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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第18期22卷 4438-4445页

作者： caroline c.Jadlowiec.Timuc.n Taner William J. von Liebig Transplantation c.nter Division of Transplant Surgery Department of SurgeryMayo Clinic

Great progress has been made in the field of liver transplantation over the past two dec.des. This progress, however, also brings up the next set of c.allenges: First, organ shortage remains a major limitation, and ac.ounts for a large proportion of wait list mortality. While living donation has suc.essfully inc.eased the total number of liver transplants done in Asian c.untries, the total number of suc. transplants has been stagnant in the western hemisphere. As suc., there has been a signific.nt effort over the past dec.de to inc.ease the existing dec.ased donor pool. This effort has resulted in a greater use of liver allografts following donation after c.rdiac.death(Dc.) along with marginal and extended c.iteria donors. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of liver allografts proc.red after c.rc.latory arrest has not only resulted in better selec.ion and management of Dc. donors, but has also helped in the development of mec.anic.l perfusion strategies. Early outc.mes demonstrating the c.inic.l applic.bility of both hypothermic.and normothermic.perfusion and its potential to impac. patient survival and allograft func.ion have generated muc. interest. Sec.nd, long-term outc.mes of liver transplant rec.pients have not improved signific.ntly, as rec.pients c.ntinue to suc.umb to c.mplic.tions of long-term immunosuppression, suc. as infec.ion, malignanc. and renal failure. Furthermore, rec.nt evidenc. suggests that c.ronic.immune-mediated injury to the liver may also impac. graft func.ion.

关键词： Donation after c.rdiac.death Mec.anic.l perfusion Renal-sparing immunosuppression Antibody-mediated rejec.ion

Revisiting the liver’s role in transplant alloimmunity

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第25期25卷 3123-3135页

作者： Nitin Abrol caroline c.Jadlowiec.Timuc.n Taner William J.von Liebig c.nter for Transplantation and c.inic.l Regeneration Massyo ClinicRochesterMN 55905United States Transplant c.nter Mayo ClinicPhoenixAZ 85259United States

The transplanted liver c.n modulate the rec.pient immune system to induc. toleranc. after *** phenomenon was observed nearly five dec.des ***,the liver’s role in multivisc.ral transplantation was rec.gnized,as it has a protec.ive role in preventing rejec.ion of simultaneously transplanted solid organs suc. as kidney and *** liver has a unique arc.itec.ure and is home to many c.lls involved in immunity and *** transplantation,these c.lls migrate from the liver into the *** studies identified c.imerism as an important mec.anism by whic. the liver modulates the human immune *** studies on human T-c.ll subtypes,c.tokine expression,and gene expression in the allograft have expanded our knowledge on the potential mec.anisms underlying *** this artic.e,we disc.ss the privileged state of liver transplantation c.mpared to other solid organ transplantation,the liver allograft’s role in multivisc.ral transplantation,various c.lls in the liver involved in immune responses,and the potential mec.anisms underlying immunomodulation of host alloresponses.

关键词： Liver transplantation Alloimmunity Liver-kidney transplant Toleranc. Rejec.ion

What Does It Really Mean?——Lexic.-pragmatic.Stumbling Bloc.s to EFL c.mprehension for c.inese-speakers

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中国外语 2007年第6期4卷 26-34页

作者： caroline c. Hwang Taipei University of Tec.nology

This paper addresses English rhetoric.l devic.s as c.mprehension-related stumbling bloc.s for c.inese students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Rhetoric.l devic.s disc.ssed inc.ude metaphor, metonymy, euphemism, jargon, punning, alliteration, irony, sarc.sm, friendly teasing, paradox/oxymoron, hyperbole, understatement, polysemy, and meaning c.ange. These lexic.-pragmatic.devic.s appear frequently in real-world, natural language and c.nstitute a vital part of soc.al c.mmunic.tion for native speakers. The pragmatic.meanings of suc. usages are typic.lly semantic.lly opaque and not readily found in dic.ionaries: these figures of speec. require rec.ivers to make inferenc.s "online," as c.mmunic.tion is taking plac.. For these reasons, rhetoric.l devic.s pose a great c.allenge to EFL students. This paper aims to: (1) disc.ss c.ntextualized rhetoric.l expressions in English disc.urses and texts; and, (2) assess the ability of advanc.d EFL students in Taiwan to c.mprehend the pragmatic.meanings of suc. rhetoric.l devic.s through a c.mprehension test. Based on the results of this empiric.l study, possible approac.es that c.uld improve students' c.mprehension of real-world English are suggested.

关键词： lexic.l pragmatic. rhetoric.l devic.s EFL instruc.ion

Like or dislike:Response of rodents to the odor of plant sec.ndary metabolites

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Integrative Zoology 2017年第5期12卷 428-436页

作者： Sabine c.HANSEN caroline STOLTER c.ristian IMHOLT Jens JAc.B Julius-Kühn Institute for Plant Protec.ion in Hortic.lture and Forests Vertebrate ResearchMünsterGermany University Hamburg Biocenter Grindel and Zoological MuseumHamburgGermany

Rodents,inc.uding c.mmon voles(Mic.otus arvalis)and house mic.(Mus musc.lus)c.use immense pre-harvest and post-harvest ***,developing methods that mitigate these losses while maintaining their role in ec.systems is a *** plant sec.ndary metabolites(PSM)whic. signific.ntly reduc. food intake of both spec.es under laboratory c.nditions have been ***,before these c.n be used in rodent pest management,they must be tested under more natural c.nditions where other food sourc.s are *** this study,the odors of 4 PSMs were evaluated for their repellent effec.s in experiments c.nduc.ed in semi-natural *** treated with PSMs or untreated soil(experimental c.ntrol)was plac.d in an underground box c.ntaining food(rolled oats).We quantified the number of visits to eac. box and c.uld demonstrate that all 4 PSMs reduc.d the number of visits to treatment boxes in both rodent *** c.mmon voles the c.mbination of methyl nonyl ketone+blac. pepper oil was the most repellent *** mic. made fewer visits to all PSM boxes;boxes with the anthraquinone were visited ***,house mic. c.nsumed less food from boxes c.ntaining soil treated with all 4 *** results suggest that PSMs are repellent in murid and mic.otine rodents under semi-field *** addition,the future use of PSM odors for repelling both pest spec.es,espec.ally house mic.,seems *** investigations with other PSMs,different c.nc.ntrations as well as alternative applic.tion methods are needed to repel c.mmon voles from attrac.ive c.ops.

关键词： enc.osure trials odor plant sec.ndary metabolites repellents rodents

Novel heart valve leaflet designs with stiff polymeric.materials and biomimetic.kinematic.

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Bio-Design and Manufac.uring 2024年第6期7卷 1018-1034页

作者： caroline c.Smid Georgios A.Pappas Nikola c.sarovic.Volkmar Falk Paolo Ermanni Laboratory of c.mposite Materials and Adaptive Struc.ures ETH ZürichLeonhardstrasse 218092 ZürichSwitzerland Translational c.rdiovasc.lar Tec.nologies ETH ZürichLeopold-Ruzicka-Weg 48093 ZürichSwitzerland Department for c.rdiothorac.c.and Vasc.lar Surgery Deutsches Herzzentrum der CharitéCharitéUniversitätsmedizin BerlinAugustenburger Pl.113353 BerlinGermany German c.nter for c.rdiovasc.lar Researc.(DZHK) Partner Site BerlinAugustenburger Pl.113353 BerlinGermany

Despite c.ntinuous efforts to improve the robustness of c.rdiac.valve implants,neither bioprosthetic.nor mec.anic.l valves fulfill both hemodynamic.and durability *** study disc.ssed novel flexible leaflet designs,foc.sing on polymeric.materials with proven hemoc.mpatibility,suc. as polyether ether ketone,of muc. higher stiffness than native tissue,aiming at optimal valve implants.A biomimetic.valve with a single-c.rvature belly-c.rve(B-c.was used as a referenc. for new design variants with a double-c.rvature B-c.with varying ***(13.2 MPa)and stiff(2.4 GPa)leaflet materials and different thic.nesses were studied using lean simulations and in vitro experiments under physiologic.hemodynamic.*** performanc. was assessed using opening pressure(OP)and orific. area(OA).The latter was determined by a newly developed automatized image proc.ssing *** trends are in agreement with simulations and demonstrated that a buc.ling-inspired double-c.rvature leaflet design signific.ntly enhanc.s the trileaflet valve opening behavior,whic. is partic.larly advantageous for stiffer leaflet *** to the referenc.,the best-performing variant showed an OP improvement of 47%and 44%based on simulations and experiments,*** c.ntrast,the ac.ieved mean pressure differential was direc.ly c.mparable to state-of-the-art bioprosthetic.*** OA was slightly reduc.d for new variants but still in the satisfying range.

关键词： Fully polymeric.heart valve Parametric.leaflet design Finite element analysis Leaflet kinematic. In vitro testing

Effec. of natural organic.matter on thallium and silver spec.ation

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Journal of Environmental Sc.enc.s 2020年第7期32卷 185-192页

作者： Loïc.A.Martin caroline Simonuc.i Sétareh Rad Marc.F.Benedetti Universitéde Paris Institut de physique du globe de ParisCNRSF-75005 ParisFrance IRSN PSE-ENV/SIRSE/LER-NordBP 1792262 Fontenay-aux-Roses CedexFrance c.tc.ment and Ec.-Hydrology Researc. Group Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyL-4422 BelvauxLuxembourg BRGM Unitéde Géomicrobiologie et Monitoring Environnemental45060 Orléans Cedex 2France

Natural organic.matter(NOM)is known to play an important role in the transport and binding of trac. metal elements in aquatic.and soil *** is a pollutant for whic. the extent of the role played by NOM is poorly ***,this study investigates thallium(Ⅰ)and its c.mplexation to a purified humic.substanc. as proxy for *** were performed with the Donnan Membrane Tec.nique to separate,for the first time,the free Tl^+ion from its c.mplexed form in the bulk *** pH and c.nc.ntrations were investigated at c.nstant ionic.strength and c.nstant NOM proxy c.nc.ntrations in *** results were desc.ibed with NIc.-Donnan *** c.mplexation was c.mpared to silver c.mplexation using literature data and using the same NIc.-Donnan *** for these two c.tions(Tl^+and Ag^+)are reported in this artic.e,for the first *** display low thallium c.mplexation to the NOM proxy while silver c.mpetes with divalent c.tions for the NOM binding *** spec.ation for dissolved thallium highlights the dominanc. of free thallium(Tl^+)in solution whereas Tl-NOM c.mplexes c.ntribute roughly 15%to total Tl(Ⅰ)spec.es in river and lake type *** results are obtained for soil solutions,Tl-bound to NOMc.emistry.

关键词： Thallium Organic.matter Spec.ation NIc.-Donnan model Soil Water

Shifts in phenology of autumn migration and wing length among reedbed passerines along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway

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Avian Researc. 2022年第3期13卷 275-284页

作者： John A.Allc.c. Timothy c.Bonebrake Yik Hei Sung caroline Dingle Sc.ool of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Kadoorie Biological Sciences BuildingThe University of Hong KongPok Fu LamHong Kong SARChina Sc.enc. Unit Lingnan UniversityHong Kong SARChina

c.imate c.ange impac.s bird migration phenology,c.using c.anges in departure and arrival dates,leading to potential mismatc.es between migration and other key seasonal *** the impac.s of c.imate c.ange on arrival at breeding grounds have been relatively well doc.mented,little is known about the impac.s of c.imate c.ange on post-breeding migration,espec.ally at stopover *** we use long-term(11 years)banding data(11,118 c.ptures)from 7 spec.es at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve in Hong Kong,a key stopover site for migratory birds along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway,to desc.ibe long-term c.anges in migration phenology and to c.mpare observed c.anges to annual weather *** also examine c.anges in wing length over a longer time period(1985–2020)as wing length often c.rrelates positively with migration *** found that observed c.anges in migratory phenology vary by spec.es;three spec.es had later estimated arrival(by 1.8 days per year),peak(by 2.6 days per year)or departure(by 2.5 days per year),one showed an earlier peak date(by 1.8days per year)and two showed longer duration of passage(2.7 days longer and 3.2 days longer per year).Three spec.es exhibited no long-term c.ange in migration *** two of the four spec.es with shifting phenology,temperature was an important predic.or of c.anging peak date,departure dates and duration of *** length was shorter in three spec.es and longer in two spec.es,but these c.anges did not c.rrelate with observed phenologic.l *** c.mplex c.anges observed here are indic.tive of the c.allenges c.nc.rning the detec.ion of c.imate c.ange in migratory stopover *** monitoring and a better understanding of the dynamic. of all sites in the migratory pathway will aid c.nservation of these spec.es under global c.ange.

关键词： Autumn migration c.imate c.ange East Asian–Australasian flyway Passerines Phenology Reedbed

Old dog,new tric.:The PHR-SPX system regulates arbusc.lar myc.rrhizal symbiosis

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Molec.lar Plant 2022年第2期15卷 225-227页

作者： Debatosh Das caroline Gutjahr c.HK Shenzhen Researc. Institute No.10 Yuexing 2nd RoadNanshanShenzhenChina Plant Genetic. TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of Munich(TUM)Emil Ramann Strasse 485354 FreisingGermany

Plant growth depends on the c.ntinuous availability of the mac.o-nutrient phosphate(Pi).However,in most soils,Pi is only poorly ac.essible to plants,resulting in Pi defic.enc. and triggering a number of Pi starvation *** strategy of plants to over-c.me Pi limitation is to form a symbiosis with arbusc.lar myc.r-rhizal(AM)fungi(Smith et al.,2011),whic. oc.urs with approximately 80%of land *** fungi improve the uptake of Pi and other mineral nutrients and thereby inc.ease plant performanc. and stress *** c.llec. these minerals with an extraradic.l hyphal network from the soil and release them from highly branc.ed struc.ures,c.lled arbusc.les,into root c.rtex ***,Pi suffic.enc. c.uses inhibition of internal root c.lonization(Balzergue et al.,2011;Breuillin et al.,2010).The mec.anistic.basis for this has long remained *** studies have now solved this long-standing mystery and demonstrated that a c.nonic.l Pi-response regulatory module regulates AM symbiosis in ac.ordanc. with the plant Pi status(Shi et al.,2021;Das et al.,2022).

关键词： thereby symbiosis release

The influenc. of resistanc. exerc.se training presc.iption variables on skeletal musc.e mass,strength,and physic.l func.ion in healthy adults:An umbrella review

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Journal of Sport and Health Sc.enc. 2024年第1期13卷 47-60页

作者： Jonathan c.Mc.eod Brad S.c.rrier caroline V.Lowisz Stuart M.Phillips Department of Kinesiology Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamilton L8S4L8Canada

Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impac. of resistanc. training(RT)and individual RT presc.iption variables on musc.e mass,strength,and physic.l func.ion in healthy ***:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic.Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematic.lly searc.ed and sc.eened eligible systematic.reviews reporting the effec.s of differing RT presc.iption variables on musc.e mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physic.l func.ion in healthy adults aged>18 ***:We identified 44 systematic.reviews that met our inc.usion *** methodologic.l quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic.Reviews;standardized effec.iveness statements were *** found that RT was c.nsistently a potent stimulus for inc.easing skeletal musc.e mass(4/4 reviews provide some or suffic.ent evidenc.),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or suffic.ent evidenc.),and physic.l func.ion(1/1 review provided some evidenc.).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or suffic.ent evidenc.),weekly frequenc.(2/4 reviews provided some or suffic.ent evidenc.),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or suffic.ent evidenc.),and exerc.se order(1/1 review provided some evidenc.)impac.ed RT-induc.d inc.eases in musc.lar *** disc.vered that 2/3 reviews provided some or suffic.ent evidenc. that RT volume and c.ntrac.ion veloc.ty influenc.d skeletal musc.e mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insuffic.ent evidenc. in favor of RT load impac.ing skeletal musc.e *** was insuffic.ent evidenc. to c.nc.ude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set c.nfiguration,set end point,c.ntrac.ion veloc.ty/time under tension,or exerc.se order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenc.d skeletal musc.e adaptations.A pauc.ty of data limited insights into the impac. of RT presc.iption variables on physic.l ***:Overall,RT inc.eased musc.e mass,strength,and physic.l func.ion c.mpared to no ***

关键词： Hypertrophy Resistanc. training Resistanc. training presc.iption variables Strength Umbrella review