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The Produc.ion of Biofuels in South Afric.： Polic. and Availability of Energy c.ops

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Journal of Environmental Sc.enc. and Engineering 2010年第2期4卷 70-79页

作者： M. Smith N. Kotze c. cooper Department of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies University of Johannesburg PO Box 524Auckland Park 2006 South Africa

Biofuels c.uld c.ntribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-polic. objec.ives in three ways： by reduc.ng dependenc. on imported oil; by inc.easing the availability of renewable energy sourc.s; and by dealing with environmental issues. One suc. environmental issue is the unsustainable use of agric.ltural land. There is a need in South Afric. there to c.nvert to sustainable and renewable energy resourc.s, suc. as biofuels, but the produc.ion of biofuels will ultimately plac. pressure on the limited and fragile agric.ltural resourc.s of the c.untry. This paper sets out firstly to investigate national agric.ltural polic.es whic. c.uld impac. on the produc.ion of biofuels. It points out that national agric.ltural polic.es are hampering the domestic.produc.ion of biofuels in that the foc.s is on land reform and inc.easing the volume of agric.ltural exports, whereas the provision of food and energy to meet domestic.needs features only as a sec.ndary aim. The sec.nd objec.ive of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilising energy c.ops for biofuel produc.ion in South Afric.. Annual agric.ltural produc.ion, surplus import and export figures, provide an indic.tion of the c.pac.ty of South Afric.n farmers to produc. c.ops for biofuel produc.ion.

关键词： Biofuels energypolic. energy c.ops resourc.s South Afric.

Inhibition of BAc.1, the β-sec.etase implic.ted in Alzheimer’s disease, by a c.ondroitin sulfate extrac. from Sardina pilc.ardus

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Neural Regeneration Researc. 2020年第8期15卷 1546-1553页

作者： c.urtney J.Myc.oft-West Anthony J.Devlin Lynsay c.cooper Patric.a Proc.er Gavin J.Miller David G.Fernig Marc. Guerrini Sc.tt E.Guimond Marc.lo A.Lima Edwin A.Yates Mark Andrew Skidmore Molec.lar&Struc.ural Biosc.enc.s School of Life SciencesKeele UniversityHuxley BuildingKeeleStaffordshireST55BGUK Lennard-Jones Laboratory School of Chemical and Physical SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleStaffordshireST55BGUK Department of Bioc.emistry Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL697ZBUK Istituto di Ric.rc.e c.imic.e e Bioc.imic.e G.Ronzoni Via G.Colombo 8120133 MilanItaly Sc.ool of Medic.ne KeeleStaffordshireST55BGUK

The pharmac.utic.l and antic.agulant agent heparin,a member of the glyc.saminoglyc.n family of c.rbohydrates,has previously been identified as a potent inhibitor of a key Alzheimer’s disease drug target,the primary neuronalβ-sec.etase,β-site amyloid prec.rsor protein c.eaving enzyme 1(BAc.1).The antic.agulant ac.ivity of heparin has,however,prec.uded the repurposing of this widely used pharmac.utic.l as an Alzheimer’s disease ***,a glyc.saminoglyc.n extrac.,c.mposed predominantly of 4-sulfated c.ondroitin sulfate,has been isolated from Sardina pilc.ardus,whic. possess the ability to inhibit BAc.1(Ic.0[half maximal inhibitory c.nc.ntration]=4.8μg/mL),while displaying highly attenuated antic.agulant ac.ivities(ac.ivated partial thromboplastin time Ec.0[median effec.ive c.nc.ntration]=403.8μg/mL,prothrombin time Ec.0=1.3 mg/mL).The marine-derived,c.ondroitin sulfate extrac. destabilizes BAc.1,determined via differential sc.nning fluorimetry(ΔTm–5°c.,to a similar extent as heparin,suggesting that BAc.1 inhibition by glyc.saminoglyc.ns may oc.ur through a c.mmon mode of ac.ion,whic. may assist in the sc.eening of glyc.n-based BAc.1 inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease.

关键词： amyloid-β aspartyl protease c.rbohydrates galac.osaminoglyc.ns heparan sulfate heparin marine polysac.haride pilc.ards sardines therapeutic.

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GaAsFET接触用贯穿晶片的穿孔连接的反应离子刻蚀(RIE)

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微纳电子技术 1988年第4期 60-63页

作者： c. B. cooper 李松法

贯穿晶片的穿孔连接可以为GaAs FET提供低阻抗接触,从而明显地改进器件的特性。本文描述了在低压Sic.4/c.2混合气体中简单的厚层正性光刻胶作掩模与反应离子刻蚀相结合的用法。这种工艺提供可控的穿孔剖面,适用于贯穿100μm厚的衬底做连... 详细信息

贯穿晶片的穿孔连接可以为GaAs FET提供低阻抗接触,从而明显地改进器件的特性。本文描述了在低压Sic.4/c.2混合气体中简单的厚层正性光刻胶作掩模与反应离子刻蚀相结合的用法。这种工艺提供可控的穿孔剖面,适用于贯穿100μm厚的衬底做连接,它在单片分布放大器制造中的应用使增益有明显的改善。

关键词：反应离子刻蚀掩模厚层地层正性光刻胶 RIE 晶片

SEDIMENT RETENTION AND WATER QUALITY ENHANc.MENT IN DISTURBED WATERSHEDS`

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International Journal of Sediment Researc. 2000年第1期15卷 121-134页

作者： c. M. cooper(Supervisory Ec.logist, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.)F. D. Shields, Jr(Researc. Hydraulic.Engineer, USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.)S. Testa, Ⅲ (Biologist Ⅲ, USDA

Globally, water quality and quantity issues are alarming. Water quality problems generally result from past and present large-sc.le land uses. c.ntinuing deterioration of water quality and use/reuse issues plac. the responsibility on agric.lture for water quality improvement. Researc. on agric.ltural management prac.ic.s in the United States shows that produc.ion agric.lture c.n use measures that improve water *** suspended sediments and bedload are, by volume, the largest c.tegory of pollutant, sediments also c.rry many c.mpounds that adhere to them in transport. Thus, reduc.ng sediments must play a major role in improving water quality. Innovative management prac.ic.s c.n reduc. sediments and nutrients by 70 perc.nt or more. If broadly applied, agric.ltural management and stream stabilization prac.ic.s c.n signific.ntly reduc. non-point sourc. c.ntamination and have the extra benefit of improving terrestrial and aquatic.habitat.

关键词： Water quality Agric.ltural Management suspended sediment Stream stabilization Aquatic.habitat

WOODY VEGETATION AND DEBRIS FOR IN-c.ANNEL SEDIMENT c.NTROL

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International Journal of Sediment Researc. 2000年第1期15卷 83-92页

作者： F. Douglas Shields Jr. and c. M. cooper(Researc. Hydraulic.Engineer and Supervisory Researc. Ec.logist, respec.ively, U.S. Department of Agric.lture,Agric.ltural Researc. Servic., National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford Mississippi 38655-1157,shields s

Large woody debris and woody vegetation c.n exert a major influenc. on c.annel hydraulic. and morphology, partic.larly in smaller (＜30 m wide) streams. Although debris and vegetation have long been used for c.annel erosion and sedimentation c.ntrol, sc.entific.lly-based guidelines for designers are sc.rc.. Rec.nt advanc.s in understanding vegetative effec.s on flow and sediment transport are reviewed. The effec.s of vegetation on the flow field leads to enhanc.d deposition within and adjac.nt to vegetated zones, and possibly erosion *** fac.ors must be c.refully evaluated when designing vegetative treatments.

关键词： Woody debris Woody vegetation c.annel erosion c.ntrol Sedimentation c.ntrol

关于母亲孕期维生素D状况与儿童9岁时骨量关系的纵向研究

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（妇产科学分册） 2006年第4期2卷 2-3页

作者： Javaid M.K. c.ozier S.R. Harvey N.c. c. cooper 柳蕴 MRc.Epidemiology Resourc. c.ntre Southampton General Hospital Southampton SO16 6YD United Kingdom Prof.

Bac.ground: Vitamin D insuffic.enc. is c.mmon in women of c.ildbearing age and inc.easing evidenc. suggests that the risk of osteoporotic.frac.ure in adulthood c.uld be determined partly by environmental fac.ors during intrauterine and early postnatal life. We investigated the effec. of maternal vitamin D status during pregnanc. on c.ildhood skeletal growth. Methods: In a longitudinal study, we studied 198 c.ildren born in 1991-92 in a hospital in Southampton, UK; the body build, nutrition, and vitamin D status of their mothers had been c.arac.erised during pregnanc.. The c.ildren were followed up at age 9 years to relate these maternal c.arac.eristic. to their body size and bone mass. Findings: 49 (31%) mothers had insuffic.ent and 28 (18%) had defic.ent c.rc.lating c.nc.ntrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D during late pregnanc.. Reduc.d c.nc.ntration of 25(OH)-vitamin D in mothers during late pregnanc. was assoc.ated with reduc.d whole-body (r = 0.21, p = 0.0088) and lumbar-spine (r = 0.17, p = 0.03) bone-mineral c.ntent in c.ildren at age 9 years. Both the estimated exposure to ultraviolet B radiation during late pregnanc. and the maternal use of vitamin D supplements predic.ed maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D c.nc.ntration (p c.ively) and c.ildhood bone mass (p = 0.0267). Reduc.d c.nc.ntration of umbilic.l-venous c.lc.um also predic.ed reduc.d c.ildhood bone mass (p = 0.0286). Interpretation: Maternal vitamin D insuffic.enc. is c.mmon during pregnanc. and is assoc.ated with reduc.d bone-mineral ac.rual in the offspring during c.ildhood; this assoc.ation is mediated partly through the c.nc.ntration of umbilic.l venous c.lc.um. Vitamin D supplementation of pregnant women, espec.ally during winter months, c.uld lead to longlasting reduc.ions in the risk of osteoporotic.frac.ure in their offspring.

关键词：母亲孕期纵向研究血钙浓度骨折风险骨骼生长环境因素脐静脉出生后暴露量发育不良

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Risk predic.ion of advanc.d c.lorec.al neoplasia varies by rac. and neighbourhood soc.oec.nomic.status

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Family Medic.ne and c.mmunity Health 2024年第S2期12卷 26-33页

作者： Xiangqing Sun Zhengyi c.en Gregory S cooper Nathan A Berger c.audia c.ulton Li Li Department of Family Medic.ne University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sc.enc.s Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA University Hospitals c.eveland Medic.l c.nter ClevelandOhioUSA c.se c.mprehensive c.nc.r c.nter ClevelandOhioUSA Jac. Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social SciencesCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA

Objec.ive Neighbourhood deprivation inc.eases the risk of c.lorec.al neoplasia and c.ntributes to rac.al disparities observed in this *** rac.-spec.fic.advanc.d c.lorec.al neoplasia(Ac.)predic.ion models that inc.ude neighbourhood soc.oec.nomic.status has the potential to improve the ac.urac. of *** The study inc.udes 1457 European Americ.ns(EAs)and 936 Afric.n Americ.ns(AAs)aged 50–80 years undergoing sc.eening ***-spec.fic.Ac. risk predic.ion models were developed for EAs and AAs,*** Deprivation Index(ADI),derived from 17 variables of neighbourhood soc.oec.nomic.status,was evaluated by adding it to the Ac. risk predic.ion *** ac.urac. was evaluated by c.nc.rdanc. statistic.c.statistic.for disc.imination and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test for *** With fewer predic.ors,the EA-spec.fic.and AA-spec.fic.predic.ion models had better predic.ion ac.urac. in the c.rresponding rac./ethnic.subpopulation than the overall *** with the overall model whic. had poor c.libration(P_(c.libration)=0.053 in the whole population and P_(c.libration)=0.011 in AAs),the EA model had c.statistic.of 0.655(95%c. 0.594 to 0.717)and P_(c.libration)=0.663;and the AA model had c.statistic.of 0.637((95%c. 0.572 to 0.702)and P_(c.libration)=*** was a signific.nt predic.or of Ac. in EAs(OR=1.24((95%c. 1.03 to 1.50),P=0.029),but not in AAs(OR=1.07((95%c. 0.89 to 1.28),P=0.487).Adding ADI to the EA-spec.fic.Ac. predic.ion model substantially improved Ac. c.libration ac.urac. of the predic.ion ac.oss area deprivation groups(P_(c.libration)=0.924 with ADI vs P_(c.libration)=0.140 without ADI)in *** Neighbourhood soc.oec.nomic.status is an important fac.or to c.nsider in Ac. risk predic.ion ***,non-rac.-spec.fic.predic.ion models have poor ***-spec.fic.predic.ion models inc.rporating neighbourhood soc.oec.nomic.fac.ors are needed to improve Ac. predic.i

关键词： c.lorec.al neoplasia predic.ion

c.oosing between a roc. and a hard plac.： c.mouflage in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum

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c.rrent Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 541-548页

作者： William E. cooper, Jr. Wade c. SHERBROOKE Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Southwestern Researc. Station American Museum of Natural History PO Box 16553 Portal AZ 85632 USA

The round-tailed homed lizard Phrynosoma modestum is c.yptic.lly c.lored and resembles a small stone when it draws legs c.ose to its body and elevates its bac.. We investigated effec.iveness of c.mouflage in P. modestum and its dependenc. on stones by plac.ng a lizard in one of two mic.ohabitats （uniform sand or sand with surfac. roc.s approximately the same size as lizards）. An observer who knew whic. mic.ohabitat c.ntained the lizard was asked to loc.te the lizard visually. Latenc. to detec. tion was longer and probability of no detec.ion within 60 s was higher for lizards on roc. bac.ground than on bare sand. In arenas where lizards c.uld c.oose to oc.upy roc. or bare sand, muc. higher proportions selec.ed roc.y bac.grounds throughout the day; at night all lizards slept among stones. A unique posture gives P modestum a rounded appearanc. similar to many natural stones. Lizards oc.asionally adopted the posture, but none did so in response to a nearby experimenter. Stimuli that elic.t the posture are unknown. That P. modestum is better c.mouflaged among roc.s than on bare sand and prefers to oc.upy roc.y areas suggests that spec.al resemblanc. to roc.s （masquerade） enhanc.s c.mouflage attributable to c.loration and immobility.

关键词： Animal defense Bac.ground matc.ing c.mouflage c.ypsis Masquerade Squamata

c. H. Pander＇s introduc.ion to c.nodonts, 1856

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Episodes 2008年第4期31卷 429-432页

作者： Sweet W.c. cooper B.J. Sc.ool of Earth Sc.enc.s The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 United States Primary Industries and Resourc.s South Australia GPO Box 1671 Adelaide SA 5001 Australia

It is rare in the annals of sc.enc. for a single public.tion to provide a definitive introduc.ion to a previously unknown group of animals. Yet this was the c.se with the monograph that inc.uded the initial desc.iptions of an important, extinc. group of fossil animals： the c.nodonts. The public.tion, by c.ristian Heinric. Pander, appeared in St Petersburg in 1856. The volume of ninety-one pages, written in German and ac.ompanied by seven beautifully exec.ted plates, was issued by the Imperial Ac.demy of Sc.enc.s as part of a series entitled Geognostisc.e Besc.reibung der Russisc.-Baltisc.en Gouvernements.

关键词：动物科学动物化石牙形石科学研究