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characterization of Arroyo Verde Epithermal Deposit:Paragenesis,Mineral Geochemistry,Geochronology and Fluid Inclusions in Lower chon Aike Volcanism,Argentina

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 62-84页

作者： cecilia Pavón Pivetta Leonardo Benedini Paulo Marcos Ma.Agustina cócola Mercedes Virginia Barros Daniel Gregori Leonardo Strazzere Anderson costa dos Santos Mauro c.Geraldes Instituto Geologico del Sur(INGEOSUR) Universidad Nacional del Sur(UNS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas(CONICET)Bahia Blanca 8000Argentina Dpto.de Geologia Universidad Nacional del Sur(UNS)Bahia Blanca 8000Argentina Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro Instituto de Investigacion en Paleobiologia y GeologiaGeneral Roca 8332Argentina Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Faculdade de GeologiaDepartamento de Mineralogia e Petrologia igneaRiodeJaneiro20559-900Brazil Geobiotec Departamento de GeocienciasUniversidade de AveiroAveiro 3800-002Portuga

Arroyo Verde epithermal deposit,in the North Patagonia region of Argentina,is located within the Lower chon Aike volcanism and is developed between 192.6±2.5 Ma(mineralization host rock)and 189.5±2.6 Ma(overlying lava).Marifil volcanic complex is the host rock for these veins,veinlets and breccias.This particular small deposit has developed low to intermediate sulphidation characteristics,with gangue mineral textures associated with several ore minerals.Electron probe microanalysis determines electrum,silver minerals such as acanthite,and tetrahedrite,related Ag-cu minerals like jalpaite,mckinstryite,stromeyerite,and base metals like chalcopyrite,sphalerite,galena and pyrite.Fluid inclusions in quartz of two out of five events indicate that these Low Jurassic veins were formed due to subtle boiling and dilution mechanisms and by low-salinity(3.4 wt.%to 6.7 wt.%Nacl Eq)magmatic-hydrothermal fluid at 225 to 310℃.The fluid inclusion measurements that indicate boiling(Event 3)were plotted,and based on this data,we interpret that the Arroyo Verde deposit has been eroded between 550 and 700 m.This particular character has not been previously recorded for other sectors of the eastern north Patagonian region.

关键词： epithermal deposit Ag minerals mineral geochemistry fluid inclusions chon Aike geochronology

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Macroalgal deep genomics illuminate multiple paths to aquatic,photosynthetic multicellularity

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Molecular Plant 2024年第5期17卷 747-771页

作者： David R.Nelson Alexandra Mystikou Ashish Jaiswal cecilia Rad-Menendez Michael J.Preston Frederik De Boever Diana c.El Assal Sarah Daakour Michael W.Lomas Jean-claude Twizere David H.Green William c.Ratcliff Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani Division of Science and Math New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE center for Genomics and Systems Biology(cGSB) New York University Abu DhabiAbu DhabiUAE Biotechnology Research center Technology Innovation InstitutePO Box 9639Masdar CityAbu DhabiUAE culture collection of Algae and Protozoa Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanScotlandUK National center for Marine Algae and Microbiota Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMEUSA Laboratory of Viral Interactomes GIGA InstituteUniversity of LiegeLiegeBelgium School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA

Macroalgae are multicellular,aquatic autotrophs that play vital roles in global climate maintenance and have diverse applications in biotechnology and eco-engineering,which are directly linked to their multicellularity phenotypes.However,their genomic diversity and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying multicellularity in these organisms remain uncharacterized.In this study,we sequenced 110 macroalgal genomes from diverse climates and phyla,and identified key genomic features that distinguish them from their microalgal relatives.Genes for cell adhesion,extracellular matrix formation,cell polarity,transport,and cell differentiation distinguish macroalgae from microalgae across all three major phyla,constituting conserved and unique gene sets supporting multicellular processes.Adhesome genes show phylum-and climate-specific expansions that may facilitate niche adaptation.collectively,our study reveals genetic determinants of convergent and divergent evolutionary trajectories that have shaped morphological diversity in macroalgae and provides genome-wide frameworks to understand photosynthetic multicellular evolution in aquatic environments.

关键词： macroalgae multicellularity comparative genomics evolution adhesome endogenous viral elements

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Spatiotemporal evolution of surface urban heat islands: concerns regarding summer heat wave periods

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2024年第6期34卷 1065-1082页

作者： REN Jiayi YANG Jun YU Wenbo cONG Nan XIAO Xiangming XIA Jianhong(cecilia) LI Xueming School of Humanities and Law Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110169China Human Settlements Research center Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian 116029LiaoningChina Jangho Architecture college Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110169China Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Center for Earth Observation and ModelingUniversity of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA School of Earth and Planetary Sciences(EPS) Curtin UniversityPerth 65630Australia

Many cities face heat wave(HW) events, combined with the existent surface urban heat island(SUHI) effects. This places pressure on human settlements and sustainable development. However, few studies have investigated the SUHI effects from the perspective of HWs. In this study, the summer HWs in Beijing from 2001 to 2021 were calculated, and the evolution of HWs and SUHIs was quantitatively analyzed based on the dynamic nature of the urban-rural boundary. Beijing experienced 27 HWs in the 21 years, including 10 instances in June, four in July, and 13 in August. The SUHI varied during HWs, between 2–3°c in most years. The highest SUHI occurred in 2019, reaching 3.99°c and covering the largest area(10,887 km~2). The fluctuation in HWs and SUHIs generally displayed the same spatiotemporal pattern, and HWs amplified the SUHIs to a certain extent, with the highest correlation coefficient being 0.44. Additionally, impervious surfaces and cropland contributed most to SUHIs,and night light enhanced SUHIs. Observing the co-evolution of HWs and SUHIs will be helpful for ecological maintenance and urban infrastructure optimization and provide theoretical support for reducing heat risk and improving the human settlement environment.

关键词： heat wave surface urban heat island interactive Self-organization algorithm centroid migration Beijing

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食物蛋白诱导性小肠结肠炎综合征诊断和治疗国际共识指南

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中华临床免疫和变态反应杂志 2018年第1期12卷 109-123页

作者： Anna Nowak-We.grzyn Mirnachehade Marion E.Groetch Jonathan M.Spergel Robert A.Wood Katrina Allen Dan Atkins Sami Bahna Ashis V.Barad cecilia Berin Terri Brown Whitehorn A.Wesley Burks Jean-christoph caubet Antonella cianferoni Marisa conte carla Davis Alessandro Fiocchi Kate Grimshaw RNutr Ruchi Gupta Brittany Hofmeister J.B.Hwang Yitzhak Katz George N.Konstantinou Stephanie A.Leonard Jennifer Lightdale Sean McGhee Sami Mehr Stefano MiceliSopo Giovanno Monti Antonella Muraro Stacey Katherine Noel Ichiro Nomura Sally Noone Hugh A.Sampson Fallon Schultz Scott H.Sicherer cecilia c.thompson Paul J.Turner carina Venter A.Amity Westcott-chavez Matthew Greenhawt 李丽莎钱家鸣杨红不详中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院变态(过敏)反应科中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院消化内科

食物蛋白诱导性小肠结肠炎综合征（food protein-induced enterocolitis, FPIES）是一种非IgE,细胞介导的食物过敏反应,其表现可以很严重,甚至导致休克。虽然该类过敏反应有潜在的严重性,但FPIES 的知晓率却较低；而且有关FPIES 病理生... 详细信息

食物蛋白诱导性小肠结肠炎综合征（food protein-induced enterocolitis, FPIES）是一种非IgE,细胞介导的食物过敏反应,其表现可以很严重,甚至导致休克。虽然该类过敏反应有潜在的严重性,但FPIES 的知晓率却较低；而且有关FPIES 病理生理学,诊断和治疗的高质量研究数据缺乏；其临床预后尚不明确。这篇国际共识由美国变态反应、哮喘和免疫学会（AAAAI）食物不良反应委员会和国际FPIES 协会宣传组召集组织国际工作组总结撰写。这是第一部基于临床证据的FPIES 国际指南,有助于提高FPIES 的临床诊治水平。当然未来还需要更多有关FPIES 患病率,病理生理学,诊断标志物和未来治疗方法的研究,以便为FPIES 患者提供更好的医疗服务。这些指南内容将会在获得更多证据后定期更新。

关键词：食物蛋白诱导性小肠结肠炎综合征指南非IgE 介导的食物过敏

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A One Health approach to fight antimicrobial resistance in Uganda: Implementation experience, results, and lessons learned

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Biosafety and Health 2024年第2期6卷 125-132页

作者： Reuben Kiggundu J.P.Waswa Niranjan Konduri Hassan Kasuja Marion Murungi Patrick Vudriko Harriet Akello Eric Lugada cecilia Muiva Esther Were Dinah Tjipura Henry Kajumbula Kate Kikule Emmanuel Nfor Mohan P.Joshi USAID Medicines Technologiesand Pharmaceutical Services ProgramManagement Sciences for HealthKampala 256Uganda USAID Medicines Technologiesand Pharmaceutical Services ProgramManagement Sciences for HealthArlingtonVA 22203USA college of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and BiosecurityMakerere UniversityKampala 256Uganda Ministry of Health Uganda Kampala 256Uganda USAID Strengthening Supply chain Systems Activity Management Sciences for HealthKampala 256Uganda USAID Medicines Technologiesand Pharmaceutical Services ProgramManagement Sciences for HealthNairobi 254Kenya Department of Microbiology College of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampala 256Uganda

Uganda has been implementing the Global Health Security Agenda(GHSA)since 2015 to build its capacity according to World Health Organization(WHO)Benchmarks on International Health Regulations capacities.The country remains prone to outbreaks,with more than 20 disease outbreaks reported in the past five years,including Ebola virus disease,crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever,Marburg haemorrhagic fever,measles,yellow fever,coronavirus disease 2019(cOVID-19),and cholera.Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is an ongoing challenge.Uganda scored capacity level 3 on infection prevention and control(IPc)and antimicrobial stewardship(AMS)in the 2017 Joint External Evaluation(JEE)assessment.Identified gaps were being addressed after a self-assessment in 2021.This paper describes the technical assistance approaches provided to Uganda by the Medicines,Technologies,and Pharmaceutical Services Program,funded by the United States(U.S.)Agency for International Development,and implemented by Management Sciences for Health.The program,through a One Health approach,supported systematic capacity strengthening based on the JEE's capacity advancement framework for global health security,specifically relating to AMR.The program's interventions impacted 32 WHO benchmark actions(7 for AMR multisectoral coordination,16 for IPc,and 9 for AMS),contributing to Uganda's strengthened GHSA capacity.Leveraging success built on the AMR platform,the program trained 745 health workers in IPc for the Ebola virus and provided support for simulation exercises by eight district IPc teams.The program also worked with the Ministry of Health to coordinate IPc for the cOVID-19 response in five health regions,covering 45 districts and reaching 5,452 health workers at 858 health facilities.

关键词： One health Antimicrobial resistance Antibiotic resistance Jointexternal evaluation Global health security Uganda Africa WHO Benchmarks for International Health Regulations capacities

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The outcomes and safety of patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combining a single-use cholangioscope and a single-use duodenoscope:A multicenter retrospective international study

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2024年第1期23卷 71-76页

作者： Alessandro Fugazza Matteo colombo Michel Kahaleh V.Raman Muthusamy Bick Benjamin Wim Laleman carmelo Barbera carlo Fabbri Jose Nieto Abed Al-Lehibi Mohan Ramchandani Amy Tyberg Haroon Shahid Avik Sarkar Dean Ehrlich Stuart Shermand cecilia Binda Marco Spadaccini Andrea Iannone Kareem Khalaf Nageshwar Reddy Andrea Anderloni Alessandro Repici Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCSVia Manzoni 5620089RozzanoMilanoItaly Gastroenterology Rutgers Robert Wood JohnsonNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of CaliforniaLos Angeles School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA Division of Digestive and Liver Disorders Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospitals LeuvenKU Leuven3000 LeuvenBelgium U.O.c.di Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva Ospedale Giuseppe MazziniASL TeramoItaly Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit Forlì-Cesena HospitalsAUSL RomagnaForlì-CesenaItaly Borland Groover clinic JacksonvilleFloridaUSA Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology King Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia Asian Institute of Gastroenterology HyderabadIndia Section of Gastroenterology Department of Emergency and Organ TransplantationUniversity of BariBari 70124Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas UniversityVia Rita Levi Montalcini 420090Pieve EmanueleMilanItaly

Background: Duodenoscope-related multidrug-resistant organism(MDRO) infections raise concerns. Disposable duodenoscopes have been recently introduced in the market and approved by regulatory agencies with the aim to reduce the risk of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERcP) associated infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of procedures performed with single-use duodenoscopes in patients with clinical indications to single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy. Methods: This is a multicenter international, retrospective study combining all patients who underwent complex biliopancreatic interventions using the combination of a single-use duodenoscope and a single-use cholangioscope. The primary outcome was technical success defined as ERcP completion for the intended clinical indication. Secondary outcomes were procedural duration, rate of cross-over to reusable duodenoscope, operator-reported satisfaction score(1 to 10) on performance rating of the single-use duodenoscope, and adverse event(AE) rate. Results: A total of 66 patients(26, 39.4% female) were included in the study. ERcP was categorized according to ASGE ERcP grading system as 47(71.2%) grade 3 and 19(28.8%) grade 4. The technical success rate was 98.5%(65/66). Procedural duration was 64(interquartile range 15-189) min, cross-over rate to reusable duodenoscope was 1/66(1.5%). The satisfaction score of the single-use duodenoscope classified by the operators was 8.6 ± 1.3 points. Four patients(6.1%) experienced AEs not directly related to the single-use duodenoscope, namely 2 post-ERcP pancreatitis(PEP), 1 cholangitis and 1 bleeding.conclusions: Single-use duodenoscope is effective, reliable and safe even in technically challenging procedures with a non-inferiority to reusable duodenoscope, making these devices a viable alternative to standard reusable equipment.

关键词： Single-operator cholangioscopy Single-use duodenoscope Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Indeterminate biliary stricture Difficult biliary stones

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Epidemiology and risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with pancreatic infection

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Journal of Intensive Medicine 2024年第1期4卷 81-93页

作者： Marie Dejonckheere Massimo Antonelli Kostoula Arvaniti Koen Blot Ben creaghBrown Dylan Wde Lange Jan De Waele Mieke Deschepper Yalim Dikmen George Dimopoulos christian Eckmann Guy Francois Massimo Girardis Despoina Koulenti Sonia Labeau Jeffrey Lipman Fernando Lipovestky Emilio Maseda Philippe Montravers Adam Mikstacki JoseArtur Paiva cecilia Pereyra Jordi Rello JeanFrancois Timsit Dirk Vogelaers Stijn Blot the Abdominal Sepsis Study(AbSeS)group on behalf of the Trials Group of the European Society of Intensive care Medicine Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium Department of Anesthesiology Intensive Care and Emergency MedicineFondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly Universitàcattolica del Sacro cuore RomeItaly Intensive care Unit Papageorgiou University Affiliated HospitalThessaloníkiGreece Department of Epidemiology and Public Health SciensanoIxellesBelgium Surrey Perioperative Anaesthetic critical care collaborative Research Group(SPAceR) Royal Surrey County HospitalGuildfordUK Department of clinical and Experimental Medicine University of SurreyGuildfordUK Department of Intensive care Medicine University Medical Center UtrechtUniversity UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands Department of Intensive care Medicine Ghent University HospitalGhentBelgium Data Science Institute Ghent University HospitalGhentBelgium Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Cerrahpasa School of MedicineIstanbul University-CerrahpasaIstanbulTurkey rd Department of critical care “EVGENIDIO”HospitalNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece Department of General Visceral and Thoracic SurgeryKlinikum Hannoversch-MuendenGoettingen UniversityGöttingenGermany Division of Scientific Affairs-Research European Society of Intensive Care MedicineBrusselsBelgium Anesthesia and Intensive care Department University Hospital of ModenaModenaItaly UQ centre for clinical Research Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia nd critical care Department Attikon University HospitalAthensGreece Department of Nursing Faculty of EducationHealth and Social WorkUniversity College GhentGhentBelgium Jamieson Trauma Institute The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia Nimes University Hospital University of MontpellierNimesFrance critical care Department Hospital of the Interamerican Open University(UAI)Buenos AiresArgentina Surgical critical care Department of AnesthesiaHospital Universitario

Background:The AbSeS-classification defines specific phenotypes of patients with intra-abdominal infection based on the(1)setting of infection onset(community-acquired,early onset,or late-onset hospital-acquired),(2)presence or absence of either localized or diffuse peritonitis,and(3)severity of disease expression(infection,sepsis,or septic shock).This classification system demonstrated reliable risk stratification in intensive care unit(IcU)patients with intra-abdominal infection.This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of IcU patients with pancreatic infection and assess the relationship between the components of the AbSeS-classification and mortality.Methods:This was a secondary analysis of an international observational study(“AbSeS”)investigating IcU patients with intra-abdominal infection.Only patients with pancreatic infection were included in this analysis(n=165).Mortality was defined as IcU mortality within 28 days of observation for patients discharged earlier from the IcU.Relationships with mortality were assessed using logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(cI).Results:The overall mortality was 35.2%(n=58).The independent risk factors for mortality included older age(OR=1.03,95%cI:1.0 to 1.1 P=0.023),localized peritonitis(OR=4.4,95%cI:1.4 to 13.9 P=0.011),and persistent signs of inflammation at day 7(OR=9.5,95%cI:3.8 to 23.9,Pce control interventions within the first week(OR=4.0,95%cI:1.3 to 12.2,P=0.013).Gramnegative bacteria were most frequently isolated(n=58,49.2%)without clinically relevant differences in microbial etiology between survivors and non-survivors.conclusions:In pancreatic infection,a challenging source/damage control and ongoing pancreatic inflammation appear to be the strongest contributors to an unfavorable short-term outcome.In this limited series,essentials of the AbSeS-classification,such as the setting of infection onset,diffuse peritonitis,and severity of disease expression,

关键词： Pancreatic infection Intensive care unit Mortality Intra-abdominal infection Sepsis

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Mitochondrial Sulfide Detoxification Requires a Functional Isoform O-Acetylserine（thiol）lyase c in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2012年第6期5卷 1217-1226页

作者： consolacien Alvarez Irene Garcia Luis c Romero cecilia Gotor Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas y Universidad de Sevilla Avda. Am~rico Vespucio 49 41092Sevilla Spain

In non-cyanogenic species, the main source of cyanide derives from ethylene and camalexin biosyntheses. In mitochondria, cyanide is a potent inhibitor of the cytochrome c oxidase and is metabolized by the β-cyanoalanine synthase cYS-c1, catalyzing the conversion of cysteine and cyanide to hydrogen sulfide and β-cyanoalanine. The hydrogen sulfide released also inhibits the cytochrome c oxidase and needs to be detoxified by the O-acetylserine（thiol）lyase mitochondrial isoform, OAS-c, which catalyzes the incorporation of sulfide to O-acetylserine to produce cysteine, thus generating a cyclic pathway in the mitochondria. The loss of functional OAS-c isoforms causes phenotypic characteristics very similar to the loss of the cYS-c1 enzyme, showing defects in root hair formation. Genetic complementation with the OAS-cgene rescues the impairment of root hair elongation, restoring the wild-type phenotype. The mitochondria compromise their capacity to properly detoxify cyanide and the resulting sulfide because the latter cannot re-assimilate into cysteine in the oas-c null mutant. consequently, we observe an accumulation of sulfide and cyanide and of the alternative oxidase, which is unable to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species probably due to the accumulation of both toxic molecules. Our results allow us to suggest that the significance of OAS-c is related to its role in the proper sulfide and cyanide detoxification in mitochondria.

关键词： alternative oxidase Arabidopsis thaliana cysteine cyanide β-cyanoalanine synthase O-acetylserine（thiol）-lyase reactive oxygen species root hair sulfide.

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Implications of turbulent shear on clay floc break-up along the Atlantic estuary(Bouregreg),Morocco

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第2期37卷 248-257页

作者： Krishnamoorthy Lakshmi Ammal Priya Soufiane Haddout Joan cecilia catubig casila Department of civil Engineering TKM College of Engineering Department of Physics Faculty of Science Ibn Tofail University Land and Water Resources Division IABE CEAT University of the Philippines Los Ba?os

Water depth,salinity,current,and suspended sediment concentration(SSc) were measured along with the grain size distribution of bed sediment along an estuarine longitudinal section.The floc size increased with increase in the percentage of clay and silt,while decreased with increase in the percentage of sand content of bed sediment.The turbulent shear,G,had a direct effect on floc size with its value increasing with increase in G up to a G value of 15 s,while an inverse relation existed between floc size and G at higher G(c> 15 s).Further,higher turbulence enabled sand to get resuspended and cause additional shear leading to the break-up of flocs.An attempt was made to modify G to account for the combined effect of water turbulence(c) and shear imparted by sand(c) and the impact of the modification of G on the predictability of floc size was evaluated.A new model was developed which explains floc size in terms of sediment concentration(c),salinity gradient(S),and G for different scenarios based on the value of G.Sensitivity analysis was done for observed floc size(FS) and predicted floc size using four approaches:(Ⅰ) FS β c~χ;(Ⅱ) FS α c~χS;(Ⅲ) FS α c~χSG~z for G c~χSGfor G> 15 s; and(Ⅳ) FS α c~χSGfor G> 15 sand G=G+G,where x,y,and z are determined by calibration.It was observed that the predictability of the floc size improved when the turbulence was modified to account for shear imparted by sand so that the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.78 for model Ⅲ to 0.89 for model Ⅳ.Further,the settling velocity was expressed as a function of suspended sediment concentration,turbulent shear,and salinity gradient.The predictability of settling velocity was improved(R~2 increased from 0.77 to 0.86) when the additional turbulence created by sand was incorporated in the non-dimensional empirical equation.The study highlights the influence of sand in causing the break-up of flocs and suggests that for turbulence shear values high enough to resuspend sand,and G has to be modified to account for th

关键词： Floc size Settling velocity Turbulent shear Non-cohesive sediment Bouregreg estuary Morocco

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Immunology of a unique biological structure:the Echinococcus laminated layer

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Protein & cell 2023年第2期14卷 87-104页

作者： Álvaro Díaz Anabella ABarrios Leticia Grezzi camila Mouhape Stephen J.Jenkins Judith E.Allen cecilia casaravilla Área Inmunología Departamento de Biociencias(Facultad de Química)and Cátedra de InmunologíaInstituto de Química Biológica(Facultad de Ciencias)Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideoUruguay centre for Inflammation Research Queen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH89JUUK Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterM139NQUK

The larval stages of the cestode parasites belonging to the genus Echinococcus grow within internal organs of humans and a range of animal species.The resulting diseases,collectively termed echinococcoses,include major neglected tropical diseases of humans and livestock.Echinococcus larvae are outwardly protected by the laminated layer(LL),an acellular structure that is unique to this genus.The LL is based on a fibrillar meshwork made up of mucins,which are decorated by galactose-rich O-glycans.In addition,in the species cluster termed E.granulosus sensu lato,the LL features nano-deposits of the calcium salt of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate(Insp_(6)).The main purpose of our article is to update the immunobiology of the LL.Major recent advances in this area are(i)the demonstration of LL“debris”at the infection site and draining lymph nodes,(ii)the characterization of the decoy activity of calcium Inp6 with respect to complement,(iii)the evidence that the LL mucin carbohydrates interact specifically with a lectin receptor expressed in Kupffer cells(clec4F),and(iv)the characterization of what appear to be receptor-independent effects of LL particles on dendritic cells and macrophages.Much information is missing on the immunology of this intriguing structure:we discuss gaps in knowledge and propose possible avenues for research.

关键词： mucin complement Echinococcus macrophage dendritic cell clec4F

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