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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第5期33卷 2753-2756页

作者： Yonggang Xue Liqin Wang Suixin Liu Yu Huang Long Chen Long Cui Yan Cheng junji cao State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology(SKLLQG) Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Xi’an 710061China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi’an 710061China Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station Xi’an 710061China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

Monitoring of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)was conducted within typical residentialcommercial area in the city of Xi’an in northwest China during typical ozone(O_(3))episodes,to investigate the major contributors to the characteristic of ambient VOCs and their impact on O_(3) *** the residential-commercial area,diurnal variation of VOCs was highly impacted by vehicle exhaust,fuel evaporation,and local solvent *** higher contributions(up to 60%)of VOCs from solvent use to the ozone formation potential were *** present findings highlight the urgent need for restrictions on the emission of VOCs from solvent use and non-vehicle-traffic-related sources,such as oil storage.

关键词： VOCs Vehicle exhaust Fuel evaporation Solvent using Northwest China

Chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5) during dust storms and air pollution events in Chengdu,China

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Particuology 2013年第1期11卷 70-77页

作者： Qiyuan Wang junji cao Zhenxing Shen JunTao Shun Xiao Lei Luo Qingyang He Xinying Tang Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong University South China Institute of Environmental Sciences SEPA Meteorological Bureau of Baoji Municipality Climate Center of Shaanxi Meteorological Bureau Institute of Plateau Meteorology CMA Institute of Plateau Meteorology CMAChengdu

Daily fine particulate （PM2.5） samples were collected in Chengdu from April 2009 to February 2010 to investigate their chemical profiles during dust storms （DSs） and several types of pollution events, including haze （HDs）, biomass burning （BBs）, and fireworks displays （FDs）. The highest PM2.5 mass concentrations were found during DSs （283.3 μg/m^3）, followed by FDs （212.7 μg/m^3）, HDs （187.3 μg/m^3 ）, and BBs （130.1 μ g/m^3）. The concentrations of most elements were elevated during DSs and pollution events, except for BBs. Secondary inorganic ions （NO3^- , SO4^2-, and NH4^＋） were enriched during HDs, while PM2.5 from BBs showed high K^＋ but low SO4^2- , FDs caused increases in K^＋ and enrichment in SO4^2-. Ca^2＋. was abundant in DS samples, Ion-balance calculations indicated that PM2.5 from HDs and FDs was more acidic than on normal days, but DS and BB particles were alkaline. The highest organic carbon （OC） concentration was 26.1 μg/m^3 during FDs, followed by BBs （23.6 μg/m^3 ）, HDs （19.6 μg/m^3 ）, and DSs （18.8 μg/m^3 ）. In contrast, elemental carbon （EC） concentration was more abundant during HDs （10.6μg/m^3） and FDs （9.5 μg/m^3） than during BBs （6.2μg/m^3） and DSs （6.0 μg/m^3）. The highest OC/EC ratios were obtained during BBs, with the lowest during HDs. SO4^2＋ /K^＋ and TCA/SO4^2- ratios proved to be effective indicators for differentiating pollution events. Mass balance showed that organic matter, SO4^2-, and NO3^- were the dominant chemical components during pollution events, while soil dust was dominant during DSs.

关键词： PM2.5 Chemical species Pollution events Mass balance

Identification of coexistence of biological and non-biological aerosol particles with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stain

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Particuology 2023年第1期72卷 49-57页

作者： Ting Liu Jiaquan Zhang junji cao Han Zheng Changlin Zhan Hongxia Liu Lili Zhang Kai Xiao Shan Liu Dong Xiang Daizhou Zhang School of Environmental Science and Engineering Hubei Polytechnic UniversityHubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and RemediationHuangshi 435003China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430063China Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences Prefectural University of KumamotoKumamoto 862-8502Japan

The fluorescent dye 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) has been widely used to stain microorganisms in various environment media. We applied DAPI fluorescence enumeration to airborne microorganisms and found that non-biological particles, including organic compounds, minerals, and soot, were also visible upon exposure to UV excitation under fluorescence microscope. Using laboratory-prepared biological particles as the control, we investigated the feasibility of identifying both biological and non-biological particles in the same sample with DAPI staining. We prepared biological (bacterial, fungi, and plant detritus) and non-biological (biochar, soot, mineral, metal, fly ash, salt) particles in the laboratory and enumerated the particles and their mixture with DAPI. We found that mineral particles were transparent, and biochar, soot, metals and fly ash particles were black under a filter set at excitation 350/50 nm and emission 460/50 nm bandpass (DAPI-BP), while biological particles were blue, as expected. Particles of the water-soluble salts NaCl and (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4) were yellow under a filter set at excitation 340–380 nm and emission 425 nm long pass (DAPI-LP). Case studies with samples of dustfall, atmospheric aerosols and surface soils could allow for the quantification of the relative number of different types of particles and particles with organic matter or salt coating as well. Fluorescence enumeration with DAPI stain is thus able to identify the co-existence of biological and non-biological particles in the air, at least to the extent of those examined in this study.

关键词： 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) Biological particles Nonbiological particles Atmospheric aerosols

Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coking industries in China

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Particuology 2013年第1期11卷 86-93页

作者： Ling Mu Lin Peng junji cao Qiusheng He Fan Li Jianqiang Zhang Xiaofeng Liu Huiling Bai College of Environmental Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology SKLLQG Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment and Safety Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology Taiyuan University of Technology

This study set out to assess the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） emission from coking industries, with field samplings conducted at four typical coke plants. For each selected plant, stack flue gas samples were collected during processes that included charging coal into the ovens （CC）, pushing coke （PC） and the combustion of coke-oven gas （CG）. Sixteen individual PAHs on the US EPA priority list were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. Results showed that the total PAH concentrations in the flue gas ranged from 45.776 to 414.874 μg/m3, with the highest emission level for CC （359.545μg/m3）, The concentration of PAH emitted from the CC process in CP1 （stamp charging） was lower than that from CP3 and CP4 （top charging）. Low-molecular-weight PAHs （i.e., two- to three-ring PAHs） were predominant contributors to the total PAH contents, and Nap, AcPy, Flu, PhA, and AnT were found to be the most abundant ones. Total BaPeq concentrations for CC （2.248 μg/m3） were higher than those for PC （ 1.838 μg/m3 ） and CG （1.082 μg/m3 ）, and DbA was an important contributor to carcinogenic risk as BaP in emissions from coking processes. Particulate PAH accounted for more than 20% of the total BaPeq concentrations, which were significantly higher than the corresponding contributions to the total PAH mass concentration （5%）. Both particulate and gaseous PAH should be taken into consideration when the potential toxicity risk of PAH pollution during coking processes is assessed. The mean total-PAH emission factors were 346.132 and 93.173μg/kg for CC and PC, respectively.

关键词： PAH Coking Stack flue gas Emission factor

Development of source profiles and their application in source apportionment of PM2.5 in Xiamen, China

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第5期10卷 177-189页

作者： Ningning Zhang Mazhan Zhuang Jie Tian Pengshan Tian Jieru Zhang Qiyuan Wang Yaqing Zhou Rujin Huang Chongshu Zhu Xuemin Zhang junji cao Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710061 China Xiamen Environmental Monitoring Central Station Xiamen 361012 China IER Environmental Protection Engineering Technique Co. Ltd. Shenzhen 518055 China Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) 5232 Villigen Switzerland Centre for Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Xiamen Huaxia University Xiamen 361024 China Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China

Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected at four sites in Xiamen, including Gulangyu （GLY）. Hongwen （HW）, Huli （HL） and Jimei （JM） during January, April, July and October 2013. Local source samples were obtained from coal burning power plants, industries, motor vehicles, biomass burning, fugitive dust, and sea salt for the source apportionment studies. The highest value of PM2.5 mass concentration and species related to human activities （SO42- , NO3 , Pb, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, organic carbon （OC） andelemental carbon （EC）） were found in the ambient-samples from HL, and t-he highest and lowest loadings of PM2.5 and its components occurred in winter and summer, respectively. The reconstructed mass balance indicated that ambient PM2.5 consisted of 24% OM （organic matter）, 23% sulfate, 14% nitrate, 9% ammonium, 9% geological material, 6% sea salt, 5% EC and 10% others. For the source profiles, the dominant components were OC for coal burning, motor vehicle, biomass burning and sea salt; SO42 for industry; and crustal elements for fugitive dust. Source contributions were calculatedusing a chemical mass＇balance （CMB） model basedon ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the source profiles. GLY was characterized by high contributions from secondary sulfate and cooking, while HL and JM were most strongly affected by motor vehicle emissions, and biomass burning and fugitivedust, respectively. The CMB results-indicated that PM2.5 from Xiamen is composed of 27.4% secondary inorganic components, 20.8% motor vehicle emissions, 11.7% fugitive dust, 9.9% sea salt, 9.3% coal burning, 5.0% biomass burning, 3.1% industry and 6.8% others.

关键词： PM2.5 Source profile Source apportionment CMB Xiamen

China’s EarthLab-Forefront of Earth System Simulation Research

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第10期38卷 1611-1620页

作者： Zhaoyang CHAI He ZHANG Mulan ZHANG Xiao TANG Weipeng ZHENG Jiang ZHU Guangqing ZHOU junji cao Qingcun ZENG Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

This article introduces“EarthLab”,a major new Earth system numerical simulation facility developed in *** is a numerical simulation system for a physical climate system,an environmental system,an ecological system,a solid earth system,and a space weather system as a whole with a high-performance scientific computing *** consists of five key elements-namely:a global earth numerical simulation system,a regional high-precision simulation system,a supercomputing support and management system,a database,data assimilation and visualization system,and a high-performance computing system for earth *** helps to study the atmosphere,hydrosphere,cryosphere,lithosphere,and biosphere,as well as their interactions,to improve the accuracy of predictions by integrating simulations and observations,and to provide a scientific foundation for major issues such as national disaster prevention and *** construction and operation of EarthLab will involve close cooperation with joint contributions and shared benefits.

关键词： EarthLab earth system numerical simulation high-performance computing platform

Profiles and Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds in Winter and Summer in Xi’an, China, based on the Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第1期38卷 116-131页

作者： Jian SUN Zhenxing SHEN Yue ZHANG Wenting DAI Kun HE Hongmei XU Zhou ZHANG Long CUI Xuxiang LI Yu HUANG junji cao Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry&Physics Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710049China Changsha Center for Mineral Resources Exploration Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangsha 410645China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’*** from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were *** seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and *** campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,***,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on *** ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in *** Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent *** demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were *** HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’*** particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).

关键词： NMHCs OVOCs source apportionment Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model

Evolution of planetary boundary layer under different weather conditions,and its impact on aerosol concentrations

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Particuology 2013年第1期11卷 34-40页

作者： Jiannong Quan Yang Gao Qiang Zhang Xuexi Tie junji cao Suqin Han Junwang Meng Pengfei Chen Delong Zhao Beijing Weather Modification Office Institude of Urban Meteorology CMA Key Laboratory of Aerosol SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderUSA Key Laboratory of Aerosol SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment.Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Sciences

A field experiment was conducted in Tianjin, China from September 9-30, 2010, focused on the evolution of Planetary Boundary Layer （PBL） and its impact on surface air pollutants. The experiment used three remote sensing instruments, wind profile radar （WPR）, microwave radiometer （MWR） and micro-pulse lidar （MPL）, to detect the vertical profiles of winds, temperature, and aerosol backscattering coefficient and to measure the vertical profiles of surface pollutants （aerosol, CO, SO2, NOx）, and also collected sonic anemometers data from a 255-m meteorological tower. Based on these measurements, the evolution of the PBL was estimated. The averaged PBL height was about 1000-1300 m during noon/afternoon-time, and 200-300 m during night-time. The PBL height and the aerosol concentrations were anti-correlated during clear and haze conditions. The averaged maximum PBL heights were 1.08 and 1.70 km while the averaged aerosol concentrations were 52 and 17 μg/m＆3 under haze and clear sky conditions, respectively, The influence of aerosols and clouds on solar radiation was observed based on sonic anemometers data collected from the 255-m meteorological tower. The heat flux was found significantly decreased by haze （heavy pollution） or cloud, which tended to depress the development of PBL, while the repressed structure of PBL further weakened the diffusion of pollutants, leading to heavy pollution. This possible positive feedback cycle （more aerosols→lower PBL height → more aerosols） would induce an acceleration process for heavy ground pollution in megacities.

关键词： Planetary boundary layer (PBL) Interaction between the PBL and aerosols

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the optical properties and radiative effects of urban brown carbon aerosol

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第6期13卷 291-301页

作者： Yong Zhang Qiyuan Wang Jie Tian Yu Li Huikun Liu Weikang Ran Yongming Han AndréS.H.Prévot junji cao State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi’an 710061China Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station Xi’an 710061China Xi’an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research Xi’an 710061China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute(PSI)Villigen 5232Switzerland

Intensive measurements were conducted in Xi’an,China before and during a COVID-19 lockdown period to investigate how changes in anthropogenic emissions affected the optical properties and radiative effects of brown carbon(BrC)*** contribution of BrC to total aerosol light absorption during the lockdown(13%-49%)was higher compared with the normal period(4%-29%).Mass absorption cross-sections(MACs)of specific organic aerosol(OA)factors were calculated from a ridge regression *** the primary OA(POA),coal combustion OA(CCOA)had the largest MACs at all tested wave-lengths during both periods due to high molecular-weight BrC chromophores;that was followed by biomass burning OA(BBOA)and hydrocarbon-like OA(HOA).For secondary OA(SOA),the MACs of the lessoxidized oxygenated OA(OOA)species(LO-OOA)atλ=370-590 nm were higher than those of more-oxidized OOA(MO-OOA)during both periods,presumably due to chromophore *** largest contributor to BrC absorption at the short wavelengths was CCOA during both periods,but BrC absorption by LO-OOA and MO-OOA became dominant at longer wavelengths during the *** estimated radiation forcing efficiency of BrC over 370-600 nm increased from 37.5 W·gduring the normal period to 50.2 W·gduring the lockdown,and that enhancement was mainly caused by higher MACs for both LO-OOA and *** study provides insights into the optical properties and radiative effects of source-specific BrC aerosol when pollution emissions are reduced.

关键词： COVID-19 Brown carbon Mass absorption cross-section Radiative effects

PM_(2.5)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Beijing:Seasonal variations,sources,and risk assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第3期31卷 11-19页

作者： Baihuan Feng Lijuan Li Hongbing Xu Tong Wang Rongshan Wu Jie Chen Yi Zhang Shuo Liu Steven Sai Hang Ho junji cao Wei Huang Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Peking University School of Public Health Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education Peking University Institute of Earth and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk(ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected24-hour integrated PM_(2.5) samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating(cold months) and non-heating(warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM_(2.5) samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs varied between(88.6 ± 75.4) ng/m^3 in the cold months and(11.0 ± 5.9) ng/m^3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs,averaged at 5.7 and 0.4 ng/m^3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.

关键词： PM2.5 PAHs Seasonal variation Sources Cancer risk assessment