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Decadal Forecasts of Large Earthquakes along the Northern San Andreas Fault System, California: Increased Activity on Regional Creeping Faults Prior to Major and Great Events

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第2期15卷 204-230页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.

关键词： San Andreas and Hayward Faults California Fault Creep Forecasts Double-Difference Relocations

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南非印刷工业及全球印刷工业面临的状况

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印刷工业 2009年第5期4卷 40-40页

作者： cwj sykes 南非印刷工业联合会

印刷及包装工业为南非GDP贡献了2．5％的产值。南非是一个人口不足4500万的小国．而印刷及包装工业，已经成为我国的第六大工业。

关键词：印刷工业南非包装工业 GDP

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Mechanistic insights into the oxidation of catalytically relevant AgCu near-surface alloy interfaces

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Aggregate 2022年第4期3卷 101-107页

作者： Laura A.Cramer Prashant Deshlahra E.Charles H.sykes Department of Chemistry Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA

Recent heterogeneous catalysis studies have demonstrated that synergy between Ag and Cu can lead to more selective partial oxidation *** performed a series of scanning tunneling microscope experiments to gain a better understanding of the AgCu system under oxidative *** experiments were carried out by exposing sub-monolayer coverages of Ag on Cu(111),in the form of a near-surface alloy(NSA),to range of oxygen exposures and *** enabled us to study the initial stages of oxidation of well-defined Ag/Cu interfaces with atomic resolution and thereby understand the dynamic response of the AgCu NSA to oxygen *** low oxygen exposures,oxidation was observed on exposed Cu terraces and at the interface between the AgCu NSA and Cu(111).Higher oxygen exposure led to the segregation of Cu atoms up through the Ag layer and the appearance of surface adsorbed *** phase segregation of Cu was then observed at higher oxygen exposures at elevated temperatures,evidenced by the formation of Cu oxide patches within and on the top of the Ag *** results provide a more detailed picture of how AgCu NSAs interact with,and restructure in response to,oxygen.

关键词： alloy bimetallic scanning tunneling microscopy segregation

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Decadal and Yearly Forerunning Earthquakes to Cape Mendocino, Northern California, Mainshock of 1992 Magnitude 6.9

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第11期13卷 1040-1055页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades New York USA

The area near the Cape Mendocino earthquake of 1992, magnitude 6.9, was the site of many moderate to large shocks during the previous decades. It and the Honeydew event of 1991, however, are distinguished from most earthquakes in the region by their thrust-fault mechanisms. The magnitude of the 1991 shock was also unusually large for the preceding decades, Mw 6.1. The mechanisms of most other large events involved strike-slip faulting. The 1992 mainshock occurred in a volume of space characterized by few decadal forerunning earthquakes of moderate to large size. Most of those forerunners took place on the periphery of that volume. The presence of that zone suggests that it broke previously in a large to great earthquake. Precise locations indicate that slip in the 1991 and 1992 earthquakes occurred on faults dipping shallowly to the NE and ENE. They likely took place within the North American plate above the subduction plate boundary. Their implications for earthquake forecasting using sparse precursors are discussed.

关键词： Earthquakes California Prediction Precursors Subduction Cascadia Gorda Plate

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Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and Their Place in the Future Economy

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Engineering 2020年第2期6卷 115-118页

作者： Allan Trench John P.sykes Business School The University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting School of Earth SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia CRU Group London WC2A 1QSUnited Kingdom MinEx Consulting Pty Ltd. SubiacoWA6008Australia Greenfields Research Ltd. HarrogateHG33HAUnited Kingdom

Due to their rising economic importance as an enabling technology for the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables[1-3]and to their ubiquitous use in the miniaturization of electronic devices[2,4],permanent m... 详细信息

关键词： Earth frontier Rare

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Intermediate-Term Seismic Precursors to the Loma Prieta California Earthquake of 1989

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International Journal of Geosciences 2022年第10期13卷 905-917页

作者： Lynn R. sykes Felix Waldhauser David P. Schaff Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades NY USA

We use precise locations of earthquakes to study forerunning seismic activity to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake of magnitude 6.9 to the south of San Francisco, California, USA. Relocated shocks of magnitude 4.3 to 5.4 and smaller micro-earthquakes define a distinct zone of nearly the same orientation as the mainshock. That separate zone broke in the 15 months prior to the 1989 mainshock. That feature, which we call the Lake Elsman fault zone, is identified as the site of a prominent intermediate-term (yearly) precursor very close to the coming 1989 mainshock. That zone experienced a relatively large stress decrease during the nearby great earthquake of 1906. From the occurrence of the Lake Elsman shocks, we deduce that stress drop was only restored in the 15 months prior to the 1989 main event. Those stresses are consistent with little forerunning seismic activity in the region after 1906, later increases just before the 1989 mainshock and a decrease in activity thereafter. The southern Santa Cruz mountains segment of the San Andreas Fault zone, the location of the 1989 mainshock, had not been the site of events of magnitude 5 and larger for many decades prior to the occurrence of Lake Elsman earthquakes of magnitude 5.3 and 5.4 in 1988 and 1989. High-preci- sion locations readily available in real-time might be used to monitor similar possible precursory activity very close to the San Andreas and other transform faults.

关键词： Earthquakes Precursors Prediction California Faults Plate Tectonics

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The influence of physiological environment on the targeting effect of aptamer-guided gold nanoparticles

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Nano Research 2019年第1期12卷 129-135页

作者： Ding Ding Yinling Zhang Edward A.sykes Long Chen Zhuo Chen Weihong Tan Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL) State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life SciencesHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China School of Medicine Queens University81 Barrie StreetKingstonONK7L 3N6Canada Faculty of Science and Technology University of MacaoAvenida da UniversidadeMacao Taipa 999078China Department of Chemistry Departments of Physiology and Functional GenomicsCenter far Research at the Bio/Nano InterfaceUF Health Cancer CenterUF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida 32611USA Institute of Molecular Medicine Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Aptamer guided nano medicine shows great promise in targeted cancer *** the loss of targeting capacity duri ng in vivo or clinical trials has largely hindered its popularity and there are no systematic studies to elucidate the ***,we investigated such loss of targeting capacity by examining how the physiological milieu affected targeting *** functionalized gold nanoparticle(AuNP)was chosen as the model and exposed to human blood serum that is used to mimic physiological *** light scattering(DLS),flow cytometry and label-free liquid chromatography tan dem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)were employed to determi ne variations of NPs'surface chemistry and biological identities changes after serum *** showed that the targeting ability loss was caused by protein corona blocking,replacement and enzymatic cleavage of surface aptamer targeting ***,the aggregation issue is critical for the smaller *** of the protein corona profile indicated the accumulation of immune-related proteins on the surface of aptamer-conjugated NPs,which could induce immune response,resulting in rapid clearanee of NPs.

关键词： targeting effect aptamer nanomedicine physiological environment

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Sex-specific relationships between urbanization,parasitism,and plumage coloration in house finches

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Current Zoology 2021年第3期67卷 237-244页

作者： Brooke E.sykes Pierce Hutton Kevin J.McGraw School of Life Sciences Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA

Historically,studies of condition-dependent signals in animals have been male-centric,but recent work suggests that female ornaments can also communicate individual quality(e.g.,disease state,fecundity).There also has been a surge of interest in how urbanization alters signaling traits,but we know little about if and how cities affect signal expression in female *** measured carotenoid-based plumage coloration and coccidian(Isospora spp.)parasite burden in desert and city populations of house finches Haemorhous mexicanus to examine links between urbanization,health state,and feather pigmentation in males and *** earlier work,we showed that male house finches are less colorful and more parasitized in the city,and we again detected such patterns in this study for males;however,urban females were less colorful,but not more parasitized,than rural ***,contrary to rural populations,we found that urban birds(regardless of sex)with larger patches of carotenoid coloration were also more heavily infected with *** results show that urban environments can disrupt condition-dependent color expression and highlight the need for more studies on how cities affect disease and signaling traits in both male and female animals.

关键词： carotenoid pigmentation female ornaments Haemorhous mexicanus parasites urban ecology

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Evidence of neurodegeneration in autism spectrum disorder

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2013年第1期2卷 113-118页

作者： Janet K Kern David A Geier Lisa K sykes Mark R Geier Institute of Chronic Illnesses IncorporationSilver SpringMDUSA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas DallasTXUSA CoMeD IncorporationSilver SpringMDUSA

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a neurological disorder in which a significant number of children experience a developmental regression characterized by a loss of previously-acquired skills and *** of neurological function in ASD,as observed in affected children who have regressed,can be explained as *** there is research evidence of neurodegeneration or progressive encephalopathy in ASD,the issue of neurodegeneration in ASD is still under *** of neurodegeneration in the brain in ASD includes:(1)neuronal cell loss,(2)activated microglia and astrocytes,(3)proinflammatory cytokines,(4)oxidative stress,and(5)elevated 8-oxo-guanosine *** evidence from this review suggests that neurodegeneration underlies the loss of neurological function in children with ASD who have experienced regression and loss of previously acquired skills and abilities,and that research into treatments to address the issue of neurodegeneration in ASD are warranted.

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) Autism Neurodegeneration Regression Neuronal cell loss Microglia Oxidative stress Cytokines

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短鼻畸形的治疗(英文)

短鼻畸形的治疗(英文)

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第十次全国中西医结合耳鼻咽喉科学术会议

作者： Jonathan sykes AAFPRS

Obtaining adequate lengthening for a short nose is one of the most difficult maneuvers for the rhinoplasty *** etiology of the short nose can be congenital,traumatic,or secondary to prior *** order to successfully treat the short nose,diagnosis of the precise anatomical cause of the nasal shortening is *** of the short nose include lack of superior dorsal projection,inadequate cartilaginous

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