revealed that its excellent absorption performance was primarily attributed to the combined effects of conduction loss,multiple reflection,scattering,in-terface polarization,and dipole polarization.

关键词： carbon foam reduced graphene oxide flake-like nickel cobaltate microwave absorbing materials

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Novel Low-Carbon Optimal Operation Method for Flexible Distribution Network Based on Carbon Emission Flow

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Energy Engineering 2025年第2期122卷 785-803页

作者： chao gao Kai Niu Wenjing Chen Changwei Wang Yabin Chen Rui Qu Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Construction Promotion Office of Guangdong Power Grid Co. Ltd.Guangzhou510030China School of Electrical Engineering Northeast Electric Power UniversityJilin132012China School of Electrical Engineering Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116China

With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more *** this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is ***,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent ***,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 *** findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.

关键词： Flexible distribution network carbon emission flow distributed generation soft open points

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