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Watershed science:Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第5期64卷 677-690页

作者： chansheng he L.Allan JAMES Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooM149008USA Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System(Ministry of Education)College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA

Over the past decades,a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes,such as ecohydrology,global hydrology,sociohydrology,supply management,demand management,and integrated water resources management(IWRM).At the same time,rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing,mapping,remote sensing,machine learning,and modelling technologies in hydrological *** those programs and advancements,a water crisis is intensifying *** missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)at multiple spatial *** the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management,watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing *** study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management,and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water ***,it describes the core components of watershed science:(1)hydrological analysis;(2)water-operation policies;(3)governance;(4)management and *** framework takes into account water availability,water uses,and water quality;explicitly focuses on the storage,fluxes,and quality of the hydrological cycle;defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework;and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources *** provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs.

关键词： Water crisis Hydrology Watershed science Integrated water resources management(IWRM)

In situ observations of soil hydraulic properties and soil moisture in a high,cold mountainous area of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第8期66卷 1757-1775页

作者： Jie TIAN Baoqing ZHANG Xuejin WANG chansheng he Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Environmentand TourismWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMichigan 49009USA Dayekou Hydrological Process Observation and Research Station Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Information on soil hydraulic properties(SHPs)and soil moisture(SM)is essential to understand and model water and energy cycles at terrestrial ***,information regarding these soil properties in existing datasets is often scarce and inaccurate for high,cold mountainous areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).To help bridge this gap,we have compiled an SHP and SM dataset for the northeastern QTP(a major high,cold mountainous area)using measurements of soil collected at 5 and 25 cm depths from 206 sampling sites,and in-situ observations from 32 SM monitoring stations at 5,15,25,40,and 60 cm *** used this dataset to explore large-scale variations(spatial and temporal)in SHPs and SM across the study *** also evaluated several widely used SHP(soil texture,bulk density,and saturated hydraulic conductivity)and SM datasets derived by remote-sensing methods,reanalysis and data *** datasets showed that SM significantly decreases from the southeastern part to the northwestern part in the study area,and SM decreases with increases in depth over 0–70 ***,the regional annual SM showed decreased trend from 2014 to 2020 in the study ***,we detected substantial bias in the currently available large SHP datasets,which do not capture the spatial variability recorded in the in-situ ***,clay and sand estimates from both HWSD and SoilGrid datasets were significantly overestimated,and silt was significantly underestimated within the depth of 0–30 cm in the study *** also found that SM values derived from remote sensing datasets fitted the in-situ SM observations better than those derived from the reanalysis data(which had higher bias)and data assimilation(which did not capture the temporal variability of SM).Our findings emphasize the unneglectable bias of the widely-used large-scale SHP datasets,especially for the soil texture ***,an urgent need for large-scale field sampling of SHP in mountainous

关键词： Mountainous areas Soil hydraulic properties Soil moisture Soil property datasets Soil moisture datasets

Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第4期62卷 703-718页

作者： Lanhui ZHANG chansheng he Mingmin ZHANG Yi ZHU Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System (Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest *** show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS ***, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

关键词： SMOS SMAP Evaluation Different vegetation types Sparse in situ networks Arid mountainous watershed

Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China

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Ecosystem health and Sustainability 2017年第11期3卷 2-13页

作者： Yaowen Xie Qiang Bie chansheng he School of Earth and Environmental Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina The Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems Ministry of Education(MOE)LanzhouChina Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina

Introduction:Arid area is an important base for human settlement,however,long and drastic human activities have altered the drainage patterns in the arid watersheds significantly,causing serious ecological *** study,through a case study of the Minqin Basin,a microcosm of the artificial oases in the arid northwest China,used the multitypes of data to recover the spatial distribution of human settlement and drainage patterns during historical period and analyze the relationship between them over the past 2000 ***:Before the Han Dynasty(121 BC),the utilization of water resources in the Minqin Basin was in the primitive stage and the drainage pattern maintained the natural *** the Han(121 BC-220)to the Wei-Jin Dynasties(220-316),the utilization of water resources intensified unprecedentedly,but the natural shape of the river systems was still *** the following 1,000 years or so,the drainage pattern was in the state of“following its own course”due to the small human *** the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),with the alteration of the main rivers,the water resource utilization increased obviously,but the human reclamations were mainly confined to the southern part of the *** the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),the reclamation of the Liulin Lake area significantly changed the drainage patterns,resulted in the drastically northward expansion of human *** the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in 1949,the artificial water system completely replaced the natural water system and intensified the ecological problems in the ***:The changes over the past 2000 years show the drastic impacts of human activities on the alterations of the drainage patterns and related ecological problems in the arid Northwest ***:Rehabilitation of such ecological impairments requires both ecological restoration projects and changes in human paradigm and behavior over multiple temporal and spatial scales.

关键词： Minqin Basin Chinese Dynasties human settlement utilization of water resources drainage pattern

Evaluation of Precipitation Datasets from TRMM Satellite and Down-scaled Reanalysis Products with Bias-correction in Middle Qilian Mountain,China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2021年第3期31卷 474-490页

作者： ZHANG Lanhui he chansheng TIAN Wei ZHU Yi Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazoo Michigan 49008USA

Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex *** study compares and evaluates two kinds of precipitation datasets,the reanalysis product downscaled by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)output,and the satellite product,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)product,as well as their bias-corrected datasets in the Middle Qilian Mountain in Northwest *** show that the WRF output with finer resolution perfonns well in both estimating precipitation and hydrological simulation,while the TMPA product is unreliable in high mountainous ***,bias-corrected WRF output also performs better than bias-corrected TMPA *** with the previous studies,atmospheric reanalysis datasets are more suitable than the satellite products in high mountainous *** is more important than altitude for the\falseAlarms'events of the TRMM *** to focus on the tropical areas,the TMPA product mistakes certain meteorological situations for precipitation in subhumid and semiarid areas,thus causing significant"falseAlarms"events and leading to significant overestimations and unreliable *** linear bias correction method,only removing systematical errors,can significantly improves the accuracy of both the WRF output and the TMPA product in arid high mountainous areas with data *** by hydrological simulations,the bias-corrected WRF output is more reliable than the gauge ***,data merging of the WRF output and gauge observations would provide more reliable precipitation estimations in arid high mountainous areas.

关键词： evaluation Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation bias correction high mountainous areas

Watershed science:Bridging new advances in hydrological science with good management of river basins

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第1期58卷 1-2页

作者： LI Xin ZHANG GanLin he chansheng Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Research School of Arid Environment and Climate Change Lanzhou University

Watershed science traditionally refers to the themes of hydrology and water resource management. Watershed science has been experiencing a rapid evolution that thrives on a forceful superimposition of multi-discipline and innovative earth ob- serving and information techniques. The water and its interactions with other systems in a watershed is increasingly becom- ing a focus in scientific communities, and several new disciplines such as ecohydrology, ecoeconomics, environmental hy- drogeology and hydroinformatics have emerged in recent years. From a water-soil-air-plant-human perspective, an integrated study should be implemented regarding a basin in its totality; this new science is called watershed science （Cheng et al., 2014）.

关键词：水文科学流域科学流域管理水资源管理科学传统信息技术生态水文水文信息

Water sustainability and watershed ecosystem health

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Ecosystem health and Sustainability 2018年第10期4卷 7-8页

作者： chansheng he Frank Winde Western Michigan University North-West University Republic of South Africa

Climate change and human activities have unprecedentedly altered the hydrological processes and ecosystem services of watersheds all over the world,causing or exacerbating local and regional water crises,threatening ecosystem integrity,and compromising water *** the effects of interactions and dynamics of such coupled human and natural systems on eco-hydrological processes at the watershed scale is essential for addressing and adapting to global environmental change.

关键词： watershed ecosystem services

A Modified Groundwater Module in SWAT for Improved Streamflow Simulation in a Large, Arid Endorheic River Watershed in Northwest China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2018年第1期28卷 47-60页

作者： JIN Xin he chansheng ZHANG Lanhui ZHANG Baoqing College of Geographical Science Qinghai Normal University Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education) Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science College of Environment and Earth Science Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Interactions between surface water and groundwater are dynamic and complex in large endorheic river watersheds in Northwest China due to the influence of both irrigation practices and the local terrain. These interactions interchange numerous times throughout the middle reaches, making streamflow simulation a challenge in endorheic river watersheds. In this study, we modified the linear-reservoir groundwater module in SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tools, a widely used hydrological model) with a new nonlinear relationship to better represent groundwater processes; we then applied the original SWAT and modified SWAT to the heihe River Watershed, the second largest endorheic river watershed in Northwest China, to simulate streamflow. After calibrating both the original SWAT model and the modified SWAT model, we analyzed model performance during two periods: an irrigation period and a non-irrigation period. Our results show that the modified SWAT model with the nonlinear groundwater module performed significantly better during both the irrigation and non-irrigation periods. Moreover, after comparing different runoff components simulated by the two models, the results show that, after the implementation of the new nonlinear groundwater module in SWAT, proportions of runoff components changed-and the groundwater flow had significantly increased, dominating the discharge season. Therefore, SWAT coupled with the non-linear groundwater module represents the complex hydrological process in the study area more realistically. Moreover, the results for various runoff components simulated by the modified SWAT models can be used to describe the hydrological characteristics of lowland areas. This indicates that the modified SWAT model is applicable to simulate complex hydrological process of arid endorheic rivers.

关键词： Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) groundwater irrigation streamflow heihe River

Development of an Instant Correction and Display System of Numerical Weather Prediction Products in China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2014年第6期24卷 682-693页

作者： ZHANG Lanhui WANG Shigong ZHANG Yu he chansheng JIN Xin Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System of Ministry of EducationLanzhou University Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province College of Atmospheric SciencesLanzhou University College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University KalamazooMI 49008-5424USA

This paper presents the development of numerical prediction products(NPP) correction and display system(NPPCDS) for rapid and effective post-processing and displaying of the T213 NPP(numerical prediction products of the medium range numerical weather prediction spectral model T213L31) through instant correction method. The NPPCDS consists of two modules: an automatic correction module and a graphical display module. The automatic correction module automatically corrects the T213 NPP at regularly scheduled time intervals, while the graphical display module interacts with users to display the T213 NPP and its correction results. The system helps forecasters extract the most relevant information at a quick glance without extensive post-processing. It is simple, easy to use, and computationally efficient, and has been running stably at Huludao Meteorological Bureau in Liaoning Province of China for the past three years. Because of its low computational costs, it is particularly useful for meteorological departments that lack advanced computing capacity and still need to make short-range weather forecasting.

关键词： numerical prediction products (NPP) SharpMap post-processing instant correction method (ICM) numerical predictionproducts correction and display system (NPPCDS)