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Hepatitis C virus control among persons who inject drugs requires overcoming barriers to care

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第44期19卷 7846-7851页

作者： Marija Zeremski Jon E Zibbell Anthony d Martinez Steven Kritz bryce d smith Andrew H Talal division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Weill Cornell Medical College New YorkNY 10065 United States division of Viral Hepatitis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA 30333United States division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14203 United States Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation Brooklyn NY 11201 United States

despite a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection,the vast majority of persons who inject drugs(PWId)have not engaged in HCV care due to a large number of *** about the infection among both PWId and providers remains an important challenge as does discrimination faced by PWId in conventional health care *** providers also remain hesitant to prescribe antiviral therapy due to concerns about adherence and relapse to drug use resulting in ***,however,as a result of improvements in treatment efficacy combined with professional society and government endorsement of HCV treatment for PWId,a pressing need exists to develop strategies to engage these individuals into HCV *** this article,we propose several strategies that can be pursued in an attempt to engage PWId into HCV *** advocate that multidisciplinary approaches that utilize health care practitioners from a wide range of specialties,as well as co-localization of medical services,are strategies likely to result in increased numbers of PWId entering into HCV *** of HCV therapy after stabilization through drug treatment is an additional strategy likely to increase PWId engagement into HCV *** full impact of direct acting antivirals for HCV will only be realized if innovative approaches are pursued to engage all HCV infected individuals into treatment.

关键词： Treatment of hepatitis C Viral infection Human immunodeficiency virus Hepatitis C virus coinfection Persons who inject drugs Obstacles to treatment

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Multiple sclerosis is at a checkpoint: advancing the program

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 811-812页

作者： Brandon C.smith Jessica L.Williams department of Neurosciences Lerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA department of Biological Geologicaland Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOHUSA

Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system(CNS). Patients with MS experience sensory and motor function loss due to myelin and/or axon damage perpetuated b... 详细信息

关键词： Hauser sclerosis damage

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Polyethylene glycol has immunoprotective effects on sciatic allografts, but behavioral recovery and graft tolerance require neurorrhaphy and axonal fusion

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： Tyler A.smith Liwen Zhou Cameron L.Ghergherehchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.Yang Haley O.Tucker JuliAnne Allgood Jared S.Bushman George d.Bittner department of Molecular Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA department of Neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA division of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal ***,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune *** contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian *** relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this *** hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral *** examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal ***-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host *** to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days *** morphological signs of rejection,such as col

关键词： allograft rejection axotomy macrophage myelin nerve repair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic nerve T cell transplantation Wallerian degeneration

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Sarcoma-associated sarcoid reaction: Report of cutaneous sarcoid reaction in a patient with liposarcoma

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2015年第12期3卷 988-992页

作者： bryce d Beutler Philip R Cohen School of Allied Health Sciences University of Nevada department of dermatology University of California

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory condition in which noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas appear within one or several body sites. Sarcoid reaction(also referred to as sarcoidal or sarcoid-like reaction) occurs in patients who do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for systemic sarcoidosis but present with similar clinical and histological features. As sarcoma-associated sarcoid reactions are rare, we describe the features of sarcoid reaction that developed in a man with liposarcoma and summarize reports of other oncology patients with sarcoma-associated sarcoid reactions. A 68-yearold man with retroperitoneal liposarcoma presented for evaluation of erythematous dermal plaques on his left leg. Microscopic examination of a tissue specimen revealed multiple epithelioid granulomas in the superficial and mid-reticular dermis. Correlation of the clinical presentation and histopathologic findings established a diagnosis of liposarcoma-associated cutaneous sarcoid reaction. Sarcoid reactions have been described in only seven individuals with sarcoma, including two patients with leiomyosarcoma and one patient with either carcinosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, rhabdosarcoma, or synovial sarcoma. Sarcoidal granulomas most commonly develop within the locoregional draining lymph nodes. Sarcoid reactions may also affect other organs, such as the lungs, skin, and spleen.

关键词： Liposarcoma Malignancy Sarcoid Sarcoid reaction Sarcoidosis Sarcoma

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Challenges in Understanding Genome-Wide dNA Methylation

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2010年第1期25卷 26-34页

作者：张伟奇 Andrew d. smith Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor Bioinformatics division TNLIST and MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics Tsinghua University department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California

dNA methylation is a chemical modification of the bases in genomes. This modification, most frequently found at CpG dinucleotides in eukaryotes, has been identified as having multiple critical functions in broad and diverse species of animals and plants, while mysteriously appears to be lacking from several other well-studied species. dNA methylation has well known and important roles in genome stability and defense, its pattern change highly correlates with gene regulation. Much evidence has linked abnormal dNA methylation to human diseases. Most prominently, aberrant dNA methylation is a common feature of cancer genomes. Elucidating the precise functions of dNA methylation therefore has great biomedical significance. Here we provide an update on large-scale experimental technologies for detecting dNA methylation on a genomic scale. We also discuss new prospect and challenges that computational biologist will face when analyzing dNA methylation data.

关键词： dNA methylation epigenome computational epigenomics

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Annual-perennial plant relationships and species selection for desert restoration

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： Scott R ABELLA Stanley d smith department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between inter- spaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that：（1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.

关键词： Bromus rubens exotic fertile island invasive nurse plant positive plant interaction Schismus

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History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

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Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第2期4卷 167-183页

作者： david B.smith Steven M.smith John d.Horton U.S.Geological Survey.denver Federal Center MS 973.DenverCO 80225USA

Six national-scale,or near national-scale,geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United *** earliest of these,here termed the ＇Shacklette＇ data set,was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey（USGS） project conducted from 1961 to *** project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous *** National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance（NUREHSSR） Program of the *** of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments,lake sediments,or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous *** *** sampled area represented about 65%of the *** Natural Resources Conservation Service（NRCS）,from 1978 to 1982,collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous *** data set contains analyses of more than 3000 *** National Geochemical Survey,a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009,used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils,in the parts of the *** covered by the NURE-HSSR *** data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 *** USGS,in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada,initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in *** of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the *** completed in 2010,and chemical analyses are currently *** NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the *** data set currently contains data from more than 1400 *** paper（1） discusses each data set in terms of its purpose,sample collection protocols,and analytical methods;and（2） evaluates each data set in terms

关键词： Geochemical mapping National-scale geochemical data Geochemical baselines United States

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An Approach to Reducing Input Parameter Volume for Fault Classifiers

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2019年第2期16卷 199-212页

作者： Ann smith Fengshou Gu Andrew d.Ball Centre for Efficiency and Performance Engineering University of Huddersfield

As condition monitoring of systems continues to grow in both complexity and application, an overabundance of data is amassed. Computational capabilities are unable to keep abreast of the subsequent processing requirements. Thus, a means of establishing computable prognostic models to accurately reflect process condition, whilst alleviating computational burdens, is essential. This is achievable by restricting the amount of information input that is redundant to modelling algorithms. In this paper, a variable clustering approach is investigated to reorganise the harmonics of common diagnostic features in rotating machinery into a smaller number of heterogeneous groups that reflect conditions of the machine with minimal information redundancy. Na?ve Bayes classifiers established using a reduced number of highly sensitive input parameters realised superior classification powers over higher dimensional classifiers,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, generic parameter capabilities were evidenced through confirmatory factor analysis. Parameters with superior deterministic power were identified alongside complimentary, uncorrelated, ***, variables with little explanatory capacity could be eliminated and lead to further variable reductions. Their information sustainability is also evaluated with Na?ve Bayes classifiers, showing that successive classification rates are sufficiently high when the first few harmonics are used. Further gains were illustrated on compression of chosen envelope harmonic features. A Na?ve Bayes classification model incorporating just two compressed input variables realised an 83.3% success rate, both an increase in classification rate and an immense improvement volume-wise on the former ten parameter model.

关键词： Fault diagnosis classification variable clustering data compression big data

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Co-deposition of Co-Ni alloys and their microstructure analysis by PoSAP

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1997年第23期42卷 2013-2014页

作者： R.A.d.Mackenzie G.d.W.smith department of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UKDepartment of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK

PULSEd-co-electrodeposition （PCd） is a new and promising technique for producing alloymaterials of nanometer grain size. In this letter, Co-Ni alloys were produced by PCd, and theeffect of CO+2 ion concentration in the depositing baths on the Co content and the microstruc-ture in the corresponding deposit was studied by the position sensitive atom probe （PoSAP）,TEM and X-ray diffraction. The Co-Ni phase diagram shows that, at room temperature,there are two phases in Co-Ni alloys, one is εCo with hcp lattice, the other is αCo of fcc lat-tice. A Co-Ni alloy with a Ni content below 27% consists of single εCo, beyond 36% consistsof single αCo, in between consists of εCo + αCo. The examination results of TEM, SEM andX-ray diffraction indicated that the Co-Ni deposits with average grain size of 70 nm and thick-

关键词： Co-deposition of Co-Ni alloys and their microstructure analysis by PoSAP Ni

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Utility of arthroscopic guided synovial biopsy in understanding synovial tissue pathology in health and disease states

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2014年第5期5卷 566-573页

作者： Mihir d Wechalekar Malcolm d smith Rheumatology Research Unit Repatriation General Hospital Daw Park SA 5041 Australia

The synovium is the soft tissue lining diarthrodial joints, tendon sheaths and bursae and is composed of intimal and subintimal layers. The intimal layer is composed of type A cells(macrophages) and type B cells(fibroblasts); in health, the subintima has few inflammatory cells. The synovium performs several homeostatic functions and is the primary target in several inflammatory arthritides. Inflammatory states are characterised by thickening of the synovial lining, macrophage recruitment and fibroblast proliferation, and an influx of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells. Of the various methods employed to perform synovial biopsies arthroscopic techniques are considered the "gold standard", and have an established safety record. Synovial biopsy has been of critical importance in understanding disease pathogenesis and has provided insight into mechanisms of action of targeted therapies by way of direct evidence about eventsin the synovial tissue in various arthritides. It has been very useful as a research tool for proof of concept studies to assess efficacy and mechanisms of new therapies, provide tissue for in vitro studies, proteomics and microarrays and allow evaluation for biomarkers that may help predict response to therapy and identify new targets for drug development. It also has diagnostic value in the evaluation of neoplastic or granulomatous disease or infection when synovial fluid analysis is noncontributory.

关键词： Synovium Synovial biopsy Arthroscopy Inflammatory arthritis Synovial pathology

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