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The δ^(15)N values of foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and common millet(Panicum miliaceum)are reliable indicators of manuring practices

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第9期67卷 2910-2923页

作者： Jishuai YANG Xiaoyan YANG Ting YOU fahu chen Key Scientific Research Base of Bioarchaeology in Cold and Arid Regions(National Cultural Heritage Administration) Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education)College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation(ALPHA) State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemResources and Environment(TPESRE)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Millet agriculture,which originated in northern China,alongside rice agriculture,have nurtured the Chinese *** manuring practices likely promoted and maintained sustainable millet agricultural production in the loess area of northern ***,ongoing controversy exists regarding the indicators of prehistoric manuring intensity of foxtail millet(Setaria italica)and common millet(Panicum miliaceum).Here,we present the results of pot and field fertilization experiments on two millet *** findings suggest that manuring can significantly increase the δ^(15)N values of foxtail millet,and its δ^(15)N values increase with increasing manuring *** δ^(15)N values of foxtail millet leaves are systematically greater than those of grains by approximately 1.6‰.Manuring could have a long-term residual impact on increasing the δ^(15)N values of soil and millet *** with previous crop fertilization experiment results,we propose that the impact of manuring on the δ^(15)N values of non-nitrogen-fixing crops is roughly *** δ^(15)N value and amount of manure are key factors determining the extent of change in plant δ^(15)N *** millet grain δ^(15)N values can serve as reliable indicators of manuring ***,we provide an interpretive framework for assessing the correlation between manuring levels and the δ^(15)N values of archaeological millet *** δ^(15)N values of ancient millet grains suggest widespread and intensive manuring practices in prehistoric millet agriculture in northern China,spanning from the early Yangshao period to the Longshan period.

关键词： Millet farming Manuring experiment Farming system Archaeobotany North China

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Reconciling East Asia’s mid-Holocene temperature discrepancy through vegetation-climate feedback

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Science Bulletin 2024年第15期69卷 2420-2429页

作者： Jie chen Qiong Zhang Zhengyao Lu Yanwu Duan Xianyong Cao Jianping Huang fahu chen Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm UniversityStockholm 10691Sweden Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund UniversityLund 22100Sweden Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation(ALPHA) State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research(ITPCAS)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

The term“Holocene temperature conundrum”refers to the inconsistencies between proxy-based reconstructions and transient model simulations,and it challenges our understanding of global temperature evolution during the *** reconstructions indicate a cooling trend following the Holocene Thermal Maximum,while model simulations indicate a consistent warming trend due to icesheet retreat and rising greenhouse gas *** factors,such as seasonal biases and overlooked feedback processes,have been proposed as potential causes for this *** this study,we examined the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the temperature anomaly patterns in East Asia during the mid-Holocene(~6 ka).By utilizing the fully coupled Earth system model EC-Earth and performing simulations with and without coupled dynamic vegetation,our objective was to isolate the influence of vegetation changes on regional temperature *** findings reveal that vegetation-climate feedback contributed to warming across most of East Asia,resulting in spatially diverse temperature changes during the mid-Holocene and significantly improved model-data *** results high-light the crucial role of vegetation-climate feedback in addressing the Holocene temperature conundrum and emphasize its importance for simulating accurate climate scenarios.

关键词： Holocene temperature conundrum Holocene Thermal Maximum Vegetation-climate feedback East Asia Paleoclimate simulations

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The δN values of foxtail millet（Setaria italica） and common millet（Panicum miliaceum） are reliable indicators of manuring practices

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年

作者： Jishuai YANG Xiaoyan YANG Ting YOU fahu chen Key Scientific Research Base of Bioarchaeology in Cold and Arid Regions (National Cultural Heritage Administration) Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation (ALPHA) State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Resources and Environment (TPESRE) Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou University

Millet agriculture, which originated in northern China, alongside rice agriculture, have nurtured the Chinese civilization. Prehistoric manuring practices likely promoted and maintained sustainable millet agricultural production in the loess area of northern China. However, ongoing controversy exists regarding the indicators of prehistoric manuring intensity of foxtail millet(Setaria italica) and common millet(Panicum miliaceum). Here, we present the results of pot and field fertilization experiments on two millet types. Our findings suggest that manuring can significantly increase the δ15N values of foxtail millet,and its δ15N values increase with increasing manuring levels. The δ15N values of foxtail millet leaves are systematically greater than those of grains by approximately 1.6‰. Manuring could have a long-term residual impact on increasing the δ15N values of soil and millet crops. Combined with previous crop fertilization experiment results, we propose that the impact of manuring on the δ15N values of non-nitrogen-fixing crops is roughly consistent. The δ15N value and amount of manure are key factors determining the extent of change in plant δ15N values. The millet grain δ15N values can serve as reliable indicators of manuring practices. Finally, we provide an interpretive framework for assessing the correlation between manuring levels and the δ15N values of archaeological millet remains. The δ15N values of ancient millet grains suggest widespread and intensive manuring practices in prehistoric millet agriculture in northern China, spanning from the early Yangshao period to the Longshan period.

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陆地地表水卫星遥感监测进展与展望

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科学通报 2024年第22期69卷 3268-3282页

作者：苏雅楠陈圣乾冯敏陈发虎中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院北京100049 兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室兰州730000

陆地地表水(简称地表水)是地球系统的重要组成部分,也是人类赖以生存的重要水资源储备地.然而,地表水的分布范围广,空间异质性强,受到自然和人类诸多因素的综合影响,正经历着剧烈变化,对生态系统和社会的可持续发展产生着深远影响.在这... 详细信息

陆地地表水(简称地表水)是地球系统的重要组成部分,也是人类赖以生存的重要水资源储备地.然而,地表水的分布范围广,空间异质性强,受到自然和人类诸多因素的综合影响,正经历着剧烈变化,对生态系统和社会的可持续发展产生着深远影响.在这样的背景下,遥感技术因其广泛覆盖、长时序观测的特性而日益成为研究地表水时空变化不可或缺的关键工具.本文从地表水遥感监测的数据源、方法、主要内容和发展趋势等方面对现有研究进行了综述.研究发现,近十年来,地表水遥感监测正处于黄金发展期.光学遥感数据源,如Landsat、Sentinel-2等,在地表水环境监测中发挥着主导作用.全球地表水数据产品,如Global Surface Water(GSW),为大区域地表水研究提供了有力支持.然而,新兴的大数据方法,例如深度学习,在地表水研究中仍显薄弱.受到光学遥感监测方法的局限,对于水库、湿地等特殊类型地表水的研究滞后于对大型湖泊等水体的研究.同时,中国、美国、欧洲和加拿大等地成为地表水研究的热点区域,而在经济欠发达、气候较干旱的地区,对地表水的研究相对较少.未来的研究需要更多关注极端气候变化下的地表水动态,提高对野外调查困难地表水(如热融湖和冰川湖)的识别能力.特别需要加强深度学习等大数据新方法在地表水研究中的应用,以推动对地表水更全面的认识,为地球系统研究和可持续发展提供关键支持.

关键词：地表水遥感观测大数据地球系统科学可持续发展

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青藏高原牦牛驯化的考古学与遗传学研究进展及展望

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科学通报 2024年第11期69卷 1417-1428页

作者：陈顺港高玉陈宁博邱强王昱程杨晓燕陈发虎中国科学院青藏高原研究所古生态与人类适应团队北京100101 中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学北京100049 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院陕西省动物遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室杨凌712100 西北工业大学生态环境学院西安710072 Department of Zoology University of CambridgeCambridge CB23EJUK 兰州大学资源环境学院西部环境教育部重点实验室兰州730000 寒区旱区生物考古国家文物局重点科研基地兰州730000

家牦牛在史前人类定居青藏高原的过程中起到了巨大作用,但牦牛的驯化过程仍存在诸多未解决的科学问题.本文梳理了牦牛驯化的考古学和遗传学研究进展,展望了开展牦牛驯化与人类定居青藏高原过程研究的未来方向.家牦牛最早的考古学证据来... 详细信息

家牦牛在史前人类定居青藏高原的过程中起到了巨大作用,但牦牛的驯化过程仍存在诸多未解决的科学问题.本文梳理了牦牛驯化的考古学和遗传学研究进展,展望了开展牦牛驯化与人类定居青藏高原过程研究的未来方向.家牦牛最早的考古学证据来自距今3750年前的青藏高原南部拉萨河谷,但现代遗传学研究显示,牦牛的驯化可追溯至全新世中期,驯化地点最有可能位于西藏东南部的昌都地区,其种群数量增长与人类大规模长年定居青藏高原高海拔地区的历史高度相关,且黄牛的基因渗入对牦牛的驯化过程产生了深刻影响.基于现有研究进展,本文建议:(1)针对青藏高原考古遗址开展系统性的动物考古学研究;(2)应用ZooMS和古DNA技术筛选和鉴定牦牛骨骼遗存,结合古环境DNA进行遗传学研究,追溯牦牛驯化的时间和地点;(3)开展野牦牛与黄牛的杂交驯化模式研究,理解牦牛驯化及其扩散对史前人类在青藏高原生存和发展的促进作用.

关键词：牦牛动物驯化考古学遗传学古DNA

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Weakened East Asian summer monsoon triggers increased precipitation in Northwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第5期64卷 835-837页

作者： fahu chen Jie chen Wei HUANG Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology(LAE) Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Increased precipitation/humidity in Northwest China is an important scientific issue in the context of global climatic warming(chen et al.,2019).The climate of Northwest China is dominated by the westerly circulation and its water vapor is supplied mainly by the mid-latitude westerlies,with the rainy season occurring in summer(chen et al.,2019;Zhang et al.,2019a).

关键词： Northwest summer precipitation

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Environmental and technological effects on ancient social evolution at different spatial scales

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Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第12期60卷 2067-2077页

作者： DONG GuangHui LIU FengWen chen fahu MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

The rise and fall of ancient cultures and civilizations is a hotly debated topic that has generated disagreements and disputes. In this paper we summarize some case studies on the abandonment of ancient sites, the prosperity and collapse of ancient cultures, and demographic changes, as well as the influence of environment and technology during the prehistoric and historic periods. We then suggest that the dominant influencing factors for the evolution of ancient societies vary by spatial *** the local scale, sudden disasters are critical factors leading to the destruction and abandonment of large settlements. On a regional scale, climatic variations(e.g., droughts or cold events lasting for decades or centuries) are important factors that induce the collapse of ancient civilizations and mass migrations, while an enduring and stable optimal climate facilitated the prosperity of ancient civilizations. On a global scale, major technological innovations and their dispersion lasting for centuries and even millennia are major catalysts for population growth and social development. Lastly, we illustrate a possible mechanism under which environmental and technological factors played a critical role in ancient human survival and social evolution on different spatial scales.

关键词： Prehistoric period Historic period Man-land relationship Cultural evolution Sudden disaster Climatic variation Technological innovation

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Definition of the core zone of the “westerlies-dominated climatic regime”, and its controlling factors during the instrumental period

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第4期58卷 676-684页

作者： HUANG Wei chen JianHui ZHANG XiaoJian FENG Song chen fahu MOE Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System Lanzhou University Department of Geosciences University of Arkansas

The term "westerlies-dominated climatic regime" describes the pattern of precipitation/moisture variations between westerliesdominated arid Central Asia(ACA) and mid-latitude monsoon-dominated Asia on decadal to multi-millennial time scales. However, no attempts have been made to define its core region and the possible physical mechanisms responsible during the period of instrumental observations. The present study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of summer and winter precipitation on interannual to decadal time scales over mid-latitudes of the Eurasian continent using Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) analysis. Our results suggest the existence of an opposing pattern of summer precipitation variations between ACA and mid-latitude monsoon-dominated Asia and Mediterranean on decadal time scales. Based on these results, the core region influenced by the westerlies is outlined, including arid central Asia and Xinjiang in China(36°–54°N, 50°–90°E). By using monthly NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, the relationship between the "westerlies-dominated climatic regime" and atmospheric circulation were also analyzed. The combination of the zonal climatic teleconnection pattern and anomalous Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation(ISMP) causes the precipitation characteristics of the "westerlies-dominated climatic regime" precipitation pattern. In addition, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO) may also have an important effect on the "westerlies-dominated climatic regime".

关键词： core zone of the "westerlies-dominated climatic regime" decadal.interannual Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO) Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation (ISMP)

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Spatiotemporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia in the context of global warming

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第11期54卷 1812-1821页

作者： chen fahu HUANG Wei JIN LiYa chen JianHui WANG JinSong MOE Key Laboratory of West China＇s Environmental System Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reduction China Meteorological Administration Lanzhou 730020 China

This study analyzed the temporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia （ACA） and their regional differences during 1930-2009 using monthly gridded precipitation from the Climatic Research Unit （CRU）. Our results showed that the annual precipitation in this westerly circulation dominated arid region is generally increasing during the past 80 years, with an apparent increasing trend （0.7 mm/10 a） in winter. The precipitation variations in ACA also differ regionally, which can be divided into five distinct subregions （Ⅰ West Kazakhstan region, Ⅱ East Kazakhstan region, ⅢCentral Asia Plains region, Ⅳ Kyrgyzstan region, and V Iran Plateau region）. The annual precipitation falls fairly even on all seasons in the two northern subregions （regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, approximately north of 45°N）, whereas the annual precipitation is falling mainly on winter and spring （accounting for up to 80% of the annual total precipitation） in the three southern subregions. The annual precipitation is increasing on all subregions except the southwestern ACA （subregion Ⅴ） during the past 80 years. A significant increase in precipitation appeared in subregions Ⅰ and Ⅲ. The long-term trends in annual precipitation in all subregions are determined mainly by trends in winter precipitation. Additionally, the precipitation in ACA has significant interannual variations. The 2-3-year cycle is identified in all subregions, while the 5-6-year cycle is also found in the three southern subregions. Besides the inter-annual variations, there were 3-4 episodic precipitation variations in all subregions, with the latest episodic change that started in the mid- to late 1970s. The precipitations in most of the study regions are fast increasing since the late 1970s. Overall, the responses of ACA precipitation to global warming are complicated. The variations of westerly circulation are likely the major factors that influence the precipitation variations in the study region.

关键词： arid Central Asia annual and seasonal precipitation changing tendency regional difference

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Estimation of China’s terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink:Methods,progress and prospects

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第4期65卷 641-651页

作者： Shilong PIAO Yue HE Xuhui WANG fahu chen College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

China announced its national goal to reach the peak of carbon emission by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,during the General Assembly of the United Nations in September *** this context,the potential of the carbon sink in China’s terrestrial ecosystems to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions has attracted unprecedented attention from scientific communities,policy makers and the ***,we reviewed the assessments on China’s terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink,with focus on the principles,frameworks and methods of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink estimates,as well as the recent progress and existing *** forward,we identified critical issues for improving the accuracy and precision of China’s terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink,in order to serve the more realistic policy making in pathways to achieve carbon neutrality for China.

关键词： Terrestrial ecosystem Carbon sink Carbon neutrality China

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