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Newton design:designing CNNs with the family of Newton's methods

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2023年第6期66卷 122-137页

作者： Zhengyang SHEN Yibo YANG Qi SHE changhu wang Jinwen MA Zhouchen LIN School of Mathematical Sciences Peking University Bytedance AI Lab JD Explore Academy Key Laboratory of Machine Perception School of Intelligence Science and TechnologyPeking University Pazhou Lab

Nowadays, convolutional neural networks(CNNs)have led the developments of machine ***, most CNN architectures are obtained by manual design, which is empirical, time-consuming, and non-transparent. In this paper, we aim at offering better insight into CNN models from the perspective of optimization theory. We propose a unified framework for understanding and designing CNN architectures with the family of Newton’s methods, which is referred to as Newton design. Specifically, we observe that the standard feedforward CNN model(PlainNet)solves an optimization problem via a kind of quasi-Newton method. Interestingly, residual network(ResNet)can also be derived if we use a more general quasi-Newton method to solve this problem. Based on the above observations, we solve this problem via a better method,the Newton-conjugate-gradient(Newton-CG)method, which inspires Newton-CGNet. In the network design,we translate binary-value terms in the optimization schemes to dropout layers, so dropout modules naturally appear in the derived CNN structures with specific locations, rather than being an empirical training *** experiments on image classification and text categorization tasks verify that Newton-CGNets perform very competitively. Particularly, Newton-CGNets surpass their counterparts ResNets by over 4% on CIFAR-10 and over 10% on CIFAR-100, respectively.

关键词： CNN dropout optimization method network design Newton's method

Trimethylamine N-oxide generation process was influenced by the proportion and source of macronutrients in the diet

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第2期13卷 649-658页

作者： Chengcheng wang Xuefeng Duan Xiaoyue Li Jinyue Yang changhu Xue Teruyoshi Yanagita Tiantian Zhang Yuming wang College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food ScienceSaga UniversitySaga 840-8502Japan

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a risk factor of various chronic diseases,which was produced by metabolism from precursors to trimethylamine(TMA)in gut and the oxidation from TMA in *** TMA generation was influenced by diet,mainly due to the rich TMAO precursors in ***,it was still unclear that the effects of different proportion and source of macronutrients in different dietary pattern on the production process of ***,the generation of TMA from precursors and TMAO from TMA was determined after single oral choline chloride and intraperitoneal injection TMA,respectively,in mice fed with carbohydrates,proteins and fats in different proportion and *** results suggested that the generation of TMAO was increased by low non-meat protein and high fat via enhancing the production of TMAO from TMA,and decreased by plant protein and refined sugar via reducing TMA production from precursors in gut and TMAO transformation from TMA in *** high fat and high sugar diets accelerating the development of atherosclerosis did not increase the production of TMAO,the risk factor for atherosclerosis,which indicated that the dietary compositions rather than the elevated TMAO level might be a more key risk factor for atherosclerosis.

关键词： Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO) Trimethylamine(TMA) Dietary composition Macronutrients Gut microbiota

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Effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in healthy mice

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第1期13卷 137-145页

作者： Wenxian Dang Rong Li Jinyue Yang changhu Xue Qingrong Huang Yuming wang Tiantian Zhang College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Department of Food Science Rutgers State University New BrunswickNJ 08901USA

Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological *** is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in ***,knowledge of the effect of alcohol on the absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins is *** effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in BALB/c mice were investigated after gavage and tail intravenous *** results showed that the content of saponins in serum and liver was significantly higher under the influence of alcohol than that in the control group after oral *** promoted the absorption of sea cucumber saponins prototype as well as inhibited the process of saponins being transformed into deglycositic metabolites in the small ***,sea cucumber saponins remained in circulation for a long time and alcohol slowed down the clearance of sea cucumber saponins under the influence of alcohol after intravenous *** confirmed the feasibility of marinating sea cucumber in Baijiu to improve the efficacy of saponins and provides an important theoretical basis for the utilization of sea cucumber and the development of sea cucumber liquor.

关键词： Holothurin A Echinoside A Alcohol Absorption Metabolism

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Docosahexaenoic acid-acylated astaxanthin monoester enhances microglial autophagy for ameliorating amyloid-β load and cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer’s disease

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年

作者： Xiaoxu wang Bo Dong Yu Song Zhigao wang Yuming wang Jie Xu changhu Xue State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China College of Marine Life Sciences Ocean University of China Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

Autophagy directly regulates the amyloid-peptides （Aβ） clearance， and its dysfunction occurs in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease （AD）. We previously reported that docosahexaenoic acid-acylated astaxanthin monoester （AST-DHA） showed neuroprotection against AD pathology. However， its in-depth mechanism and autophagic responses in AD brains are poorly understood. Herein， SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the APP gene were established to preliminarily evaluate the actions of AST-DHA on reducing Aβ1-42levels and regulating autophagy. In microglial BV2 cells， AST-DHA and free astaxanthin （F-AST） recovered p62 and LC3II/I levels， and restored autophagy flux by rescuing the late phase of microglial autophagy. Notably， autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A1 blunted the abilities of AST-DHA to reduce Aβ1-42and fibral Aβ， suggesting that AST-DHA probably promoted Aβ clearance in a microglial autophagy-dependent manner. Further studies in APP/PS1 mice verified that dietary AST-DHA and F-AST promoted Aβ phagocytosis via microglial autophagy. Significant decreases of Iba1 and p62 levels were observed around Aβ plaque in the hippocampus and cortex using triple fluorescence staining. Furthermore， AST-DHA exhibited superior performance over F-AST in restoring autophagic dysfunction， ameliorating Aβ burden and cognitive deficit. Our findings suggest a possible mechanism of AST-DHA in improving AD by which it restores microglial autophagy to facilitate cerebral Aβ clearance. It supports the future application of AST-DHA as an autophagic regulator in maintaining brain function.

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Sea cucumber derived sulfated sterols alter glucose metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis and reducing glycogenesis in healthy mice

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年

作者： Shanyun Yu Teng wang Yingcai Zhao Xiaoyue Li changhu Xue Yuming wang Tiantian Zhang SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Sanya Institute of Oceanography Ocean University of China

Sea cucumber derived sulfated sterols (SS) significantly ameliorated insulin resistance and decreased lipid accumulation compared to plant sterols. Interestingly， our recent study found that intervention with sea cucumber sulfated sterols could significantly increase blood glucose levels of healthy mice in the presence of glucose， while cholesterol sulfate， as one of sulfated sterols， did not have the same effect. However， the exact mechanism of SS on glucose metabolism is still unknown. In the present study， we investigated the potential mechanism by which SS influenced blood glucose homeostasis in healthy mice. Results showed that intervention with sea cucumber sulfated sterols did not affect the levels of hormones related to glucose metabolism， while led to a significant decrease in the synthesis of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen. Besides， the expression of proteins associated with the promotion of gluconeogenesis dramatically increased in the mice intervened with sea cucumber sulfated sterols. These findings suggested that sea cucumber sulfated sterols might change blood glucose metabolism in healthy mice by reducing glycogenesis and promoting gluconeogenesis.

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一种双层多糖水凝胶用于增强益生菌肠道靶向口服递送

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Engineering 2024年第3期34卷 187-194页

作者： Wen-Can Huang Wenjie wang Wei wang Yanan Hao changhu Xue Xiangzhao Mao State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266404China. Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237China Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology Qingdao 266404China Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products China National Light IndustryQingdao 266404China

Transplantation of probiotics to the intestine can positively regulate the gut microbiota,thereby promoting the immune system and treating various ***,the harsh gastrointestinal environment and short retention time in the gastrointestinal tract significantly limit the bioavailability and intestinal colonization of ***,we present a double-layer polysaccharide hydrogel(DPH)in the form of a double-layer structure composed of a carboxymethyl cellulose(CMCL)supramolecular inner layer and a dialdehyde alginate(DAA)cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS)outer *** doublelayer structure allows DPH to encapsulate and deliver probiotics in a targeted manner within the *** the stomach,the cage structure of the DPH is closed,and the outer layer absorbs surrounding liquids to form a barrier to protect the probiotics from gastric *** the intestine,the cage structure opens and disintegrates,releasing the ***,DPH endows probiotics with excellent intestine-targeted delivery,improved oral bioavailability,enhanced gastrointestinal tract tolerance,and robust mucoadhesion *** encapsulated probiotics exhibit almost unchanged bioactivity in the gastrointestinal tract before release,as well as improved oral *** particular,probiotics encapsulated by DPH exhibit 100.1 times higher bioavailability and 10.6 times higher mucoadhesion than free probiotics in an animal model 48 h *** addition,with a remarkable ability to survive and be retained in the intestine,probiotics encapsulated by DPH show excellent in vitro and in vivo competition with ***,DAA-mediated dynamic crosslinking not only maintains the overall integrity of the hydrogels but also controls the release timing of the ***,it is expected that encapsulated substances(probiotics,proteins,etc.)can be delivered to specific sites of the intestinal tract by means of DPH,by controlling the dynamic covalent crosslinking.

关键词： Polysaccharides Chitosan Hydrogels Oral delivery Intestine-targeted

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Reduction of Cd in Rice through Expression of OXS3-like Gene Fragments

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Molecular Plant 2016年第2期9卷 301-304页

作者： wang, changhu Guo, Weili Ye, Shan Wei, Pengcheng Ow, David W. Chinese Acad Sci South China Bot Garden Plant Gene Engn Ctr 723 Xingke Rd Guangzhou 510650 Guangdong Peoples R China Anhui Acad Agr Sci Inst Rice Res Hefei 230031 Peoples R China

Dear Editor,Cadmium （Cd） is a toxic heavy metal and carcinogen, and its en- try into the food chain has serious effects on food security and public health （Uraguchi et al., 2011）. As rice is a staple food crop for half of the world＇s population, Cd in rice grain has become a major source of dietary Cd for this part of the world.

关键词： become effective decided