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Round Top Mountain rhyolite(Texas, USA), a massive, unique Y-bearing-fluorite-hosted heavy rare earth element(HREE) deposit

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Journal of Rare Earths 2014年第1期32卷 90-96页

作者： PINGITORE Nicholas clague juan GORSKI Daniel Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas at El Paso Texas Rare Earth Resources

Round Top Mountain in Hudspeth County, west Texas, USA is a surface-exposed rhyolite intrusion enriched in Y and heavy rare earth elements （HREEs）, as well as Nb, Ta, Be, Li, F, Sn, Rb, Th, and U. The massive tonnage, estimated at well over 1 billion tons, of the deposit makes it a target for recovery of valuable yttrium and HREEs （YHREEs）, and possibly other scarce ele-ments. Because of the extremely fine grain size of the mineralized rhyolite matrix, it has not been clear which minerals host the YHREEs and in what proportions. REE-bearing minerals reported in the deposit included bastn？site-Ce, Y-bearing fluorite, xeno-time-Y, zircon, aeschynite-Ce, a Ca-Th-Pb fluoride, and possibly ancylite-La and cerianite-Ce. Extended X-ray absorption fine struc-ture （EXAFS） indicated that virtually all of the yttrium, a proxy for the HREEs, resided in a coordination in the fluorite-type crystal structure, rather than those in the structures of bastn？site-Ce and xenotime-Y. The YREE grade of the Round Top deposit was just over 0.05%, with 72%of this consisting of YHREEs. This grade was in the range of the South China ionic clay deposits that supply essentially all of the world’s YHREEs. Because the host Y-bearing fluorite is soluble in dilute sulfuric acid at room temperature, a heap leaching of the deposit appeared feasible, aided by the fact that 90%-95%of the rock consists of unreactive and insoluble feld-spars and quartz. The absence of overburden, remarkable consistency of mineralization grade throughout the massive rhyolite, prox-imity （a few km） to a US interstate highway, major rail systems and gas and electricity, temperate climate, and stable political location in the world’s largest economy all enhanced the potential economic appeal of Round Top.

关键词： heavy rare earth elements yttrium-beating fluorite yttrofluorite heap leaching rhyolite Round Top deposit

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XRF Standardless Comparison of Mining Head and Tail Grades to Screen and Display Ore Processing Recoveries

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016年第11期7卷 785-796页

作者： Nicholas E. Pingitore Jr juan W. clague Daniel Gorski Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas USA Environmental Engineering & Public Health LLC El Paso Texas USA Texas Mineral Resources Corporation Sierra Blanca Texas USA

Separation of target elements or minerals from their host rock or ore is essential to successful mining operation. The inevitable loss of a portion of the desired material that accompanies each step in the extraction process must be documented to develop the operational protocol. Superposition of the characteristic X-ray fluorescence spectra of head (crushed rock ore particles, pre-processing) and tail (post-processing particles) samples provides a direct visual comparison of relative peak sizes, and thereby the relative concentrations, of elements of interest. If the head and tail peaks are identical, none of the element was recovered in the extraction process. At the other extreme if the tail peak “flat lines”, i.e., there is no peak, there was 100% recovery of that element. Standardless visual comparison is valid if the same mass of identical starting material is incorporated into the head and tail sample analysis pucks, and XRF analytical conditions are identical. The considerable time and expense of acquiring and calibrating the standards associated with XRF analysis of 75 or more elements are avoided, a significant advantage during initial broad screening of an experimental extraction procedure. Full quantitation by XRF or an alternate technique can proceed at a later project stage, if desired. The approach retains and presents all features of the original data, thus eliminating questions about data quality, standards and their calibration, and data manipulation in processing from raw counts to concentrations in printout tables. This form of display is ideal for both the mining professional and such less technical groups as corporate staff, investors, regulators, and the public. Examples presented herein are for heap leaching;the protocol can be applied as well to any of the other traditional ore processing and beneficiation procedures, e.g., gravity concentration, magnetic and electrical separation, froth flotation, and ore sorting.

关键词： XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) Ore Processing Heap Leach Standardless Analysis Round Top Mountain Rare Earth Elements

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Remarkably Consistent Rare Earth Element Grades at Round Top Yttrofluorite Deposit

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2018年第1期8卷 1-14页

作者： Nicholas E. Pingitore Jr. juan W. clague Daniel Gorski Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA Environmental Engineering & Public Health LLC El Paso TX USA Texas Mineral Resources Corporation Sierra Blanca TX USA

The peraluminous rhyolite that forms Round Top Mountain (approximately 375 m high × nearly 2 km in diameter), near Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth County, west Texas, USA, is enriched in yttrium and heavy rare earth elements (YHREEs), as well as Li, Be, U, Th, Sn, F, Rb, Cs, Nb, and Ta. Texas Mineral Resources Corp. (USA) proposes to release the YHREEs from their unique yttrofluorite host via heap leaching with dilute sulfuric acid. The inexpensive process also releases portions of valuable byproduct Be, Li, and U from accessory minerals amid the insoluble feldspars and quartz that comprise 90% - 95% of the surface-exposed rhyolite mountain. The objective of this study is to determine the consistency of mineralization grade, an important consideration in mine planning and preliminary economic analysis. The method is to plot elemental analyses of Y, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, U, and Nb from more than 1400 reverse circulation cuttings taken from 64 exploration drill holes against sample depth. The result of inspection of the plots reveals a remarkably homogeneous distribution of minor and trace elements throughout the sampled portion of the massive, 1.6-billion-tonne laccolith. The plots drive the conclusion that Round Top mine feedstock should remain constant for the life of the mine (multiple decades). Thus mining mechanics could be optimized at the start of operations and not require expensive later changes. The physical and chemical design of the heap leach and recovery and purification of target elements from pregnant leach solution also could be perfected during early development.

关键词： Heavy Rare Earth Elements Deposit Grade Round Top Mountain Heap Leach Mineral Processing

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