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In situ observations of soil hydraulic properties and soil moisture in a high,cold mountainous area of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第8期66卷 1757-1775页

作者： Jie TIAN Baoqing ZHANG Xuejin WANG chansheng he Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Environmentand TourismWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMichigan 49009USA Dayekou Hydrological Process Observation and Research Station Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Information on soil hydraulic properties(SHPs)and soil moisture(SM)is essential to understand and model water and energy cycles at terrestrial surfaces.However,information regarding these soil properties in existing datasets is often scarce and inaccurate for high,cold mountainous areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).To help bridge this gap,we have compiled an SHP and SM dataset for the northeastern QTP(a major high,cold mountainous area)using measurements of soil collected at 5 and 25 cm depths from 206 sampling sites,and in-situ observations from 32 SM monitoring stations at 5,15,25,40,and 60 cm depths.We used this dataset to explore large-scale variations(spatial and temporal)in SHPs and SM across the study area.We also evaluated several widely used SHP(soil texture,bulk density,and saturated hydraulic conductivity)and SM datasets derived by remote-sensing methods,reanalysis and data assimilation.Our datasets showed that SM significantly decreases from the southeastern part to the northwestern part in the study area,and SM decreases with increases in depth over 0–70 cm.Moreover,the regional annual SM showed decreased trend from 2014 to 2020 in the study area.Additionally,we detected substantial bias in the currently available large SHP datasets,which do not capture the spatial variability recorded in the in-situ observations.Especially,clay and sand estimates from both HWSD and SoilGrid datasets were significantly overestimated,and silt was significantly underestimated within the depth of 0–30 cm in the study area.We also found that SM values derived from remote sensing datasets fitted the in-situ SM observations better than those derived from the reanalysis data(which had higher bias)and data assimilation(which did not capture the temporal variability of SM).Our findings emphasize the unneglectable bias of the widely-used large-scale SHP datasets,especially for the soil texture data.Thus,an urgent need for large-scale field sampling of SHP in mountainous areas.The in-situ observation dataset presented

关键词： Mountainous areas Soil hydraulic properties Soil moisture Soil property datasets Soil moisture datasets

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Watershed science:Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第5期64卷 677-690页

作者： chansheng he L.Allan JAMES Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooM149008USA Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System(Ministry of Education)College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA

Over the past decades,a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes,such as ecohydrology,global hydrology,sociohydrology,supply management,demand management,and integrated water resources management(IWRM).At the same time,rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing,mapping,remote sensing,machine learning,and modelling technologies in hydrological research.Despite those programs and advancements,a water crisis is intensifying globally.The missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)at multiple spatial scales.Since the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management,watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing link.This study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management,and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water community.Subsequently,it describes the core components of watershed science:(1)hydrological analysis;(2)water-operation policies;(3)governance;(4)management and feedback.The framework takes into account water availability,water uses,and water quality;explicitly focuses on the storage,fluxes,and quality of the hydrological cycle;defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework;and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources management.It provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs.

关键词： Water crisis Hydrology Watershed science Integrated water resources management(IWRM)

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Quantifying drivers of the sediment load reduction in the Yellow River Basin

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National Science Review 2016年第2期3卷 155-156页

作者： chansheng he Center for Dryland Water Research and Watershed Science Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Human activities have significantly changed the transport and fluxes of terrestrial sediment of global rivers,trapping over 100 billion metric tons of sediment in reservoirs worldwide,

关键词： load Quantifying drivers of the sediment load reduction in the Yellow River Basin

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Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第4期62卷 703-718页

作者： Lanhui ZHANG chansheng he Mingmin ZHANG Yi ZHU Key Laboratory of West China’s Environmental System (Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest China.Results show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS product.Moreover, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

关键词： SMOS SMAP Evaluation Different vegetation types Sparse in situ networks Arid mountainous watershed

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Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China

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Ecosystem health and Sustainability 2017年第11期3卷 2-13页

作者： Yaowen Xie Qiang Bie chansheng he School of Earth and Environmental Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina The Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems Ministry of Education(MOE)LanzhouChina Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina

Introduction:Arid area is an important base for human settlement,however,long and drastic human activities have altered the drainage patterns in the arid watersheds significantly,causing serious ecological consequences.This study,through a case study of the Minqin Basin,a microcosm of the artificial oases in the arid northwest China,used the multitypes of data to recover the spatial distribution of human settlement and drainage patterns during historical period and analyze the relationship between them over the past 2000 years.Outcomes:Before the Han Dynasty(121 BC),the utilization of water resources in the Minqin Basin was in the primitive stage and the drainage pattern maintained the natural state.From the Han(121 BC-220)to the Wei-Jin Dynasties(220-316),the utilization of water resources intensified unprecedentedly,but the natural shape of the river systems was still maintained.In the following 1,000 years or so,the drainage pattern was in the state of“following its own course”due to the small human population.In the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),with the alteration of the main rivers,the water resource utilization increased obviously,but the human reclamations were mainly confined to the southern part of the basin.In the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),the reclamation of the Liulin Lake area significantly changed the drainage patterns,resulted in the drastically northward expansion of human settlement.Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in 1949,the artificial water system completely replaced the natural water system and intensified the ecological problems in the basin.Discussion:The changes over the past 2000 years show the drastic impacts of human activities on the alterations of the drainage patterns and related ecological problems in the arid Northwest China.Conclusion:Rehabilitation of such ecological impairments requires both ecological restoration projects and changes in human paradigm and behavior over multiple temporal and spatial scales.

关键词： Minqin Basin Chinese Dynasties human settlement utilization of water resources drainage pattern

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Applicability of cosmic-ray neutron sensor for measuring soil moisture at the agricultural-pastoral ecotone in northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第11期63卷 1730-1744页

作者： Xingyan TAN Lanhui ZHANG chansheng he Yuzuo ZHU Zhibo HAN Xuliang LI Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooMI 49008USA

Accurate monitoring of soil moisture is crucial in hydrological and ecological studies.Cosmic-ray neutron sensors(CRNS)measure area-average soil moisture at field scale,filling a spatial scale gap between in-situ observations and remote sensing measurements.However,its applicability has not been assessed in the agricultural-pastoral ecotone,a data scarce semiarid and arid region in Northwest China(APENC).In this study,we calibrated and assessed the CRNS(the standard N0 method)estimates of soil moisture.Results show that Pearson correlation coefficient,RP,and the root mean square error(RMSE)between the CRNS soil moisture and the gravimetric soil moisture are 0.904 and less than 0.016 m3 m–3,respectively,indicating that the CRNS is able to estimate the area-average soil moisture well at our study site.Compared with the in-situ sensor network measurements(ECH2O sensors),the CRNS is more sensitive to the changes in moisture in its footprint,which overestimates and underestimates the soil moisture under precipitation and dry conditions,respectively.The three shape parameters a0,a1,a2 in the standard calibration equation(N0 method)are not well suited to the study area.The calibrated parameters improved the accuracy of the CRNS soil moisture estimates.Due to the lack of low gravimetric soil moisture data,performance of the calibrated N0 function is still poor in the extremely dry conditions.Moreover,aboveground biomass including vegetation biomass,canopy interception and widely developed biological soil crusts adds to the uncertainty of the CRNS soil moisture estimates.Such biomass impacts need to be taken into consideration to further improve the accuracy of soil moisture estimation by the CRNS in the data scarce areas such as agricultural-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China.

关键词： Soil moisture Cosmic-ray neutron sensor In-situ observations The agricultural-pastoral ecotone in Northwest China(APENC)

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Water sustainability and watershed ecosystem health

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Ecosystem health and Sustainability 2018年第10期4卷 7-8页

作者： chansheng he Frank Winde Western Michigan University North-West University Republic of South Africa

Climate change and human activities have unprecedentedly altered the hydrological processes and ecosystem services of watersheds all over the world,causing or exacerbating local and regional water crises,threatening ecosystem integrity,and compromising water sustainability.Understanding the effects of interactions and dynamics of such coupled human and natural systems on eco-hydrological processes at the watershed scale is essential for addressing and adapting to global environmental change.

关键词： watershed ecosystem services

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Comparison of water resources management between China and the United States

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Geography and Sustainability 2020年第2期1卷 98-108页

作者： chansheng he Carol P.Harden Yanxu Liu Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooMI 49008United States Department of Geography University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996United States State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

As the world’s top two economies,the United States(U.S.)and China face a number of similar water resources problems.Yet,few studies have been done to systematically compare policies and approaches on water resources management between China and the U.S.This study compares water resources policies of China and the U.S.in the areas of national authority,water supply,water quality,and ecosystem use of the water to draw lessons learned and shed light on water resources management in China,the U.S.,and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the comparison include six aspects.1)New paradigms of people-water harmony and a water-saving society are urgently needed to address the pressing water crisis and achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs).2)A comprehensive,consistent,forward-looking national policy is necessary to achieve sustainable use of water resources.3)Empowerment of river basin commissions with comprehensive authority over the integrative management of air,land,water,and biological resources in the river basin could significantly enhance the benefits and effectiveness of economic development and environmental protection.4)Expansion of water exchange through market mechanisms among water users promotes efficient and beneficial water uses.5)Use of water for ecosystem services should be an integral part of water resources management.China has set up a national blueprint for achieving ecological civilization;maintaining appropriate amounts of flow in rivers and lakes for maintenance of wildlife and fisheries and ecosystems should be institutionalized as part of this national strategy as well.6)By sharing their rich experiences and lessons in water resources management,economic development,and ecological protection with other countries,China and the U.S.can help the world to achieve global human-water harmony and the UN SDGs.

关键词： Water resources management Comparative analysis China The United States

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Evaluation of Precipitation Datasets from TRMM Satellite and Down-scaled Reanalysis Products with Bias-correction in Middle Qilian Mountain,China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2021年第3期31卷 474-490页

作者： ZHANG Lanhui he chansheng TIAN Wei ZHU Yi Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Western Michigan UniversityKalamazoo Michigan 49008USA

Accurate estimates of precipitation are fundamental for hydrometeorological and ecohydrological studies,but are more difficult in high mountainous areas because of the high elevation and complex terrain.This study compares and evaluates two kinds of precipitation datasets,the reanalysis product downscaled by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)output,and the satellite product,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA)product,as well as their bias-corrected datasets in the Middle Qilian Mountain in Northwest China.Results show that the WRF output with finer resolution perfonns well in both estimating precipitation and hydrological simulation,while the TMPA product is unreliable in high mountainous areas.Moreover,bias-corrected WRF output also performs better than bias-corrected TMPA product.Combined with the previous studies,atmospheric reanalysis datasets are more suitable than the satellite products in high mountainous areas.Climate is more important than altitude for the\falseAlarms'events of the TRMM product.Designed to focus on the tropical areas,the TMPA product mistakes certain meteorological situations for precipitation in subhumid and semiarid areas,thus causing significant"falseAlarms"events and leading to significant overestimations and unreliable performance.Simple linear bias correction method,only removing systematical errors,can significantly improves the accuracy of both the WRF output and the TMPA product in arid high mountainous areas with data scarcity.Evaluated by hydrological simulations,the bias-corrected WRF output is more reliable than the gauge dataset.Thus,data merging of the WRF output and gauge observations would provide more reliable precipitation estimations in arid high mountainous areas.

关键词： evaluation Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation bias correction high mountainous areas

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A Modified Groundwater Module in SWAT for Improved Streamflow Simulation in a Large, Arid Endorheic River Watershed in Northwest China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2018年第1期28卷 47-60页

作者： JIN Xin he chansheng ZHANG Lanhui ZHANG Baoqing College of Geographical Science Qinghai Normal University Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education) Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science College of Environment and Earth Science Lanzhou University Department of Geography Western Michigan University

Interactions between surface water and groundwater are dynamic and complex in large endorheic river watersheds in Northwest China due to the influence of both irrigation practices and the local terrain. These interactions interchange numerous times throughout the middle reaches, making streamflow simulation a challenge in endorheic river watersheds. In this study, we modified the linear-reservoir groundwater module in SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tools, a widely used hydrological model) with a new nonlinear relationship to better represent groundwater processes; we then applied the original SWAT and modified SWAT to the heihe River Watershed, the second largest endorheic river watershed in Northwest China, to simulate streamflow. After calibrating both the original SWAT model and the modified SWAT model, we analyzed model performance during two periods: an irrigation period and a non-irrigation period. Our results show that the modified SWAT model with the nonlinear groundwater module performed significantly better during both the irrigation and non-irrigation periods. Moreover, after comparing different runoff components simulated by the two models, the results show that, after the implementation of the new nonlinear groundwater module in SWAT, proportions of runoff components changed-and the groundwater flow had significantly increased, dominating the discharge season. Therefore, SWAT coupled with the non-linear groundwater module represents the complex hydrological process in the study area more realistically. Moreover, the results for various runoff components simulated by the modified SWAT models can be used to describe the hydrological characteristics of lowland areas. This indicates that the modified SWAT model is applicable to simulate complex hydrological process of arid endorheic rivers.

关键词：地下水流动分水岭流水量修改模块中国西北流速

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