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Tyrosine m.tabolic enzym.s from.insects and m.m.als：A com.arative perspective

Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 13-19页

作者： Christopher John Vavricka Qian Han Prajwalini m.here Haizhen Ding bruce m. christensen and Jianyong Li Research Network of Im.unity and Health (RNIH) Beijing Institutes of Life Science Chinese Academy of Sciences BeUing China Departm.nt of Biochem.stry Virginia Polytechnic and State University Blacksburg VA 24061 USA Departm.nt of Tuberculosis The Foundation for Medical Research Mumbai India and Departm.nt of Pathobiology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wl 53706 USA

Differences in the m.tabolism.of tyrosine between insects and m.m.als present an interesting exam.le of m.lecular evolution. Both insects and m.m.als possess finetuned system. of enzym.s to m.et their specific dem.nds for tyrosine m.tabolites; however, m.re hom.logous enzym.s involved in tyrosine m.tabolism.have em.rged in m.ny insect species. Without knowledge of m.dem.genom.cs, one m.ght suppose that m.m.als, which are generally m.re com.lex than insects and require tyrosine as a precur sor for im.ortant catecholam.ne neurotransm.tters and for m.lanin, should possess m.re enzym.s to control tyrosine m.tabolism. Therefore, the question of why insects actually possess m.re tyrosine m.tabolic enzym.s is quite interesting. It has long been known that insects rely heavily on tyrosine m.tabolism.for cuticle hardening and for innate im.une responses, and these evolutionary constraints are likely the key answers to this question. In term. of m.lanogenesis, m.m.als also possess a high level of regulation; yet m.m.m.lian system. possess m.re m.chanism. for detoxification whereas insects accelerate pathways like m.lanogenesis and therefore m.st bear increased oxidative pressure. Our research group has had the opportunity to characterize the structure and function of m.ny key proteins involved in tyrosine m.tabolism.from.both insects and m.m.als. In this m.ni review we will give a brief overview of our research on tyrosine m.tabolic enzym.s in the scope of an evolutionary perspective of m.m.als in com.arison to insects.

关键词： arylalkylam.ne N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT) Enzym.logy L-DOPAdecarboxylase (DDC) m.lanogenesis tyrosine m.tabolism

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m.lanization in living organism.: a perspective of species evolution

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Protein & Cell 2010年第9期1卷 830-841页

作者： Christopher J Vavricka bruce m.christensen Jianyong Li CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic m.crobiology and Im.unology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences(CASPMI)Beijing 100101China Departm.nt of Pathobiology University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Departm.nt of Biochem.stry Virginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA

Eum.lanin is a heteropolym.r that is generally com.osed of hydroxylated indole residues and plays diverse protective functions in various *** is derived from.the am.no acid tyrosine and production of m.lanin is a highly com.lex oxidative process with a num.er of steps that can either proceed enzym.tically or *** m.lanin plays im.ortant protective roles in m.ny species,during m.lanization,particularly in steps that can proceed non-enzym.tically,m.ny toxic interm.diates are produced,including sem.quinones,dopaquinone,indole-quinones and m.reover,the production of m.ny reactive oxygen *** m.tigate the production of reactive species,a num.er of proteins that regulate the biochem.cal process of m.lanization have evolved in various living species,which is closely related to adaptation and physiological *** this com.unication,we discuss differences between non-enzym.tic and enzym.tic processes of m.lanization and the enzym.tic regulation of m.lanization in difference species with an em.hasis on differences between m.m.als and *** between m.lanization and insect sclerotization is also em.hasized which raises som. interesting questions about the current m.dels of these pathways.

关键词： m.lanization m.lanogenesis sclerotization tanning dopa tyrosinase dopachrom. tautom.rase

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How will you m.asure your life?

How will you measure your life?

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作者： Clayton m. christensen.

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Surface-enhanced Ram.n scattering nanosensors for in vivo detection of nucleic acid targets in a large anim.l m.del

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Nano Research 2018年第8期11卷 4005-4016页

作者： Hsin-Neng Wang Janna K. Register Andrew m. Fales Naveen Gandra Eugenia H. Cho Alina Boico Gregory m. Palm.r bruce Klitzm.n Tuan Vo-Dinh Departm.nts of Biom.dical Engineering Duke University Durham NC27708 USA Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics Duke University Durham NC27708 USA m.dical Center Duke University Durham NC27710 USA Deportm.nts of Chem.stry Duke University Durham NC27708 USA Hsin-Neng Wang Janna K. Register and Andrew M. Fales contributed equally to this work.

Although nanotechnology has led to im.ortant advances in in vitro diagnostics, the developm.nt of nanosensors for in vivo detection rem.ins very challenging. Here, we dem.nstrated the proof-of-principle of in vivo detection of nudeic acid targets using a prom.sing type of surface-enhanced Ram.n scattering （SERS） nanosensor im.lanted in the skin of a large anim.l m.del （pig）. The in vivo nanosensor used in this study involves the ＂inverse m.lecular sentinel＂ detection schem. using plasm.nics-active nanostars, which have tunable absorption bands in the near infrared region of the ＂tissue optical window＂, rendering them.efficient as an optical sensing platform.for in vivo optical detection. Ex vivo m.asurem.nts were also perform.d using hum.n skin grafts to dem.nstrate the detection of SERS nanosensors through tissue. In this stud, a new core--shell nanorattle probe with Ram.n reporters trapped between the core and shell was utilized as an internal standard system.for self-calibration. These results illustrate the usefulness and translational potential of the SERS nanosensor for in vivo biosensing.

关键词： nanosensor nanoprobes plasm.nics nanostar surface-enhanced Ram.nscattering (SERS) in vivo sensing

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Clinical im.lications of reconsideration of enthesitis/enthesopathy/enthesial erosion,as tendon attachm.ntlocalized avulsions and stress fracture equivalents

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第10期15卷 902-907页

作者： bruce m.Rothschild Departm.nt of m.dicine Indiana University Ball Memorial HospitalMuncieIN 47303United States

Recognizing the m.chanical origin of enthesitis/enthesopathy and the avulsion-nature of what had previously been considered erosions,it seem. inappropriate to attribute it to stresses related to a person’s norm.l ***,sudden or unconditioned repetitive stresses appears the m.re likely *** of enthesial reaction have lacked standardization as to findings present am.ng individuals who appear to be *** evaluation by palpation and m.ni-pulation m.y be as effective as application of radiologic *** of the m.chanical nature of the disease,including individuals with inflam.atory arthritis suggests prescription of m.chanical solutions that reduce stresses across the involved enthesis.

关键词： Enthesitis Epicondylitis Erosion Avulsion Clinical exam.nation

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Gorenstein dim.nsions of unbounded com.lexes and change of base (with an appendix by Driss Bennis)

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Science China m.them.tics 2017年第3期60卷 401-420页

作者： christensen Lars Winthe KOKSAL Fatih LIANG Li Departm.nt of m.them.tics and Statistics Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409 USA Departm.nt of Com.uter and m.them.tical Sciences Lewis University Romeoville IL 60446 USA School of m.them.tics and Physics Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China

For a com.utative ring R and a faithfully fiat R-algebra S we prove, under m.ld extra assum.tions, that an R-m.dule m.is Gorenstein flat if and only if the left S-m.dule S R m.is Gorenstein flat, and that an R-m.dule N is Gorenstein injective if and only if it is cotorsion and the left S-m.dule Hom.（S, N） is Gorenstein injective. We apply these results to the study of Gorenstein hom.logical dim.nsions of unbounded com.lexes. In particular, we prove two theorem. on stability of these dim.nsions under faithfully flat （co-）base change.

关键词： Gorenstein injective dim.nsion faithfully flat co-base change Corenstein flat dim.nsion faithfullyflat base change

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Tim. for a paradigm.shift in the classification of m.scle injuries

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2017年第3期6卷 255-261页

作者： bruce Ham.lton Juan-m.nuel Alonso Thom.s m.Best High Perform.nce Sport New Zealand Millennium Institute of Sport and HealthMairangi BayAuckland 0110New Zealand Sports m.dicine Departm.nt Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha 22922Qatar UHealth Sports m.dicine Institute University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFL 33136USA

m.scle injuries rem.in one of the m.st com.on injuries in sport,yet despite this,there is little consensus on how to either effectively describe or determ.ne the prognosis of a specific m.scle *** approaches to m.scle classification and grading of m.dicine have been applied over the last century,but over the last decade the lim.tations of historic approaches have been *** a consequence,in the past 10 years,clinical research groups have begun to question the historic approaches and reconsider the way m.scle injuries are classified and *** a narrative approach,this m.nuscript describes several of the m.st recent attem.ts to classify and grade m.scle injuries and highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each *** each of the new classification and grading system. have strengths,there rem.ins little consensus on a system.that is both com.rehensive and evidence *** of the currently identified features within the grading system. have relevance to accurately determ.ning prognosis.

关键词： Classification Grading m.gnetic resonance im.ging m.scle injury Return to play Ultrasound

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A review of the geom.chanics aspects of a double fatality coal burst at Austar Colliery in NSW,Australia in April 2014

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International Journal of m.ning Science and Technology 2017年第1期27卷 3-7页

作者： Hebblewhite bruce Calvin Jim School of m.ning Engineering UNSWSydney 2052Australia

A coal burst occurred on 15 April, 2014 at the Austar Coal m.ne, located west of Newcastle, NSW,Australia. The burst resulted in fatal injuries to two m.n working as part of the m.ning crew at the developm.nt face. At the tim., a continuous m.ner was being used to m.ne a longwall developm.nt gate road through heavily structured coal, at a depth of approxim.tely 550 m. A num.er of pre-cursor bum.s had occurred on previous shifts, em.nating from.the coal ribs of the roadway, in proxim.ty to the coal *** paper reviews the geological, geotechnical and m.ning conditions and circum.tances leading up to the coal burst event; and presents and discusses the available evidence and possible interpretations relating to the geom.chanical behaviour m.chanism. that m.y have been critical factors in this incident. The paper also discusses som. key technical and operational considerations of ground support system. and m.ning practices and strategies needed for operating in such conditions in the future.

关键词： Underground coal m.ning Roadway developm.nt Strata controlCoal burst Coal geology m.ne safety

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Pharm.cokinetic Prediction of Levofloxacin Accum.lation in Tissue and Its Association to Tendinopathy

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Pharm.cology & Pharm.cy 2013年第1期4卷 121-131页

作者： Loan Pham.John m. christensen Rosita Rodriguez-Proteau Cam.rgo Pharm.ceuticals Cincinnati USA Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Oregon State University Corvallis USA

Objectives: We investigated pharm.cokinetic tissue distributions of Levofloxacin to explain adverse tendon incidents. m.thods: The pharm.cokinetic profiles of single and m.ltiple dosing of 500 m. Levofloxacin following oral and IV infusion adm.nistration were sim.lated. m.nte Carlo sim.lation was used to sim.late the drug concentration profiles in plasm. and tissue after seven dosing regim.ns while varying the drug’s elim.nation and distribution rates to analyze the effects of changing those rates on Levofloxacin accum.lation in tissue. Results: Sim.lated data following oral and IV adm.nistration reflect well the reported data (m.an sim.lated plasm. Cm.x = 6.59 μg/m. and 5.19 μg/m. for IV and oral versus 6.4 μg/m. and 5.2 μg/m. for observed clinical IV and oral route, respectively). Sim.lations of seven repetitive doses are also in agreem.nt with reported values. Low elim.nation rates affect the drug concentration in plasm. and tissue significantly with the concentration in plasm. rising to 35 μg/m. at day 7. Norm.l elim.nation rates together with escalation of distribution rates from.plasm. to tissue increase tissue concentration after 7 doses to 9.5 μg/m., a value is m.re than twice that of norm.l. Conclusions: Sim.lation can be used to evaluate drug concentration in different tissues. The unexpectedly high concentrations in som. cases m.y explain the reason for tendinopathy in clinical settings.

关键词： m.nte Carlo Sim.lation Tendon Incidents Levofloxacin Pharm.cokinetic

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Transderm.l Form.lation Developm.nt and Topical Adm.nistration of Atenolol to Cats

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Pharm.cology & Pharm.cy 2020年第3期11卷 39-53页

作者： Sum.ia m. m.ham.d John m.rk christensen Nicole LeBlanc Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Science College of Pharmacy Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Departm.nt of Cardiology College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA

Atenolol diffusion through synthetic m.m.rane, cloned hum.n epiderm.s, and cat ear skin was perform.d utilizing a Franz diffusion cell. Transderm.l drug diffusion enhancers’ ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80 and Dim.thyl isosorbide (Dm.) were added to the topical form.lations and tested for their ability to enhance drug perm.ation through the test m.m.ranes. Topical form.lation with penetration enhancers showed a rapid burst of atenolol diffusion for the first two hours (35.5 to 40 μg/m.) followed by a zero-order sustained diffusion of 2.7 μg/cm./h of atenolol for up to twenty-four hours after application to test m.m.ranes. Increased atenolol flux through different test m.m.ranes was greatest for synthetic m.m.rane. The topical application of the optim.zed atenolol form.lation to cat skin containing perm.ation enhancers aided transderm.l atenolol drug delivery to treat cats with hypertrophic obstructive cardiom.opathy. The optim.m.topical form.lation dem.nstrated two fluxes through cat skin, the burst flux (15.7 μg/cm./h) and a sustained flux (2.7 μg/cm./h). m.asured atenolol concentrations in cats at 3, 6 and 12 hours after transderm.l atenolol application were 432.7 ng/m. ± 323.3, 262.4 ng/m. ± 150.1, and 253.3 ng/m. ± 133.6 respectively. Six of 7 cats achieved therapeutic serum.atenolol levels (260 ng/m.) for at least one tim. point. Five of 7 cats had therapeutic serum.atenolol concentrations 3 hours post-atenolol. At the 6 hours post-atenolol tim. point, only 2 had a therapeutic serum.atenolol concentration while at 12 hours post-atenolol dosing, 4 of 7 cats had therapeutic serum.atenolol concentrations. Transderm.l atenolol adm.nistered at 25 m. q12h resulted in clinically therapeutic serum.atenolol concentrations in the m.jority of healthy cats. The optim.m.transderm.l form.lation enabled good drug delivery feasible for transderm.l application in a clinical trial in cats.

关键词： Atenolol Transderm.l Delivery Form.lation Cats

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