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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2016年第3期6卷 394-401页

作者： césar mbane biouele Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

Tornadoes and cyclones, as is stated in numerous literary and audiovisual works dedicated to these out of balance physical systems, are two powerful and spectacular atmospheric phenomena whose vertical and horizontal profiles of winds and temperatures are not yet well known. Indeed, data and routine observations accumulated in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) databases, regardless of their diversity and perfection of the instruments used to achieve these data (e.g. satellites, onboard cameras, wind profilers, ultra modern calculators, etc.), offer mind-blowing performances on the extent of damage caused by these disturbances, but information provided by these ground and space based observations will never allow access to real profiles of winds associated with tornadoes and cyclones both at the ground’s surface and aloft. The works recently carried out by c. mbane biouele allow us to discover that winds associated with tornadoes and hurricanes result from vectors addition of troposphere’s horizontal geostrophic winds and vertical movements associated with passive convection. Unfortunately, geostrophic wind and passive convection are two familiar meteorological phenomena described with much awkwardness and monumental mistakes by all scientific books written by authors who have remained loyal to Hadley principle which states (for centuries) that hot air is lighter than cold air. It is very important to know that c. mbane biouele’s very recent publications demonstrate that Hadley principle is not valid in the troposphere’s regions occupied by Ferrell cells. Indeed, it is urgent for the development of meteorology to highlight with great insistence to everyone that there is a Physics principle diametrically opposed to popular Hadley one which provides thermodynamic reasons of the formation of Ferrell cells. This Principle will be named mbane biouele Principe and be clearly stated in this paper.

Organization of Propaganda Forums (Such as cOP21) by Some Heads of State Seriously Disturbs Scientific Debates on Real causes of climate Global changes

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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2016年第1期6卷 123-128页

作者： césar mbane biouele Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

Faced with many problems (practically insoluble) that call them politicians lie (to save their careers), claiming that they are resolutely interested to earth’s environment protection. Unnecessary (for some) and outrageously expensive (for others) organization of cOP21 is part of this logic of distracting the “international community” by (for example) making believe that the reduction of cO2 emissions is something reachable for humans and that this reduction can weaken the harmful effects of global warming such as: floods, endless droughts, melting glaciers, upsurge of hurricanes or tornadoes, etc. can the “binding” commitments taken during cOP21 be effective? Our objective and immediate answer is: No. Because those who have made commitments, ignore completely how the cO2 (main object of their attentions) or sulfur dioxide (SO2) behave with respect to some predominant elements of the atmosphere such as clouds. Moreover, a significant number of the propaganda forums’ stakeholders ignores that earth’s atmosphere is considerably affected by the radiation from the sun and that the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface of the earth mainly depends on the Earth-Sun distance and the precession angle of the earth relative to its orbit. Earth-Sun distance and precession angle of the Earth’s orbit vary in space and time: this Physical law must be constantly present in our minds. Teaching the fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics allows solar radiation and its derivative forms (e.g.: winds, snow or rains) to cease to be a mystery in the mind of the international community.

关键词： Earth’s Environment Protection Propaganda Forums Earth-Sun Distance Precession Angle of the Earth cO2 or Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Behave with Respect to clouds

Identification and Interpretation of Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamics’ and Thermodynamics’ Similarities between Rogue Waves and Oceans’ Surface Geostrophic Wind

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2016年第2期6卷 238-246页

作者： césar mbane biouele Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.

关键词： Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamics’ and Thermodynamics’ Similarities Rogue Waves Ocean’s Surface Geostrophic Wind

Relationship between Disruptions of carbon’s cyclic Set Natural Transfers and the Upsurge of Weather conditions with Strong Winds and Heavy Rains

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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2015年第4期5卷 380-385页

作者： césar mbane biouele Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

The cyclic set of natural transfers of carbon (also called: Global carbon cycle) is built with the following physicochemical and bacteriological processes: 1) atmosphere to green plants or soil transfers;2) animals or plants to atmosphere transfers;3) burning fossil fuels to atmosphere transfers;4) animals (including humans) to soil transfers;5) atmosphere to oceans transfers, etc. This whole cycle (despite its obvious complexity), is a formal proof that disturbances recorded by carbon cycle described above, inevitably alter the chemical composition of the atmosphere and, therefore, lead to climate change whose magnitude depends on the sensitivity of the atmosphere relative to the changed settings. The weather models used to assess climate change caused by cFcs, have the annoying tendency to neglect the contribution of clouds to the global carbon balance. Yet it has been proven by c. mbane in 2015 that clouds are composed of only two elements (dry air and saturated water vapor);and that clouds’ saturated water vapor may form precipitation (solid or liquid) if and only if they met and dissolve condensation nuclei (mainly the carbon dioxide (cO2) in the case of Troposphere). In other words, atmosphere absorbs a significant amount of cO2 in the formation of rains. The purpose of our work is to make it clear to the international opinion that cloud’s saturated water vapor is the true lung of our planet, far ahead of the green plants respiration or photosynthesis those take place only under the influence of sunlight and in the very lower layers of the troposphere (e.g., well below 25 meters from the surface of the earth). Each of us could then easily understand the link between GccD (Global carbon cycle Disruptions) and the upsurge of WcWSWHR (weather conditions with strong winds and heavy rains).

关键词： Global carbon cycle Disruptions (GccD) Upsurge of WcWSWHR Link between GccD and WcWSWHR

Numerical Simulation of Water Waves’ Modulational Instability under the Effects of Wind’s Stress and Gravity Force Relaxation

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2016年第1期6卷 93-102页

作者： Théodule Nkoa Nkomom césar mbane biouele Jeannot Mane Mane Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique (National Advanced School of Engineering) Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

The waves driven by the wind do not move on the water as ordinarily done by sailboats. Indeed, the movement of the waves driven by the wind is more complex than the sailboats’ translation movement that we know. The movement of the wave in our particular case results from the chain-job done by wind’s stress and gravity forces: material is collected upstream (erosion phenomenon) and then deposited on the wave’s summit by the wind. This material deposited on the summit of the wave by the wind is then removed and dispatched on the downstream side of the wave by gravity forces. As always happens in any chain-job: if the wind works faster than gravity forces, great accumulation of material will occur at the summit of the wave that will lead to an increase in its (the wave in this case) height. If conversely the wind works more slowly, a deficit in material delivery will occur and gravity force goes directly to remove material on the wave’s summit and lead to a decrease in its height. In terms of Mechanics, we know that the main obstacle that can seriously disturb the work of the wind is the unavailability of water or so its viscosity. Given the complexity of the process to be studied, it seemed necessary for us to make a use of modulational instability theories such as the standard NLSE in order to better understand the contribution of wind and water viscosity to modulations of driven waves’ amplitudes (or phases): modulations which sometimes can accidentally trigger unpredictable rogue waves.

关键词： Waves Driven by the Wind Standard Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation Modulations of Driven Waves’ Amplitudes or Phases Unpredictable Rogue Waves

Alignment of Vertically Grown carbon Nanostructures Studied by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2014年第13期5卷 966-983页

作者： Jeannot Mane Mane Francois Le Normand Rolant Eba Medjo costel Sorin cojocaru Ovidiu Ersen Antoine Senger carine Laffon Bridinette Thiodjio Sendja césar mbane biouele Germain Hubert Ben-Bolie Pierre Owono Ateba Philippe Parent IPcMS UMR 7504 CNRSStrasbourgFrance Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique(National Advanced School of Engineering) Department of Mathematics and Physical SciencesThe University of YaoundéIYaoundeCameroon Physics Department Faculty of ScienceUniversity of YaoundéIYaoundeCameroon Physics Department Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DoualaDoualaCameroon LURE UMR CNRSCentre Universitaire Paris SudOrsayFrance

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) on the carbon K edge of carbon nanostructures (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowalls) is reported here. They are grown on plain SiO2 (8 nm thick)/Si(100) substrates by a Plasma and Hot Filaments-enhanced catalytic chemical Vapor Deposition (PE HF ccVD) process. The morphology and the nature of these carbon nanostructures are characterized by SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. According to conditions of catalyst preparation and Dc HF ccVD process, carbon nanotubes (cNTs), carbon nanofibers (cNFs), carbon nanowalls (cNWs), carbon nanoparticles (cNPs) with different orientation of the graphene plans or shells can be prepared. From the angular dependence of the incident light and geometrical morphology of the nanostructures, wide variations of the c K-edge intensity of the transitions to the empty π* and σ* states occur. A full lineshape analysis of the XAS spectra has been carried out using a home-made software, allowing estimating the relative proportion of π* and σ* transitions. A geometrical model of the angular dependence with the incidence angle of the light and the morphology of the carbon nanostructures is derived. With normalization to the HOPG (Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite graphite) reference case, a degree of alignment can be extracted which is representative of the localized orientation of the graphitic carbon π bonds, accounting not only for the overall orientation, but also for local defects like impurities incorporation, structural defects ... This degree of alignment shows good agreement with SEM observations. Thus cNTs films display degrees of alignment around 50%, depending on the occurrence of defects in the course of the growth, whereas no special alignment can be detected with cNFs and cNPs, and a weak one (about 20%) is detected on cNWs.

关键词： X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy carbon Nanostructures(cNTs,cNFs,cNWs,cNPs) Plasma-and Hot Filaments-Enhanced catalytic chemical Vapor Deposition Geometrical Model Angular Dependence

Relationships between Earth’s Rotation or Revolution and Geographical Extent of the Global Surface Monsoons

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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2014年第1期4卷 47-52页

作者： mbane biouele césar Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITcZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?

关键词： Seasonal Reversal of the Prevailing Surface Winds coriolis Force Earth’s Rotation ITcZ (Inter-Tropical convergence Zone) Oscillations Earth’s Revolution

Physics as Final Opportunity to Prevent Harms Related to Theatricalization of Meteorology

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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2014年第1期4卷 131-136页

作者： mbane biouele césar Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

Using mbane biouele formula derived in 2009 on the troposphere thermoelastic properties leads to thermal and kinematic profiles of major atmospheric disturbances which clearly indicate that these terrible events for men should not be viewed with fatalism. This unexpected truth is unfortunately always obscured by media outlets of brilliant TV presenters or famous workshops panelists that focus attention on the excessively sensational meteorology (unfortunately folk and pernicious) instead of worrying about the seriousness that should characterize all interventions on the climate study or prediction. Good weather conditions, it is undeniable, facilitate an excellent running of almost all human activities like sports, transport, agricultural activities, celebrations of events, etc.... Far more serious, the advent of supercomputers and satellites could, if their valuable information is used solely for the theatricalization of weather events, trigger the decline of the scientific discipline of great public utility that is meteorology. Indeed, many meteorologists acquire very big head when they succeed in acquiring advanced equipment. Without prejudging what meteorology will become in the future, we hope that the work done in this article will remind each researchers that much remains to be done to promote climate studies. We remind quite emphatically that both hurricanes and cyclones have their weak-points (or talon d’Achilles in French) and thus, researchers should begin to think about “how to neutralize atmospheric disturbances that have both a large and a strong destructive power”.

关键词： mbane biouele Formula Derived in 2009 Kinematic Profiles of Major Atmospheric Disturbances Theatricalization of Meteorology cyclones Have Their Weak-Points or “Talon d’Achilles”

Application of clausius-clappeyron Relation (1832) and carnot Principle (1824) to Earth’s Atmosphere Tricellular circulation

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Atmospheric and climate Sciences 2014年第1期4卷 1-6页

作者： mbane biouele césar Laboratory of Earth’s Atmosphere Physics Department of Physics University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroun

Atmospheric or climate phenomena are usually a combination of elementary events whose scales range from the very small (microscopic) to the infinitely large (synoptic). This means that build reasoning from ground- or space-based observations only, regardless of the physics of elementary processes, inevitably leads to erroneous results. Given the fact that plots of Troposphere Tricellular circulation are only based on weather mean conditions measured near the ground (i.e.: pressure and winds fields observed at the surface of the earth), we want to improve these representations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, by using both clausius-clapeyron Relation and carnot Principle derived respectively in 1832 and 1824. Indeed, clausius-clapeyron relation shows precisely that, unlike the dry water vapor that can be assimilated to the ideal gas at many circumstances, the saturated water vapor has, in an air parcel at the same time cold (temperature below 0.0098°c) and rich in moisture (vapor pressure above 6.11 mb), thermoelastic properties diametrically opposed to those of ideal gas (including dry water vapor). Vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere provided by ground- or space-based observations lead to the location of a troposphere region in which the ideal gas assumption should be banned: hence appropriate and unique plot of earth’s atmosphere tricellular circulation.

关键词： combination of Elementary Events Ground- or Space-Based Observations Earth’s Atmosphere Tricellular circulation