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Neuroanatomy: 3D-Stereoscopic Atlas of the Human Brain 1

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Neuroanatomy: 3D-Stereoscopic Atlas of the Human Brain

艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎诊疗专家共识(2024年版)

1999年

作者： Martin c. Hirsch Thomas Kramer c. Zinecker B. Harder T. Hagemann c. Krasowski c. Schäfer M. Turtiainen M. Gauer

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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中华临床感染病杂志 2024年第2期17卷 81-92,98页

作者：中华医学会感染病学分会艾滋病丙型肝炎学组陈耀凯李太生张文宏不详重庆市公共卫生医疗救治中心感染病科重庆400036 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院感染内科北京100730 复旦大学附属华山医院感染病科上海200040

肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis pneumonia,PcP)是一种常见的机会性感染,也是艾滋病患者住院和死亡的主要原因之一。艾滋病患者合并PcP时,典型临床表现包括:亚急性发病的进行性呼吸困难、干咳及发热,且体征与疾病严重程度往往不成比例。本... 详细信息

肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis pneumonia,PcP)是一种常见的机会性感染,也是艾滋病患者住院和死亡的主要原因之一。艾滋病患者合并PcP时,典型临床表现包括:亚急性发病的进行性呼吸困难、干咳及发热,且体征与疾病严重程度往往不成比例。本共识在综合国内外研究进展及我国临床实践基础上,就艾滋病合并PcP的流行病学、临床特征、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗和预防进行详细阐述,以期为该病临床诊疗提供参考。

关键词：肺孢子菌肺炎获得性免疫缺陷综合征诊断治疗共识

Stakeholder Perspectives on Use,Trade,and conservation of Medicinal Plants in the Rasuwa District of central Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第1期8卷 75-86页

作者： Yadav UPRETY Ram c.POUDEL Hugo ASSELIN Emmanuel K.BOON Krishna K.SHRESTHA Human Ecology Department Vrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 109B-1090 BrusselsBelgium canada Research chair in Aboriginal Forestry Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue445Boulevard de l'UniversitéRouyn-NorandaQuébecJ9X 5E4Canada Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University

People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal *** use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in *** management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles,responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders *** personal interviews and group discussions,this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use,trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of *** people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal *** on market availability differed significantly:100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available,against only 36 % for local *** could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood *** viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district:81 % of the respondents from district and national organizationsconsidered that medicinal plants were threatened,compared to only 28 % for local *** this disparity,both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants:over-harvesting;habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation;and over-grazing by *** challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants,such as ambiguous policies;lack of resources,information and infrastructures;habitat degradation;and *** these challenges,respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district,given resource availability,community awareness and motivation,and the priority given

关键词： Medicinal plants Livelihood improvement Income generation Himalaya Local people conservation Policy

Blockade of Na^+/H^+ exchanger type 3 causes intracellular acidification and hyperexcitability via inhibition of pH-sensitive K^+ channels in chemosensitive respiratory neurons of the dorsal vagal nucleus in rats

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2014年第1期30卷 43-52页

作者： Jing Zhang Hui Peng Sigrid c.Veasey Jing Ma Guang-Fa Wang Ke-Wei Wang Department of Respiratory and critical care Medicine Peking University First Hospital Departments of Neurobiology and Molecular and cellular Pharmacology Peking University Health Science Center center for Sleep and circadian Neurobiology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Extracellular pH （pHe） and intracellular pH （pHi） are important factors for the excitability of chemosensitive central respiratory neurons that play an important role in respiration and obstructive sleep apnea. It has been proposed that inhibition of central Na^＋/ H^＋ exchanger 3 （NHE-3）, a key pHi regulator in the brainstem, decreases the pH, leading to membrane depolarization for the maintenance of respiration. However, how intracellular pH affects the neuronal excitability of respiratory neurons remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that NHE-3 mRNA is widely distributed in respiration-related neurons of the rat brainstem, including the dorsal vagal nucleus （DVN）. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from DVN neurons in brain slices revealed that the standing outward current （Iso） through pH-sensitive K^＋ channels was inhibited in the presence of the specific NHE-3 inhibitor AVE0657 that decreased the pHi. Exposure of DVN neurons to an acidified PIle and AVE0657 （5 μmol/L） resulted in a stronger effect on firing rate and Iso than acidified pHe alone. Taken together, our results showed that intracellular acidification by blocking NHE-3 results in inhibition of a pH- sensitive K^＋ current, leading to synergistic excitation of chemosensitive DVN neurons for the regulation of respiration.

关键词： Na^+/H^+ exchange potassium channel dorsal vagal nucleus in situ hybridization respiration

Exploring water and ion transport process at silicone/copper interfaces using in-situ electrochemical and Kelvin probe approaches

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第5期64卷 203-213页

作者： B.Munirathinam J.P.B.van Dam A.Herrmann W.D.van Driel F.De Buyl S.J.F.Erich L.G.J.van der Ven O.c.G.Adan J.M.c.Mol Delft University of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering DepartmentDelftThe Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Applied PhysicsEindhovenThe Netherlands Signify High Tech CampusEindhovenThe Netherlands Delft University of Technology Electronic ComponentsTechnology and MaterialsFaculty of Electrical EngineeringDelftThe Netherlands Dow Silicones Belgium s.p.r.l. Belgium

In general,packaging materials which encapsulate light emitting diodes(LEDs)and microelectronic devices offer barrier protection against several environmental hazards such as water and ionic ***,these encapsulants may provide pathways for water and ionic contaminants to reach the metal/polymer interfaces and provoke local corrosion of electronics,which is a major reliability concern for polymer encapsulated LEDs and *** the water and corrosive constituents play a crucial role in their reliability,water uptake kinetics,interfacial ion transport and delamination behaviour of silicone coated copper model system,mimicking a typical microelectronics packaging system,is explored in the present *** impedance spectroscopy(EIS)integrated with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy studies revealed that water diffusion inside the silicone network is Fickian in nature and the evolution of the observed time constants are related to the diffusion and interfacial reactions.A decrease of impedance magnitude with time was observed in EIS measurements concurrently with water absorption bands shifting towards lower wavenumber in ATR-FTIR measurements,implying the growth of strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the silicone *** estimated diffusion constant of water using the capacitance method was in the order of 7×10^(-12)m^(2)s^(-1)and the water absorption volume fraction was in the range of 0%to 0.30%.Scanning Kelvin probe studies elucidated the ion transport process occurring at the silicone/copper interface in a humid *** interfacial ion transport process is controlled by the interfacial electrochemical reactions at the cathodic delamination front and the estimated average delamination rate is 0.43 mm h^(-1/2).This work demonstrates that exploring ion and water transport in the silicone coating and along the silicone/copper interface is of pivotal importance as

关键词： Silicone Impedance Water transport Scanning Kelvin probe Delamination

New catalysts for ROMP

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复旦学报(自然科学版) 2005年第5期44卷 625-626页

作者： H.Berke c.Frech A.Lhamazares O.Blacque H.W.Schmalle c.Adlhart P.chen University of Zurich Institute of Inorganic ChemistryWinterthurerstr.190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzeland Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich(ETH) Rmistrasse 101CH-8006 ZürichSwitzeland

1 Introduction Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization(ROMP)is based on the olefin metathesis reaction,which requires transition metal *** molybdenum,tungsten and ruthenium based catalysts have up to now been ***“in-between”metal rhenium was only rarely applied in olefin metathesis reactions,and not at all in ROMP *** have found that cationic phosphine substituted dinitrosyl rhenium complexes 1a and 1b effectively catalyze ROMP of norbonene,dicyclopentadiene and of *** Fig.1.

关键词： ROMP rhenium morbene DFT

Human equivalent dose of oral 4-aminopyridine differentiates nerve crush injury from transection injury and improves post-injury function in mice

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第11期15卷 2098-2107页

作者： chia George Hsu M A Hassan Talukder Li Yue Loel cTurpin Mark Noble John c.Elfar center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science Penn State Hershey College of MedicineMilton S.Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPAUSA Department of Medicine Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochesterNYUSA Department of Orthopedics The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA Department of Neuroscience The University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA Department of Biomedical Genetics The University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA

4-Aminopyridine(4-AP), an FDA-approved drug for the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis, is used to improve neuromuscular function in patients with diverse demyelinating disorders. We recently demonstrated that local, transdermal or injectable forms of 4-AP improve myelination, nerve conduction velocity, muscle atrophy, and motor function after traumatic peripheral nerve injury in mice. While oral 4-AP is most commonly used in the clinic, it is unknown whether human equivalent oral doses of 4-AP have effects on traumatic peripheral nerve injury differentiation, myelination, muscle atrophy, functional recovery, and post-injury inflammatory processes in animals. Mice with sciatic nerve crush or denervation injury received oral or intraperitoneal 4-AP(10 μg) or vehicle alone and were examined for pharmacokinetics, motor function, muscle mass, intrinsic muscle force, nerve morphological and gene expression profiles. 4-AP showed linear pharmacokinetics and the maximum plasma 4-AP concentrations were proportional to 4-AP dose. Acute single dose of oral 4-AP administration induced a rapid transient improvement in motor function that was different in traumatic peripheral nerve injury with or without nerve continuity, chronic daily oral 4-AP treatment significantly enhanced post crush injury motor function recovery and this effect was associated with improved myelination, muscle mass, and ex vivo muscle force. Polymerase chain reaction array analysis with crushed nerve revealed significant alterations in gene involved in axonal inflammation and regeneration. These findings provide convincing evidence that regardless of the route of administration, 4-AP can acutely differentiate traumatic peripheral nerve injury with or without nerve continuity and can enhance in vivo functional recovery with better preservation of myelin sheaths, muscle mass, and muscle force. The animal experiments were approved by the University committee on Animal Research(UcAR) at the University

关键词： 4-aminopyridine electron microscopy of nerves functional recovery gene expression muscle force muscle mass oral administration pharmacokinetics sciatic nerve crush injury sciatic nerve denervation injury

Stem/progenitor cells in fetuses and newborns:overview of immunohistochemical markers

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cell Regeneration 2021年第1期10卷 239-250页

作者： D.Fanni c.Gerosa c.Loddo M.castagnola V.Fanos M.Zaffanello G.Faa Division of Pathology University Hospital San Giovanni Di Diovia Ospedale54CagliariItaly Department of Biology College of Science and TechnologyTemple UniversityPhidelphiaUSA Neonatal Intensive care Unit Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolomics IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly Department of Surgical Sciences DentistryGynecology and PediatricsUniversity of VeronaPiazzale Stefani1I-37126 VeronaItaly

Microanatomy of the vast majority of human organs at birth is characterized by marked differences as compared toadult organs, regarding their architecture and the cell types detectable at histology. In preterm neonates, thesedifferences are even more evident, due to the lower level of organ maturation and to ongoing cell *** of the most remarkable finding in preterm tissues is the presence of huge amounts of stem/progenitor cells inmultiple organs, including kidney, brain, heart, adrenals, and lungs. In other organs, such as liver, the completelydifferent burden of cell types in preterm infants is mainly related to the different function of the liver duringgestation, mainly focused on hematopoiesis, a function that is taken by bone marrow after birth. Our preliminarystudies showed that the antigens expressed by stem/progenitors differ significantly from one organ to the ***, within each developing human tissue, reactivity for different stem cell markers also changes duringgestation, according with the multiple differentiation steps encountered by each progenitor during development. Abetter knowledge of stem/progenitor cells of preterms will allow neonatologists to boost preterm organmaturation, favoring the differentiation of the multiple cells types that characterize each organ in at term neonates.

关键词： Fetus Immunohistochemical analysis Newborn Progenitor cells Stem cells

Spin-resolved self-doping tunes the intrinsic halfmetallicity of AIN nanoribbons

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Nano Research 2014年第1期7卷 63-70页

作者： Alejandro Lopez-Bezanilla P. Ganesh Paul R. c. Kent Bobby G. Sumpter Oak Ridge National Laboratory One Bethel Valley Road Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831-6493 USA Present address: Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA

We present a first-principles theoretical study of electric field- and straincontrolled intrinsic half-metallic properties of zigzagged aluminium nitride （A1N） nanoribbons. We show that the half-metallic property of AIN ribbons can undergo a transition into fully-metallic or semiconducting behavior with application of an electric field or uniaxial strain. An external transverse electric field induces a full charge screening that renders the material semiconducting. In contrast, as uniaxial strain varies from compressive to tensile, a spin-resolved selective self-doping increases the half-metallic character of the ribbons. The relevant strain-induced changes in electronic properties arise from band structure modifications at the Fermi level as a consequence of a spin-polarized charge transfer between p-orbitals of the N and A1 edge atoms in a spin-resolved self-doping process. This band structure tunability indicates the possibility of designing magnetic nanoribbons with tunable electronic structure by deriving edge states from elements with sufficiently different localization properties. Finite temperature molecular dynamics reveal a thermally stable half-metallic nanoribbon up to room temperature.

关键词： aluminum nitride half-metallicity strain electric field