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Foraging site recursion by forest elephants Elephas maximus borneensis

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Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 551-559页

作者： Megan english Marc ANCRENAZ Graeme GILLESPIE Benoit GOOSSENS Sen NATHAN Wayne LINKLATER Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology School of Biological Sciences New Kirk Building Kelburn Parade Kelburn Campus Victoria University of Wellington 6012 New Zealand Hutan Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Project and Elephant Conservation Unit Sukau Kinabatangan Sabah Malaysia Zoology Department University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia Danau Girang Field Centre c/o Sabah Wildlife Department Wisma Muis 88100 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia Organisms and Environment Division School of Biosciences Cardiff University Sir Martin Evans Building Museum AvenueCardiff CF10 3AX UK Sabah Wildlife Department Wisma Muis 88100 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Port Elizabeth South Africa

Recursion by herbivores is the repeated use of the same site or plants. Recursion by wild animals is rarely investigated but may be ubiquitous. Optimal foraging theory predicts site recursion as a function of the quality of the site, extent of its last use, and time since its last use because these influence site resource status and recovery. We used GPS collars, behaviour and site sampling to investigate recursion to foraging sites for two elephant Elephas maximus borneensis herds in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Borneo, over a 12 month period. Recursion occurred to 48 out of 87 foraging sites and was most common within 48 hours or between 151-250 days, indicating two different types ofrecursion. Recursion was more likely to occur if the site had previously been occupied for longer. Moreover, the time spent at a site at recursion was the same as the time spent at the site on the first occasion. The number of days that had passed between the first visit and recursion was also positively correlated with how much time was spent at the site at recursion. Habitat type also influenced the intensity of site-use, with more time spent at recursion within riverine/open grass areas along forest margins compared to other habitat types. Recursion is a common behaviour used by the elephants and its pattern suggests it may be a foraging strategy for revisiting areas of greater value. The qualities of recursion sites might usefully be incorporated into landscape management strategies for elephant conservation in the area [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 551-559, 2014].

关键词： Asian elephant Recursion Site re-use Herbivory Megaherbivore Optimal foraging

The 8th International Conference on english Language Teaching （ELT） in China Call for Papers

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2016年第4期39卷 495-497页

作者： The 8th International Conference on english Language Teaching in China Committee China english Language Education Association The 8th International Conference on english Language Teaching in China Committee China english Language Education Association

The 8th International Conference on ELT in China will be held in Xi＇an on Oct. 20- 22, 2017 by China english Language Education Association of China Association for Comparative Studies of english and Chinese. The International Conference on ELT in China is a large-scale academic conference with the first session held in Guangzhou in 1985. So far seven sessions have been successfully organized. The conference is one of the biggest and of the highest academic standard international conferences on english language teaching in China. This conference has promoted the development of english language teaching and research in China and enhanced the communication between national ELT teachers, researchers and their foreign counterparts. The organizing committee invites keynote speakers in and abroad China. Invited symposia and workshops are provided. We now invite proposals for individual papers, posters, and symposia.

关键词：期刊编辑工作规范写作方法会议

Characterization of colonic dendritic cells in normal and colitic mice

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第40期11卷 6338-6347页

作者： Sheena M Cruickshank Nicholas R english Peter J Felsburg Simon R Carding Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Antigen Presentation Research Group Department of Clinical Science

AIM： Recent studies demonstrating the direct involvement of dendritic cells （DC） in the activation of pathogenic T cells in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease identify DC as important antigen presenting cells in the colon. However, very little is known about the properties of colonic DC. METHODS： Using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and flow cytometry we have characterized and compared colonic DC in the colon of healthy animals and interleukin-2-deficient （IL2-/-） mice that develop colitis. RESULTS： In the healthy colon, DC resided within the lamina propria and in close association with the basement membrane of colonic villi. Type i myeloid （CD11c^＋, CD11b^＋, B220, CD8） DC made up the largest （40-45%） population and all DC expressed low levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40, and had high endooltic activity consistent with an immature phenotype. In colitic IL2-/- mice, colonic DC numbers increased four- to five-fold and were localized within the epithelial layer and within aggregates of T and B cells. They were also many more DC in mesenteric lymph nodes （MLN）. The majority （〉85%） of DC in the colon and MLN of IL2./ mice were type 1 myeloid, and expressed high levels of MHC class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, DEC 205, and CCR5 molecules and were of low endocytic activity consistent with mature DC. CONCLUSION： These findings demonstrate striking changes in the number, distribution and phenotype of DC in the inflamed colon. Their intimate association with lymphocytes in the colon and draining lymph nodes suggest that they may contribute directly to the ongoing inflammation in the colon.

关键词： Colonic dendritic cells Interleukin 2 Colitis

Communicative Language Teaching

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遵义师范高等专科学校学报 2000年第3期2卷 53-58页

作者： Li wei (Department of english , Zunyi Teacher’s College)

Since its appearance in the late 1960s,Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has gained anincomparable popularity and a present-day worldwide *** tuacing back the origin and thedevelopment of CIT,and presenting its proponents’ various versions,we see it is common to all thatcommunicative approach in language teaching starts from a theory of communication and has the aim to developprocedures for the teaching of the four language skills that acknowledge the interdependence of language *** purpose of this paper is to make a general study of *** gives a historical background ofCLT,reveals the theoretical basis of CLT and gives description of some basic features of CLT in the classroom.

关键词：山口

Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Streambed/Floodplain Sediments in Passaic River—New Jersey Area

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2024年第4期15卷 139-150页

作者： Taheim Evans english Meghann Trombetta Alyssa Beres Yusuf Yildiz Department of Science Manchester Regional High School Haledon USA Department of Earth and Science Montclair University Montclair USA

This paper is intended to explore soil organic matter and carbon isotope fractionation at three locations of the Passaic River to determine if microbial degradation of organic contaminants in soil is correlated to the surrounding physical environment. Microbial degradation of organic contaminants is important for the detoxification of toxic substances thereby minimizing stagnation in the environment and accumulating in the food chain. Since organic contaminants are not easily dissolved in water, they will penetrate sediment and end up enriching the adjacent soil. The hypothesis that we are testing is microbial activity and carbon isotope fractionation will be greater in preserved soils than urban soils. The reason why this is expected to be the case is the expectation of higher microbial activity in preserved environments due to less exposure to pollutants, better soil structure, higher organic matter content, and more favorable conditions for microbial growth. This is contrasted with urban soils, which are impacted by pollutants and disturbances, potentially inhibiting microbial activity. We wish to collect soil samples adjacent to the Passaic River at a pristine location, Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge, a suburban location, Goffle Brook Park, Hawthorne NJ, and an urban location, Paterson NJ. These soil samples will be weighed for soil organic matter (SOM) and weighed for isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to test organic carbon isotopes. High SOM and δ13C depletion activity indicate microbial growth based on the characteristics of the soil horizon rather than the location of the soil sample which results in degradation of organic compounds.

关键词： Organic Contaminant PCBs Microbial Degradation Passaic River

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Indirect Speech Acts

遵义师范高等专科学校学报 2001年第1期3卷 57-61页

作者： LiWei(Department of english,Zhunyi Teachers’ college) Department of english Zhunyi Teachers' college

Indirect speech acts are frequently used in verbal communication, the interpretation of them is ofgreat importance in order to meet the demands of the development of students’ communicative competence. Thispaper, therefore, intends to present Searle’ s indirect speech acts and explore the way how indirect speech acts areinterpreted in accordance ’with two influential theories. It consists of four parts. Part one gives a generalintroduction to the notion of speech acts theory. Part two makes an elaboration upon the conception of indirect speechact theory proposed by Searle and his supplement and development of illocutionary acts. Part three deals with theinterpretation of indirect speech acts. Part four draws implication from the previous study and also serves as theconclusion of the dissertation .

关键词： indirect speech acts the idiom theory the inference theory

Realism in Mark Twain's

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三明学院学报 2000年第4期18卷 35-38页

作者： Liao Fucai (Department of english Sanming Teachers’ College)

Mark Twain was sole, incomparable, the Lincoln of American Literature. His novels demonstrate his preference realism to romanticism. by means of providing in them with his own experiences, regional stories and tales of the life of Americans. and of criticizing seriously those who lead a romantic life and those who insist on romanticism writing.

关键词： Mark Twain redlism

Dual color optogenetic control of neural populations using low-noise,multishank optoelectrodes

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2018年第1期4卷 309-324页

作者： Komal Kampasi Daniel F.english John Seymour Eran Stark Sam McKenzie Mihály Vöröslakos György Buzsáki Kensall D.Wise Euisik Yoon Department of Biomedical Engineering University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48105USA Center for Micro and Nanotechnology Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA 94550USA NYU Neuroscience Institute School of MedicineEast River Science ParkAlexandria Center450 East 29th St9th FloorNew YorkNY 10016USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48105USA Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael

Optogenetics allows for optical manipulation of neuronal activity and has been increasingly combined with intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological ***-identified classes of neurons are optically manipulated,though the versatility of optogenetics would be increased if independent control of distinct neural populations could be achieved on a sufficient spatial and temporal *** report a scalable multisite optoelectrode design that allows simultaneous optogenetic control of two spatially intermingled neuronal populations in *** describe the design,fabrication,and assembly of low-noise,multisite/multicolor *** shank of the four-shank assembly is monolithically integrated with 8 recording sites and a dualcolor waveguide mixer with a 7×30μm cross-section,coupled to 405 nm and 635 nm injection laser diodes(ILDs)via gradient-index(GRIN)lenses to meet optical and thermal design *** better understand noise on the recording channels generated during diode-based activation,we developed a lumped-circuit modeling approach for EMI coupling mechanisms and used it to limit artifacts to amplitudes under 100μV upto an optical output power of 450μ*** implanted the packaged devices into the CA1 pyramidal layer of awake mice,expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in pyramidal cells and ChrimsonR in paravalbumin-expressing interneurons,and achieved optical excitation of each cell type using sub-mW *** highlight the potential use of this technology for functional dissection of neural circuits.

关键词： waveguide mixer neural

Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890

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Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890