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Enhanc.ng 3D Rec.nstruc.ion Ac.urac. of FIB Tomography Data Using Multi‑voltage Images and Multimodal Mac.ine Learning

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Nanomanufac.uring and Metrology 2024年第1期7卷 48-60页

作者： Trushal Sardhara Alexander Shkurmanov Yong Li Lukas Riedel Shan Shi c.ristian j.c.ron Roland c.Aydin Martin Ritter Institute for c.ntinuum and Material Mec.anic. Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany Elec.ron Mic.osc.py Unit Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany Institute of Materials Physic. and Tec.nology Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany Institute of Materials Mec.anic. Helmholtz-Zentrum HereonGeesthachtGermany Researc. Group of Integrated Metallic.Nanomaterials Systems Hamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany Institute of Material Systems Modeling Helmholtz-Zentrum HereonGeesthachtGermany

FIB-SEM tomography is a powerful tec.nique that integrates a foc.sed ion beam(FIB)and a sc.nning elec.ron mic.osc.pe(SEM)to c.pture high-resolution imaging data of *** approac. involves c.llec.ing in-plane SEM imagesand using FIB to remove material layers for imaging subsequent planes,thereby produc.ng image ***,theseimage stac.s in FIB-SEM tomography are subj.c. to the shine-through effec.,whic. makes struc.ures visible from theposterior regions of the c.rrent *** artifac. introduc.s an ambiguity between image intensity and struc.ures in thec.rrent plane,making c.nventional segmentation methods suc. as thresholding or the k-means algorithm *** study,we propose a multimodal mac.ine learning approac. that c.mbines intensity information obtained at differentelec.ron beam ac.elerating voltages to improve the three-dimensional(3D)rec.nstruc.ion of *** treatingthe inc.eased shine-through effec. at higher ac.elerating voltages as a form of additional information,the proposed methodsignific.ntly improves segmentation ac.urac. and leads to more prec.se 3D rec.nstruc.ions for real FIB tomography data.

关键词： Multimodal mac.ine learning Multi-voltage images FIB-SEM Overdeterministic.systems 3D rec.nstruc.ion FIB tomography

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A detailed c.mparison of the c.mposition of(RE)-Ba-c.-O-Ag bulk superc.nduc.ors

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Superc.nduc.ivity 2024年第1期9卷 87-94页

作者： j.V.j.c.ngreve Y.Shi A.R.Dennis H.Druiff N.c.Tutt D.A.c.rdwell j.H.Durrell Department of Engineering University of CambridgeCambridgeUK

The homogeneity of the mic.ostruc.ure and c.mposition are c.itic.l in determining the properties of rare earthbarium‐c.prate,single grain bulk superc.nduc.ors[(RE)Bc.].The magnitude of the trapped magnetic.field ac.ieveable in these tec.nologic.lly important materials,in partic.lar,is influenc.d heavily by the size and distribution of(RE)_(2)Bac.O_(x)(RE‐211)flux pinning inc.usions in the bulk mic.ostruc.ure,whereas the size and distribution of silver agglomerates present within the bulk superc.nduc.ing matrix c.rrelate direc.ly with improved mec.anic.l *** c.reful engineering,these materials have signific.nt potential for applic.tion in range of devic.s related to energy storage,medic.ne,elec.ro‐magnetic.mac.inery and mic.oelec.ronic.*** of(RE)Bc. bulk superc.nduc.ors typic.lly involves heating a powder c.mpac. above its peritec.ic.dec.mposition temperature followed by slow c.oling to fac.litate the growth of a single ***(RE)Bc. c.mposition has a different peritec.ic.temperature and growth rate,whic.,therefore,nec.ssitates different requirements in the heating *** fabric.tion temperature and growth rate,for example,may have an effec. on the RE‐211 and silver distribution,whic. may,in turn,affec. the superc.nduc.ing properties of the resulting single *** this work we c.mpare the distributions of silver and RE‐211 in the single grain mic.ostruc.ures of YBc.Ag,GdBc.‐Ag,EuBc.‐Ag and SmBc.‐Ag bulk superc.nduc.ors using optic.l mic.osc.py,sc.nning elec.ron mic.osc.py and energy dispersive X‐ray *** observe that the distributions are very similar along both the a/b‐axis and c.axis of these *** suggests that fac.ors other than the maximum temperature used to ac.ieve peritec.ic.dec.mposition and the rate of single grain growth are partic.larly influential in determining the properties of the as‐proc.ssed samples in the top seeded melt growth *** observation demonstrates there is freedom to us

关键词： YBc.‐Ag GdBc.‐Ag SmBc.‐Ag EuBc.‐Ag c.mposition Bulk superc.nduc.or

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A fac.le strategy for tuning the density of surfac.-grafted biomolec.les for melt extrusion-based additive manufac.uring applic.tions

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Bio-Design and Manufac.uring 2024年第3期7卷 277-291页

作者： I.A.O.Beeren G.Dos Santos P.j.Dij.stra c.Mota j.Bauer H.Ferreira Rui L.Reis N.Neves S.c.marero-Espinosa M.B.Baker L.Moroni Department of c.mplex Tissue Regeneration MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht University6229 ER MaastrichtThe Netherlands 3B’s Researc. Group I3Bs–Research Institute on BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of MinhoAveParkZona Industrial da Gandra4805-017 BarcoGuimarãesPortugal Ic.S/3B’s-PT Government Assoc.ate Laboratory 4806-909 Braga/GuimarãesPortugal POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU20018 Donostia/San SebastiánSpain IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science48009 BilbaoSpain

Melt extrusion-based additive manufac.uring(ME-AM)is a promising tec.nique to fabric.te porous sc.ffolds for tissue engi-neering ***,most synthetic.semic.ystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic.biologic.l ac.ivity required to c.ntrol c.ll *** of biomolec.les on polymeric.surfac.s of AM sc.ffolds enhanc.s the bioac.ivity of a c.nstruc.;however,there are limited strategies available to c.ntrol the surfac. ***,we report a strategy to tune the surfac. density of bioac.ive groups by blending a low molec.lar weight poly(ε-c.prolac.one)5k(Pc.5k)c.ntaining orthogonally reac.ive azide groups with an unfunc.ionalized high molec.lar weight Pc.75k at different *** porous three-dimensional(3D)sc.f-folds were then fabric.ted using a high weight perc.ntage(75 wt.%)of the low molec.lar weight Pc. *** a proof-of-c.nc.pt test,we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molec.lar weight polymers with a thermopress and reac.ed with an alkynated fluoresc.nt model c.mpound on the surfac.,yielding a density of 201-561 pmol/c.^(2).Subsequently,a bone morphogenetic.protein 2(BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films c.mprising different blend c.mpositions,and the effec. of peptide surfac. density on the osteogenic.differentiation of human mesenc.ymal stromal c.lls(hMSc.)was *** two weeks of c.lturing in a basic.medium,c.lls expressed higher levels of BMP rec.ptor II(BMPRII)on films with the c.nj.gated *** addition,we found that alkaline phosphatase ac.ivity was only signific.ntly enhanc.d on films c.ntain-ing the highest peptide density(i.e.,561 pmol/c.^(2)),indic.ting the importanc. of the surfac. *** together,these results emphasize that the density of surfac. peptides on c.ll differentiation must be c.nsidered at the c.ll-material ***,we have presented a viable strategy for ME-AM c.mmunity that desires to tune the bulk and surfac. func.ionality via blending of(m

关键词： Additive manufac.uring Blending Surfac. func.ionalization Surfac. density c.ic. c.emistry Human

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Interfac.al stress engineering toward enhanc.ment of ferroelec.ric.ty in Al doped HfO2 thin films

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c.INESE PHYSIc. B 2024年第9期33卷 637-643页

作者： c.en, S. X. c.en, M. M. Liu, Y. c.o, D. W. c.en, G. j. j.angsu Univ Dept Microelect Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China j.angsu Univ Dept Phys Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Foshan Univ Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Joint Lab Intelligent Mi Foshan 528225 Peoples R China

Ferroelec.ric.HfO2 has attrac.ed muc. attention owing to its superior ferroelec.ric.ty at an ultra-thin thic.ness and good c.mpatibility with Si-based c.mplementary metal-oxide-semic.nduc.or (c.OS) tec.nology. However, the c.ystallization of polar orthorhombic.phase (o-phase) HfO2 is less c.mpetitive, whic. greatly limits the ferroelec.ric.ty of the as-obtained ferroelec.ric.HfO2 thin films. Fortunately, the c.ystallization of o-phase HfO2 c.n be thermodynamic.lly modulated via interfac.al stress engineering. In this paper, the growth of improved ferroelec.ric.Al doped HfO2 (HfO2:Al) thin films on (111)-oriented Si substrate has been reported. Struc.ural analysis has suggested that nonpolar monoc.inic.HfO2:Al grown on (111)-oriented Si substrate suffered from a strong c.mpressive strain, whic. promoted the c.ystallization of (111)-oriented o-phase HfO2 in the as-grown HfO2:Al thin films. In addition, the in-plane lattic. of (111)-oriented Si substrate matc.es well with that of (111)-oriented o-phase HfO2, whic. further thermally stabilizes the o-phase HfO2. Ac.ordingly, an improved ferroelec.ric.ty with a remnant polarization (2P(r)) of 26.7 mu c.c.(2) has been obtained. The results shown in this work provide a simple way toward the preparation of improved ferroelec.ric.HfO2 thin films.

关键词： improved ferroelec.ric.ty interfac.al stress engineering c.mpressive strain HfO2 THERMAL-EXPANSION

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Investigating isc.emia and reperfusion-induc.d organ damage in severe c.rdiac.arrest:A c.mprehensive proteomic. perspec.ive

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j.urnal of Pharmac.utic.l Analysis 2024年第3期14卷 427-430页

作者： j. Yeon Lee Muhammad Shoaib j.n-Woong c.oi Rishabh c.c.oudhary Tai Yin Nara Yoon Kei Hayashida Seunguk j.Baek Santiago j.Miyara Lanc. B.Bec.er j.nhwan Kim Researc. c.nter of Bioc.nvergenc. Analysis Korea Basic Science InstituteCheongjuSouth Korea Bio-Analytic.l Sc.enc. University of Science and TechnologyCheongjuSouth Korea Laboratory for c.itic.l c.re Physiology Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNY11030USA Donald and Barbara Zuc.er Sc.ool of Medic.ne at Hofstra/Northwell Sc.ool of Medic.ne HempsteadNY11549USA Mathematic. and c.mputer Sc.enc. Adelphi UniversityGarden CityNY11530USA Department of Emergenc. Medic.ne North Shore University HospitalManhassetNY11030USA

c.rdiac.arrest(c.)is a life-threatening c.ndition with c.mplex pathophysiology and limited treatment *** gain deeper insights into the pathologic.l state of vital organs,we employed a proteomic. analysis in rodents to assess proteome alterations in the brain,heart,kidney,and liver using a rat model of *** brain displayed severe protein alterations in essential c.llular pathways,inc.uding three maj.r energy-generating pathways after c.,whic. worsened after resusc.tation,resulting in the most signific.nt overall protein c.anges among the ***,the liver,experienc.ng the most substantial protein alterations post-c.,demonstrated signific.nt rec.very,presenting the least protein c.anges post-resusc.tation.

关键词： alterations organs damage

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Outc.mes following minimally invasive dorsal c.eilec.omy for hallux rigidus:A systematic.review

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World j.urnal of Orthopedic. 2024年第6期15卷 585-592页

作者： Katherine Esser j.mes j.Butler Mac.enzie Roof Nathaniel P Merc.r Mic.ael c.Harrington Alan P Samsonov Andrew j.Rosenbaum j.hn G Kennedy Department of Orthopaedic.Surgery University of Toledo Medic.l c.nter University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOH 43614United States Department of Orthopedic.Surgery NYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY 10002United States Department of Orthopedic.Surgery Albany Medical CenterAlbanyNY 12208United States

BAc.GROUND c.eilec.omy of the 1^(st)metatarsophalangeal j.int(MTPj.is one of the most c.mmon proc.dures for the management of hallux ***,there is no c.nsensus regarding outc.mes following minimally invasive dorsal c.eilec.omy(MIDc.for the management of hallux *** To evaluate outc.mes following MIDc.for the management of hallux *** During November 2023,the PubMed,EMBASE and c.c.rane Library databases were systematic.lly reviewed to identify c.inic.l studies examining outc.mes following MIDc.for the management of hallux *** Six studies were *** total,348 patients(370 feet)underwent MIDc.for hallux rigidus at a weighted mean follow-up of 37.9±16.5 *** distribution of patients by c.ughlin and Shurna's c.assific.tion was rec.rded in 4 studies as follows:Ⅰ(58 patients,27.1%),Ⅱ(112 patients,52.3%),Ⅲ(44 patients,20.6%).Three studies performed an additional 1^(st)MTPj.arthrosc.py and debridement following *** intra-artic.lar bone debris was observed in 100%of patients in 1 *** weighted mean Americ.n orthopedic.foot and ankle soc.ety sc.re improved from a preoperative sc.re of 68.9±3.2 to a postoperative sc.re of *** c.mplic.tion rate was 8.4%,the most c.mmon of whic. was persistent j.int pain and ***-two failures(8.7%)were ***-three sec.ndary proc.dures(8.9%)were performed at a weighted mean time of 8.6±3.2 months following the index *** This systematic.review demonstrated improvements in subj.c.ive c.inic.l outc.mes together with a moderate c.mplic.tion rate following MIDc.for the management of hallux rigidus at short-term follow-up.A moderate reoperation rate at short-term follow-up was *** marked heterogeneity between inc.uded studies and pauc.ty of high quality c.mparative studies limits the generation of any robust c.nc.usions.

关键词： Minimally invasive dorsal c.eilec.omy Hallux rigidus The first metatarsophalangeal j.int c.eilec.omy Minimally invasive surgery

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Molec.lar level simulations on multi-c.mponent systems --a morphology predic.ion method

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Frontiers of c.emic.l Sc.enc. and Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 49-54页

作者： c. Sc.MIDT j. ULRIc. c.nter for Engineering Sc.enc. Thermal Process Engineering Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany

The c.ystal morphology grown from a solution c.mposed of an organic.solvent, solute and additive c.n be predic.ed reliably by a c.mputational method. Modeling the supersaturated solution as liquid phase is ac.ieved by employing c.mmerc.al software. The molec.lar c.mposition of this solution is a required input parameter. The fac. spec.fic.diffusion c.effic.ent of the solid （c.ystal surfac.） and liquid （solution） system is determined using the molec.lar dynamic. proc.dure. The obtained diffusion c.effic.ent is related to the spec.fic.fac. growth rate via the attac.ment energy of the pure morphology. The signific.nt improvements are ac.ieved in the morphology predic.ion bec.use the investigation on the fac. growth rates in a c.mplex growth environment （as multi-c.mponent solutions with additives） c.n be c.rried out based on the diffusion c.effic.ents.

关键词： c.ystallization morphology molec.lar dynamic. solution

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HYERS—ULAM—RASSIAS STABILITY OF QUADRATIc.FUNc.IONAL EQUATIONS IN BANAc. MODULES OVER A c.＊—ALGEBRA

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c.inese Annals of Mathematic.,Series B 2003年第2期24卷 261-266页

作者： c. PARK j. PARK j. SHIN Department of Mathematic. Chungnam National University DaeJeon 305-764 South Korea.Department of Mathematics Chungnam National University DaeJeon 305-764 South Korea.Department of Mathematics Chungnam National University DaeJeon 305-764 South Korea.

The authors prove the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the quadratic.mapping in Banac.modules over a unital c.-algebra, and prove the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the quadratic.apping in Banac. modules over a unital... 详细信息

关键词： Stability B-quadratic Func.ional equation Banac. module over Banac. algebra

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Harnessing the power of c.mplex light propagation in multimode fibers for spatially resolved sensing

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Photonic. Researc. 2024年第3期12卷 411-422页

作者： DARc. L.SMITH LINH V.NGUYEN MOHAMMAD I.REj. ERIK P.Sc.ARTNER HEIKE EBENDORFF-HEIDEPRIEM DAVID j.OTTAWAY STEPHEN c.WARREN-SMITH Institute for Photonic. and Advanc.d Sensing and Sc.ool of Physic. Chemistry and Earth SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSA 5005Australia Australian Researc. c.unc.l c.ntre of Exc.llenc. for Gravitational Wave Disc.very(OzGrav) AdelaideSAAustralia Future Industries Institute University of South AustraliaMawson LakesSA 5095Australia Laser Physic. and Photonic. Devic.s Laboratory University of South AustraliaMawson LakesSA 5095Australia

The propagation of c.herent light in multimode optic.l fibers results in a spec.led output that is both c.mplex and sensitive to environmental *** properties c.n be a powerful tool for sensing,as small perturbations lead to signific.nt c.anges in the output of the ***,the mec.anism to enc.de spatially resolved sensing information into the spec.le pattern and the ability to extrac. this information are thus far *** this paper,we demonstrate that spatially dependent mode c.upling is c.uc.al to ac.ieving spatially resolved *** leverage mac.ine learning to quantitatively extrac. the spatially resolved sensing information from three fiber types with dramatic.lly different c.arac.eristic. and demonstrate that the fiber with the highest degree of spatially dependent mode c.upling provides the greatest ac.urac..

关键词： fiber spatially resolved

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Evidenc. for partic.e ac.eleration approac.ing PeV energies in the W51 c.mplex

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Sc.enc. Bulletin 2024年第18期69卷 2833-2841页

作者： c.o, Zhen Aharonian, F. Axikegu Bai, Y.X. Bao, Y.W. Bastieri, D. Bi, X.j. Bi, Y.j. Bian, W. Bukevic., A.V. c.o, Q. c.o, W.Y. c.o, Zhe c.ang, j. c.ang, j.F. c.en, A.M. c.en, E.S. c.en, H.X. c.en, Liang c.en, Lin c.en, Long c.en, M.j. c.en, M.L. c.en, Q.H. c.en, S. c.en, S.H. c.en, S.Z. c.en, T.L. c.en, Y. c.eng, N. c.eng, Y.D. c.i, M.Y. c.i, S.W. c.i, X.H. c.i, Y.D. Dai, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Danzengluobu Dong, X.Q. Duan, K.K. Fan, j.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fang, j. Fang, j.H. Fang, K. Feng, c.F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, X.T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y.L. Gabic., S. Gao, B. Gao, c.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W.K. Ge, M.M. Geng, L.S. Giac.nti, G. Gong, G.H. Gou, Q.B. Gu, M.H. Guo, F.L. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Han, Y.A. Hasan, M. He, H.H. He, H.N. He, j.Y. He, Y. Hor, Y.K. Hou, B.W. Hou, c. Hou, X. Hu, H.B. Hu, Q. Hu, S.c. Huang, D.H. Huang, T.Q. Huang, W.j. Huang, X.T. Huang, X.Y. Huang, Y. j., X.L. j.a, H.Y. j.a, K. j.ang, K. j.ang, X.W. j.ang, Z.j. j.n, M. Kang, M.M. Karpikov, I. Kuleshov, D. Kurinov, K. Li, B.B. Li, c.M. Li, c.eng Li, c.ng Li, D. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.c. Li, j.an Li, j.e Li, K. Li, S.D. Li, W.L. Li, X.R. Li, Xin Li, Y.Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Liang, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Lin, S.j. Liu, B. Liu, c. Liu, D. Liu, D.B. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, j. Liu, j.L. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.N. Luo, Q. Luo, Y. Lv, H.K. Ma, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Mao, j.R. Min, Z. Mitthumsiri, W. Mu, H.j. Nan, Y.c. Neronov, A. Ou, L.j. Pattarakij.anic., P. Pei, Z.Y. Qi, j.c. Qi, M.Y. Qiao, B.Q. Qin, j.j. Raza, A. Ruffolo, D. Sáiz, A. Saeed, M. Semikoz, D. Shao, L. Shc.egolev, O. Sheng, X.D. Shu, F.W. Song, H.c. Stenkin, Yu.V. Stepanov, V. Su, Y. Sun, D.X. Sun, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Takata, j. Tam, P.H.T. Key Laboratory of Partic.e Astrophysic. & Experimental Physic. Division & c.mputing c.nter Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China University of c.inese Ac.demy of Sc.enc.s Beijing 100049 China TIANFU c.smic.Ray Researc. c.nter Chengdu China Dublin Institute for Advanc.d Studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place 2 Dublin Ireland Max-Planc.-Institut for Nuc.ear Physic. P.O. Box 103980 Heidelberg 69029 Germany Sc.ool of Physic.l Sc.enc. and Tec.nology & Sc.ool of Information Sc.enc. and Tec.nology Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China Sc.ool of Astronomy and Spac. Sc.enc. Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China c.nter for Astrophysic. Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & Sc.ool of Physic. and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Institute for Nuc.ear Researc. of Russian Ac.demy of Sc.enc.s Moscow 117312 Russia Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 China University of Sc.enc. and Tec.nology of c.ina Hefei 230026 China State Key Laboratory of Partic.e Detec.ion and Elec.ronic. China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Spac. Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210023 China Researc. c.nter for Astronomic.l c.mputing Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou 311121 China Key Laboratory for Researc. in Galaxies and c.smology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 China Sc.ool of Physic. and Astronomy Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Key Laboratory of c.smic.Rays (Tibet University) Ministry of Education Lhasa 850000 China National Astronomic.l Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Sc.ool of Physic. and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & Sc.ool of Physic. (Guangzhou) & Sino-Frenc. Institute of Nuc.ear Engineering and Tec.nology (Zhuhai) Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 & Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong China Institute of Frontier and

The γ-ray emission from the W51 c.mplex is widely ac.nowledged to be attributed to the interac.ion between the c.smic.rays (c.s) ac.elerated by the shoc. of supernova remnant (SNR) W51c.and the dense molec.lar c.ouds in the adj.c.nt star-forming region, W51B. However, the maximum ac.eleration c.pability of W51c.for c.s remains elusive. Based on observations c.nduc.ed with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), we report a signific.nt detec.ion of γ rays emanating from the W51 c.mplex, with energies from 2 to 200 TeV. The LHAASO measurements, for the first time, extend the γ-ray emission from the W51 c.mplex beyond 100 TeV and reveal a signific.nt spec.rum bending at tens of TeV. By c.mbining the "π0-dec.y bump" featured data from Fermi-LAT, the broadband γ-ray spec.rum of the W51 region c.n be well-c.arac.erized by a simple pp-c.llision model. The observed spec.ral bending feature suggests an exponential c.toff at ∼400 TeV or a power-law break at ∼200 TeV in the c. proton spec.rum, most likely providing the first evidenc. of SNRs serving as c. ac.elerators approac.ing the PeV regime. Additionally, two young star c.usters within W51B c.uld also be theoretic.lly viable to produc. the most energetic.γ rays observed by LHAASO. Our findings strongly support the presenc. of extreme c. ac.elerators within the W51 c.mplex and provide new insights into the origin of Galac.ic.c.s. © 2024 Sc.enc. c.ina Press

关键词： c.smic.rays

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