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Multi-exit self-distillation with appropriate teachers

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2024年第4期25卷 585-599页

作者： Wujie sun Defang CHEN can WANG Deshi YE Yan FENG Chun CHEN College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310000China

Multi-exit architecture allows early-stop inference to reduce computational cost,which can be used in resource-constrained circumstances.Recent works combine the multi-exit architecture with self-distillation to simultaneously achieve high efficiency and decent performance at different network depths.However,existing methods mainly transfer knowledge from deep exits or a single ensemble to guide all exits,without considering that inappropriate learning gaps between students and teachers may degrade the model performance,especially in shallow exits.To address this issue,we propose Multi-exit self-distillation with Appropriate TEachers(MATE)to provide diverse and appropriate teacher knowledge for each exit.In MATE,multiple ensemble teachers are obtained from all exits with different trainable weights.Each exit subsequently receives knowledge from all teachers,while focusing mainly on its primary teacher to keep an appropriate gap for efficient knowledge transfer.In this way,MATE achieves diversity in knowledge distillation while ensuring learning efficiency.Experimental results on CIFAR-100,TinyImageNet,and three fine-grained datasets demonstrate that MATE consistently outperforms state-of-the-art multi-exit self-distillation methods with various network architectures.

关键词： Multi-exit architecture Knowledge distillation Learning gap

Alkyl chain modulation of asymmetric hexacyclic fused acceptor synergistically with wide bandgap third component for high efficiency ternary organic solar cells

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第7期31卷 1713-1719页

作者： Shufang Li Huilan Guan can Zhu Chaoyuan sun Qingya Wei Jun Yuan Yingping Zou College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy School of Electronics and InformationHangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou 310018China

Herein,two asymmetric hexacyclic fused small molecule acceptors(SMAs),namely BP4F-HU and BP4F-UU,were synthesized.The elongated outside chains in the BP4F-UU molecule played a crucial role in optimizing the morphology of blend film,thereby improving charge mobility and reducing energy loss within the corresponding film.Notably,the PM6:BP4F-UU device exhibited a higher open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.878 V compared to the PM6:BP4F-HU device with a V_(oc)of 0.863 V.Further,a new wide bandgap SMA named BTP-TA was designed and synthesized as the third component to the PM6:BP4F-UU host binary devices,which showed an ideal complementary absorption spectrum in PM6:BP4F-UU system.In addition,BTP-TA can achieve efficient intermolecular energy transfer to BP4F-UU by fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)pathway,due to the good overlap between the photoluminescence(PL)spectrum of BTP-TA and the absorption region of BP4F-UU.Consequently,ternary devices with 15wt%BTP-TA exhibits broader photon utilization,optimal blend morphology,and reduced charge recombination compared to the corresponding binary devices.Consequently,PM6:BP4F-UU:BTP-TA ternary device achieved an optimal power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.83%with simultaneously increased V_(oc)of 0.905 V,short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 26.14 mA/cm^(2),and fill factor(FF)of 75.38%.

关键词： asymmetric hexacyclic acceptor outside chain wide bandgap acceptor ternary organic solar cells

A high-performance lithium anode based on N-doped composite graphene

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Rare Metals 2024年第3期43卷 1030-1036页

作者： can Jiao Hao-Bo sun Li Zhang Shang-Qian Zhao Guo-Yao Pang Chun-Rong Zhao Shi-Gang Lu General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals Beijing100088China China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co.Ltd Beijing101407China

Lithium(Li)metal is the most promising electrode for next-gene ration rechargeable batteries.In order to push the commercialization of the lithium metal batteries,a kind of nitrogen(N)-doped composite graphene(NCG)adopted as the Li plating host was prepared to regulate Li metal nucleation and suppress dendrite growth.Furthermore,a new kind of sandwich-type composite lithium metal(STCL)electrode was developed to improve its application.The STCL electrode can be used as convenient as a piece of Li foil but no dendrite growth.In a symmetric battery,the STCL electrode cycled for more than 4500 h with the overpotential of less than 40 mV.And due to the creative design,the STCL promises the Li-S battery with a prolonged cycling lifespan.

关键词： Lithium metal anode Lithiophilic N-doped composite graphene Sandwich-type composite lithium metal electrode

Fine-tuning the activation behaviors of ternary modular cabazitaxel prodrugs for efficient and on-target oral anti-cancer therapy

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2024年第2期19卷 188-203页

作者： Mingyang Zhang Yifan Miao can Zhao Tong Liu Xiyan Wang Zixuan Wang Wenxin Zhong Zhonggui He Chutong Tian Jin sun Department of Pharmaceutics Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang 110016China Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310058China Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems Ministry of EducationShenyang 110016China Liaoning Provincial Institute of Drug Inspection and Testing Shenyang 110036China

The disulfide bond plays a crucial role in the design of anti-tumor prodrugs due to its exceptional tumor-specific redox responsiveness. However, premature breaking of disulfide bonds is triggered by small amounts of reducing substances (e.g., ascorbic acid, glutathione, uric acid and tea polyphenols) in the systemic circulation. This may lead to toxicity, particularly in oral prodrugs that require more frequent and high-dose treatments. Fine-tuning the activation kinetics of these prodrugs is a promising prospect for more efficient on-target cancer therapies. In this study, disulfide, steric disulfide, and ester bonds were used to bridge cabazitaxel (CTX) to an intestinal lymph vessel-directed triglyceride (TG) module. Then, synthetic prodrugs were efficiently incorporated into self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (corn oil and Maisine CC were used as the oil phase and Cremophor EL as the surfactant). All three prodrugs had excellent gastric stability and intestinal permeability. The oral bioavailability of the disulfide bond-based prodrugs (CTX-(C)S-(C)S-TG and CTX-S-S-TG) was 11.5- and 19.1-fold higher than that of the CTX solution, respectively, demonstrating good oral delivery efficiency. However, the excessive reduction sensitivity of the disulfide bond resulted in lower plasma stability and safety of CTX-S-S-TG than that of CTX-(C)S-(C)S-TG. Moreover, introducing steric hindrance into disulfide bonds could also modulate drug release and cytotoxicity, significantly improving the anti-tumor activity even compared to that of intravenous CTX solution at half dosage while minimizing off-target adverse effects. Our findings provide insights into the design and fine-tuning of different disulfide bond-based linkers, which may help identify oral prodrugs with more potent therapeutic efficacy and safety for cancer therapy.

关键词： Steric disulfide bond Triglyceride-like pr odrugs Cabazitaxel Lymphatic transport Oral chemotherapy

Electronic structures and Mott state of epitaxial TaS_(2) monolayers

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年第5期67卷 91-97页

作者： Qichao Tian Chi Ding Xiaodong Qiu Qinghao Meng Kaili Wang Fan Yu Yuyang Mu can Wang Jian sun Yi Zhang National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure School of PhysicsNanjing UniversityNanjing 20093China Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China School of Physics and Electronic Sciences Changsha University of Science and TechnologyChangsha 410114China Hefei National Laboratory Hefei 230088China

Layered material TaS2hosts multiple structural phases and exotic correlated quantum states,including charge density wave(CDW),superconductivity,quantum spin liquid,and Mott insulating state.Here,we synthesized TaS_(2)monolayers in H and T phases using the molecular beam epitaxial(MBE)method and studied their electronic structures via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES).We found that the H phase TaS_(2)(H-TaS_(2))monolayer is metallic,with an energy band crossing the Fermi level.In contrast,the T phase TaS_(2)(T-TaS_(2))monolayer shows an insulated energy gap at the Fermi level,while the normal calculated band structure implies it should be metallic without any band gap.However,by considering Hubbard interaction potential U,further density functional theory(DFT)calculation suggests that monolayer T-TaS_(2)could be a CDW Mott insulator,and the DFT+U calculation matches well with the ARPES result.More significantly,the temperature-dependent ARPES result indicates that the CDW Mott state in the T-TaS_(2)monolayer is more robust than its bulk counterpart and can persist at room temperature.Our results reveal that the dimensional effect can enhance the CDW Mott state and provide valuable insights for further exploring the exotic properties of monolayer TaS2.

关键词： temperature monolayer state

Deformations at Earth’s dayside magnetopause during quasi-radial IMF conditions:Global kinetic simulations and Soft X-ray Imaging

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 59-69页

作者： ZhongWei Yang RiKu Jarvinen XiaoCheng Guo TianRan sun Dimitra Koutroumpa George K.Parks can Huang BinBin Tang QuanMing Lu Chi Wang State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00101 HelsinkiFinland LATMOS/IPSL CNRSUVSQ UniversitéParis-SaclaySorbonne UniversitéGuyancourt78280France Space Sciences Laboratory University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA CAS Engineering Laboratory for Deep Resources Equipment and Technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 China Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)is a joint mission of the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).Primary goals are investigating the dynamic response of the Earth's magnetosphere to the solar wind(SW)impact via simultaneous in situ magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements,X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and magnetic cusps,and UV images of global auroral distributions.Magnetopause deformations associated with magnetosheath high speed jets(HSJs)under a quasi-parallel interplanetary magnetic field condition are studied using a threedimensional(3-D)global hybrid simulation.Soft X-ray intensity calculated based on both physical quantities of solar wind proton and oxygen ions is compared.We obtain key findings concerning deformations at the magnetopause:(1)Magnetopause deformations are highly coherent with the magnetosheath HSJs generated at the quasi-parallel region of the bow shock,(2)X-ray intensities estimated using solar wind h+and self-consistentO7+ions are consistent with each other,(3)Visual spacecraft are employed to check the discrimination ability for capturing magnetopause deformations on Lunar and polar orbits,respectively.The SMILE spacecraft on the polar orbit could be expected to provide opportunities for capturing the global geometry of the magnetopause in the equatorial plane.A striking point is that SMILE has the potential to capture small-scale magnetopause deformations and magnetosheath transients,such as HSJs,at medium altitudes on its orbit.Simulation results also demonstrate that a lunar based imager(e.g.,Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager,LEXI)is expected to observe a localized brightening of the magnetosheath during HSJ events in the meridian plane.These preliminary results might contribute to the pre-studies for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing qualitative and quantitative soft X-ray estimates of dayside kinetic processes.

关键词： collisionless shock SMILE mission foreshock

Learning the imaging mechanism directly from optical microscopy observations

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Photonics Research 2024年第1期12卷 7-26页

作者： ZE-HAO WANG LONG-KUN SHAN TONG-TIAN WENG TIAN-LONG CHEN XIANG-DONG CHEN ZHANG-YANG WANG GUANG-can GUO FANG-WEN sun CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China University of Texas at Austin AustinTexas 78705USA Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230088China

The optical microscopy image plays an important role in scientific research through the direct visualization of the nanoworld,where the imaging mechanism is described as the convolution of the point spread function(PSF)and emitters.Based on a priori knowledge of the PSF or equivalent PSF,it is possible to achieve more precise exploration of the nanoworld.However,it is an outstanding challenge to directly extract the PSF from microscopy images.Here,with the help of self-supervised learning,we propose a physics-informed masked autoencoder(PiMAE)that enables a learnable estimation of the PSF and emitters directly from the raw microscopy images.We demonstrate our method in synthetic data and real-world experiments with significant accuracy and noise robustness.PiMAE outperforms DeepSTORM and the Richardson–Lucy algorithm in synthetic data tasks with an average improvement of 19.6%and 50.7%(35 tasks),respectively,as measured by the normalized root mean square error(NRMSE)metric.This is achieved without prior knowledge of the PSF,in contrast to the supervised approach used by DeepSTORM and the known PSF assumption in the Richardson–Lucy algorithm.Our method,PiMAE,provides a feasible scheme for achieving the hidden imaging mechanism in optical microscopy and has the potential to learn hidden mechanisms in many more systems.

关键词： optical emitter mechanism

A Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Human Sperm Head Morphology with a Domestic Digital Holographic Image System

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Phenomics 2022年第2期2卷 130-135页

作者： Hong Zhu Yong Zhu can sun Feng Jiang Department of Urology Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai 200011China Human Sperm Bank of Fudan University Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai 200011China Shanghai JiAi Genetics and IVF Institute China-USA Center Shanghai 200011China

The head of sperm was imaged with domestic digital holographic microscopy(DHM),and then the quantitative three-dimensional size information of normal sperm and teratozoospermic sperm was compared and analyzed.DHM sperm imaging and repeated quantitative evaluation were used to determine the morphology of the sperm head in two patients with teratozoospermia and four volunteers with normal semen parameters.Sixty and 139 sperm of teratozoospermia patients and normal people were photographed by digital hologram,respectively.The differences in head height and width were compared and statistically analyzed.The sperm head height of the teratozoospermia group was 3.06±1.66μm,which was significantly lower than that of the normal sperm group(4.54±1.60μm,pcant difference in the head width between the two groups.Compared with the traditional two-dimensional optical microscope observation method,the DHM system can provide three-dimensional quantitative information for the sperm head and thus may help in the comprehensive clinical evaluation of the sperm head structure.

关键词： Digital holographic microscopy(DHM) Teratozoospermia Human sperm head morphology

Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic ethyleneoxy-substituted carbonate:Access to cyclic PEG-like polycarbonate

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第3期35卷 282-286页

作者： Jin Huang Jinwen Li Rui Yan Yuanyuan Qu Fengzhen Guo Lei Shen can-liang Ma Jie sun Zhenjiang Li Kai Guo State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing 211816China Institute of Nanjing Advanced Biomaterials&Processing Equipment Lishui Economic Development ZoneNanjing 211299China

The innovation in polymer design to rival conventional polyethylene glycol(PEG)is an important approach to achieving a more sustainable society.Here,cyclic PEG-like polycarbonates having high molecular weight(4.4–49.5 kg/mol)were enabled through zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization(ZROP)of macrocyclic carbonates(MCs)mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC).The thermodynamic behavior of polymerization depends on the ring size of monomers.During this process,the ZROP of 11-membered MC was driven by the change of enthalpy(ΔH_(p))which differed from the ZROP of 14-membered MC driven by the entropic change(ΔS_(p)).Cyclic polycarbonates depicted improved thermostability(T_(d5%)≥204℃)and higher glass transition temperatures(T_(g)>–40℃)in comparison to their linear analogues(T_(d5%)≤185℃,T_(g)~–50℃).In addition,the mechanism of ZROP of MC was addressed through computational study.A distinct mechanism of polymerization distinguishable from the well-known NHC-mediated ZROP of cyclic esters was revealed,where the zwitterion from nucleophilic addition to MC,i.***.tetrahedral intermediate,cannot be ring-opened probably due to the delocalization of negative charge on the carbonate group,but serves as an active center for the polymerization.In comparison to PEG,the attained polymer demonstrated comparable hydrophilic and biocompatible properties,as revealed by the results of contact angle and in vitro cytotoxicity studies,suggesting that cyclic polycarbonate hold the promise as the alternative of PEG.

关键词： Zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization Cyclic polycarbonate Macrocycles Tetrahedral intermediate NHC carbene