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Exposure to cuticular bacteria can alter host behavior in a funnel-weaving spider

Current Zoology 2018年第3期64卷 721-726页

作者： Olivia B.PARKS Krishna S.KOTHAMASU Michael J.ZIEMBA Morgan BEnnER Madison CRISTInZIAnO Serena KAnTZ Daniel LEGER John LI Devanshi PATEL William RABUSE Samantha SUTTOn Amandi WILSOn Priyanka BAIREDDY Aditi A.KAMAT Mariah J.CALLAS Matthew J.BORGES Marysa n.SCALIA Emily KLEnK Gabrielle SCHERER Maria M.MARTInEZ Sarah R.GRUBS nancy KAUFMAnn Jonathan n.PRUITT carl n.keiser Department of Biological Sciences University of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15260USA Department of Ecology Evolutionand Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Rice University Academy of Fellows Rice UniversityHoustonTX 77005USA Department of BioSciences Rice UniversityHoustonTX 77005USA

Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal *** have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong consequences for host development,physiology,and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes,while the benign microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often ***,we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in ***,using culture-based methods,we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these ***,we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldness,aggressiveness,and activity *** conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application,and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control *** identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular *** found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their *** bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts,these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria,even non- pathogenic bacteria,could alter host behavior.

关键词： Agelenopsis pennsylvanica aggressiveness Araneae cuticular bacteria personality

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Evaluation of Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearance and pH of Dry Corn, High-Moisture Corn, and Rye under in Vitro Conditions

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 327-332页

作者： Warren carl Rusche Zachary Kidd Foster Smith South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota USA

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.

关键词： Corn Grain Processing Ruminal Fermentation Rye

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Cuticular bacteria appear detrimental to social spiders in mixed but not monoculture exposure

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Current Zoology 2016年第4期62卷 377-384页

作者： carl n. keiser Taylor A. SHEARER lexander E. DEMARCO Hayley A. BRITTInGHAM Karen A. KnUTSOn Candice Kuo Katherine ZHAO Jonathan n. PRUITT Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA

Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resident bacterial community are often ignored in animal behavior and behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to identify the nature of host-microbe interactions in a nonmodel organism, the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in situ and then exposed spiders to bacterial monocultures cultures via topical application or injection. We also topically inoculated spiders with a concomitant ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria and measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after inoculation. Lastly, we collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in the capture webs of spiders, and then fed spiders domestic crickets which had been injected with these bacteria. We also injected 1 species of prey-borne bacteria into the hemolymph of spiders. Only Bacillus thuringiensis caused increased mortality when injected into the hemolymph of spiders, whereas no bacterial monocultures caused increased mortality when applied topically, relative to control solutions. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss and mortality when applied topically, yet did not detectibly alter spider behavior. Consuming prey injected with prey-borne bacteria was associated with an elongated lifespan in spiders. Thus, indirect evidence from multiple experiments suggests that the effects of these bacteria on spider survivorship appear contingent on their mode of colonization and whether they are applied in monoculture or within a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe interactions across different social contexts to determine the role that microbes play in colony performance.

关键词： cuticular bacteria sickness behavior social spider Stegodyphus dumicola.

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Plant community on a volcano mountaintop reveals unique high-altitude vegetation in southeastern Brazil

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第9期21卷 3018-3030页

作者： Igor Musauer KESSOUS Ruy JoséValka ALVES nílber Gonçalves da SILVA Amilcar Walter SAPORETTI JUnIOR Biodiversity Laboratory Federal Institute of EducationScience and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais(IFSULDEMINAS)Av.Dirce Pereira Rosa300-Jardim Esperança37713-100Poços de CaldasMGBrazil Department of Botany National MuseumFederal University of Rio de JaneiroQuinta da Boa Vista s.n.São Cristóvão20949-040Rio de JaneiroRJBrazil Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22BSE 41319GothenburgSweden

Mountains exhibit a high degree of endemism and diversity,however,quantifying their biodiversity can be *** to islands,species isolation in mountainous regions results in comparable patterns of evolution and extinction,rendering their biodiversity unique and highly susceptible to anthropogenic *** topographic relief in mountains plays a crucial role in creating habitat complexity,which in turn contribute to high plant ***,we investigated plant diversity in the volcano mountaintop vegetation on the Poços de Caldas Plateau,a region situated in the ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado,characterized by natural radiation and significant anthropogenic *** employed an automated approach through the filtering of georeferenced and non-georeferenced data to obtain a list of plant species in the ***,we statistically investigated the similarity among different high-altitude vegetations belonging to the campos de altitude from the Atlantic Forest and campos rupestres from the *** plateau exhibits high plant diversity,including 1,659 specific and infraspecific taxa,especially belonging to Asteraceae and *** analyses suggest that geographical distance is a strong predictor of dissimilarity and that the Poços de Caldas Plateau is more floristically related to the campos rupestres,despite being associated with campos de *** region possesses a unique set of biodiversity,indicating that it may be a distinct ***,we hypothesize that Pleistocene events likely influenced the conformation of the current floristic composition in the region through species interchange between the Cerrado and Atlantic *** study also highlights the few taxa assessed for conservation status and anthropogenic threats that this habitat is facing.

关键词： Atlantic Forest Biogeography Cerrado Community ecology Grassland

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Broad bean cultivars increase extrafloral nectary numbers, but not extrafloral nectar, in response to leaf damage

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Open Journal of Ecology 2013年第1期3卷 59-65页

作者： Edward B. Mondor carl n. keiser Dustin E. Pendarvis Morgan n. Vaughn Department of Biology Georgia Southern University Statesboro USA

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to maximize fitness, by optimizing the expression of costly defensive traits. Broad bean, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, produces increased numbers of extrafloral nectaries (EFns) in response to leaf damage to attract mutualistic partners and reduce herbivory. It is currently unknown, however, whether EFn induction is cultivar-specific or is a more general phenomenon. It has also not been determined whether broad beans increase nectar secretion rates in conjunction with EFn induction. We hypothesized that: a) as all broad beans have conspicuous EFns, all cultivars should produce additional EFns in response to leaf damage, and b) overall nectar secretion rates should increase with EFn numbers, to attract additional mutualists. We tested our hypothesis by subjecting three broad bean cultivars, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, “Stereo”, and “Witkiem” to mechanical leaf damage. The degree of change in plant traits associated with growth, in addition to EFn induction, was assessed 1 week after leaf damage. Extrafloral nectar volumes were also assessed, every 24 hours, pre- and post-leaf damage. We confirmed our first, but rejected our second, hypothesis. All cultivars produced additional EFns, but none increased extrafloral nectar volumes, when experiencing leaf damage. Further experimentation is required to determine if energetic tradeoffs limit multiple forms of defense (i.e., EFn vs. nectar induction), or if this alternative strategy is adaptive for attracting and retaining mutualists. Understanding the costs and benefits of EFn vs. nectar induction will provide insight into the evolution of defensive mutualisms between plants and predatory arthropods.

关键词： Broad Bean Defense Extrafloral nectar Extrafloral nectary Herbivory Inducible Defense Mutualism Phenotypic Plasticity Vicia faba L.

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Geochemical fingerprints and hydrocarbon potential of Paleocene mudrocks in the Tano Basin, Ghana: insights from biomarkers and stable carbon isotopes

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Acta Geochimica 2024年第2期43卷 255-279页

作者： Kojo Amoako nancy Pearl Osei-Boakye ningning Zhong n’Guessan Francois De Sales Konan Gordon Foli Prince Opoku Appau Clifford Fenyi Ebenezer Apesegah Research Group for Marine Geochemistry(ICBM-MPI Bridging Group) Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment(ICBM)Carl von Ossietzky University OldenburgAmmerlander Heerstr.26129 OldenburgGermany State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting College of GeosciencesChina University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Civil and Geo-EngineeringKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana Ghana national Gas Company 225 Osibisa CloseAirport WestAccraGhana Petroleum Corporation GNPCPMBPetroleum HouseTemaGhana

The Paleocene mudrocks in Ghana’s Tano Basin have received limited attention despite ongoing efforts to explore hydrocarbon resources.A thorough geochemical analysis is imperative to assess these mudrocks’petroleum generation potential and formulate effective exploration *** this study,a comprehensive geochemical analysis was carried out on ten Paleocene rock cuttings extracted from TP-1,a discovery well within the Tano *** analytical techniques,including total organic carbon(TOC)analysis,Rock–Eval pyrolysis,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and isotope ratio-mass spectrometry,were employed to elucidate their hydrocar-bon potential and organic ***ﬁndings in this study were subsequently compared to existing geochemical data on Paleocene source rocks in the South Atlantic marginal *** results indicated that the Paleocene samples have TOC content ranging from 0.68 to 2.93 wt%.The prevalent kerogen types identiﬁed in these samples were Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ.Molecular and isotope data suggest that the organic matter found in the Paleocene mudrocks can be traced back to land plants and lower aquatic *** mudrocks were deposited in a transi-tional environment withﬂuctuating water salinity,charac-terized by sub-oxic redox *** indices,both bulk and molecular,indicated a spectrum of maturity levels within the Paleocene mudrocks,spanning from immature to marginally mature,with increasing maturity observed with greater *** comparison,the organic composition and depositional environments of Paleocene source rocks in the Tano Basin closely resemble those found in the niger Delta Basin,Douala,and Kribi-Campo Basins,the Kwanza Formation in Angola,and certain Brazilian marginal ***,it is worth noting that Paleocene source rocks in some of the basins,such as the niger Delta and Brazilian marginal basins,exhibit rela-tively higher thermal maturity levels compared to those observed in the current Paleocene samp

关键词： Paleocene source rocks Source input Depositional environment Thermal maturity Hydrocarbon potential Tano Basin West Africa

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Prenatal multiple micronutrient-fortified balanced energy-protein supplementation and newborn telomere length and mitochondrial DnA content: a randomized controlled efficacy trial in rural Burkina Faso

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年

作者： Giles T.Hanley-Cook Yuri Bastos-Moreira Dries S.Martens Trenton Dailey-Chwalibóg Laeticia Celine Toe Brenda de Kok Lionel Ouédraogo Alemayehu Argaw Kokeb Tesfamariam Patrick Kolsteren Lieven Huybregts Tim S.nawrot Sarah De Saeger Marthe De Boevre carl Lachat Department of Food Technology， Safety and Health， Faculty of Bioscience Engineering， Ghent University Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health， MYTOXSOUTH~(?) Coordination Unit， Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences， Ghent University Centre for Environmental Sciences， Hasselt University Unité nutrition et Maladies Métaboliques， Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Centre Muraz Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health， MYTOXSOUTH? Coordination Unit， Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences， Ghent University nutrition， Diets， and Health Unit， Department of Food and nutrition Policy， International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Department of Public Health & Primary Care， University of Leuven Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology， Faculty of Science， University of Johannesburg， Doornfontein Campus

Background: Evidence regarding the effectiveness of prenatal nutritional supplements has mainly considered anthropometric pregnancy outcomes. The effect on markers of health and disease， such as offspring telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DnA content (mtDnAc) is unknown. Objectives: We assessed the efficacy of maternal multiple micronutrient (MMn)-fortified balanced-energy protein (BEP) and iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation on newborn TL as a secondary outcome and mtDnAc as a non-declared outcome. Design: We conducted a randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso， among pregnant females (15-40 years old) enrolled at n. Mothers received either MMn-fortified BEP and IFA (intervention) or IFA only (control) throughout pregnancy. Whole arterial blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord of 104 control and 90 intervention group infants， respectively. Average relative TL and mtDnAc were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Linear regression models were fitted to assess TL and mtDnAc differences across trial arms. Results: We found that a combined daily MMn-fortified BEP supplement and IFA tablet did not affect newborn TL [β = -0.010 (95% CI: -0.057， 0.036); P = 0.662] or mtDnAc [β = 0.065 (95% CI: -0.203， 0.073); P = 0.354]， as compared to an IFA tablet alone. These findings were confirmed (P > 0.05) by adjusting the regression models for potential prognostic factors of study outcomes at enrollment. Exploratory analyses indicated higher， but non-significantly different mtDnAc among children born either small-for-gestational age， low birthweight， or preterm. Conclusions: newborns from mothers who received daily nutritional supplements across gestation did not have different relative TL or mtDnAc.

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Multitemporal landslide inventory analysis of an intertropical mountain in west-central Mexico——Basis for hazard management

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第6期19卷 1650-1669页

作者： Alejandro Cesar VALDES CARRERA Manuel E.MEnDOZA Teodoro carlÓn ALLEnDE Jose Luis MACIAS Centro de Investigaciones en Geografia Ambiental Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMorelia 58190Mexico Consejo nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia-Instituto de Geofisica-Unidad Michoacan Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMorelia 58190Mexico Instituto de Geofisica-Unidad Michoacan Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMorelia 58190Mexico

Landslides in intertropical mountainous areas of Mexico are a natural hazard that could potentially generate a disaster. Despite this, many areas lack landslide inventories, making it difficult to monitor and efficiently manage the associated risks for local populations. For this reason, the aim of this research was to undertake a multitemporal landslide inventory and analyze its conditioning factors in the Pico de Tancítaro stratovolcano, which, in recent decades, has presented several high-risk geomorphological events with disastrous consequences for nearby localities. The spatial distribution of landslides and its conditioning factors were mapped at a 1:50,000 scale for the 1995-2020 period, through visual interpretation of orthophotos and satellite images(Landsat, SPOT, and SEnTInEL). The conditioning factors that link the most to landslides were Quaternary andesite and basaltic andesite rocks;volcanic cones, mountain river valleys, and very steep to steep slopes(30° to >45°), oriented to the South, north, and East;Andosols and Leptosols;and the oyamel fir and mixed forests. 505 landslide events classified into slides and flows that occurred in 1995, 2004, 2010, and 2015 were identified. new scars generated by the reactivation of landslide processes were also observed. The landslides in the study area were triggered by torrential rains caused by hurricanes and tropical storms;such as hurricanes Alex and Patricia. The inventory and analysis of conditioning factors highlighted the distribution and dynamics of slides and flows in the study area. In addition, the most important factors for studies of landslide susceptibility, hazards, and risks in the Pico de Tancítaro stratovolcano were identified, contributing to the management of geomorphological risks in intertropical mountain areas.

关键词： Geomorphology Mass wasting natural hazards Pico de Tancítaro stratovolcano Risk management

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Impact of post harvest treatment on antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of Moringa oleifera lam leaves

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Food Production, Processing and nutrition 2021年第1期3卷 296-311页

作者： Edith n.Fombang Pierre nobossé carl M.F.Mbofung Damanpreet Singh Department of Food Science and nutrition National School of Agro-Industrial SciencesENSAIUniversity of NgaoundereP.O.Box 455NgaoundereAdamawa RegionCameroon Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampurHimachal Pradesh 176061India

Moringa oleifera leaves are an important source of dietary phytochemicals,such as flavonoids with high antioxidant activity(AOA).These components are however influenced by the post-harvest treatments applied as well as the processing ***,it is crucial to determine the most appropriate post-harvest treatment that preserves or enhances *** this effect the influence of steam blanching,fermentation/oxidation,oven drying and roasting of fresh Moringa leaves on their AOA was *** conditions of time and temperature for each treatment were optimised using response surface *** effect of the different treatments at optimal conditions on phenolic profile and AOA were *** achieved the most significant(pnt in phenolics(43%)and AOA(22–31%),which was accompanied by the formation of 2 new compounds,quercetin-3-O-acetylglucoside and *** blanching had the most deleterious effect on phenolics(-31%)and ***-harvest treatments qualitatively and quantitatively affect phytochemical profile of Moringa leaves.

关键词： Moringa oleifera leaves Post harvest treatment Optimisation(response surface methodology) Phenolic profile Antioxidant activity

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An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging

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Forensic Sciences Research 2019年第1期4卷 10-28页

作者： carl n.Stephan Jodi M.Caple Pierre Guyomarc'h Peter Claes Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification(HuCS-ID Lab) School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaAustralia Unite Mixte de Recherche(UMR)5199 De la Préhistoireàl'Actuel:Culture Environnement et Anthropologie(PACEA)Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication(MCC)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)Universitéde BordeauxPessacFrance Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering(ESAT)/Processing of Speech and Images(PSI)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium Medical Imaging Research Center(MIRC) Universitair ZiekenhuisLeuvenBelgium

Facial imaging is a term used to describe methods that use facial images to assist or facili-tate human identification. This pertains to two craniofacial identification procedures that use skulls and faces—facial approximation and photographic superimposition—as well as face-only methods for age progression/regression, the construction of facial graphics from eye-witness memory (including composites and artistic sketches), facial depiction, face mapping and newly emerging methods of molecular photofitting. Given the breadth of these facial imaging techniques, it is not surprising that a broad array of subject-matter experts partici-pate in and/or contribute to the formulation and implementation of these methods (includ-ing forensic odontologists, forensic artists, police officers, electrical engineers, anatomists, geneticists, medical image specialists, psychologists, computer graphic programmers and software developers). As they are concerned with the physical characteristics of humans, each of these facial imaging areas also falls in the domain of physical anthropology, although not all of them have been traditionally regarded as such. This too offers useful opportunities to adapt established methods in one domain to others more traditionally held to be disciplines within physical anthropology (e.g. facial approximation, craniofacial super-imposition and face photo-comparison). It is important to note that most facial imaging methods are not currently used for identification but serve to assist authorities in narrowing or directing investigations such that other, more potent, methods of identification can be used (e.g. DnA). Few, if any, facial imaging approaches can be considered honed end-stage scientific methods, with major opportunities for physical anthropologists to make meaningful contributions. Some facial imaging methods have considerably stronger scientific underpin-nings than others (e.g. facial approximation versus face mapping), some currently lie ent

关键词： Forensic anthropology craniofacial identification facial approximation photographic superimpos-ition facial depiction age progression facial composites molecular photofitting

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