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Evaluation of the Third 90 of the 90-90-90 Cascade for the Period 2019-2020 in the Central African Republic

World Journal of AIDS 2021年第4期11卷 189-198页

作者： Gilles Stéphane Landry Ngaya brice martial yambiyo Alain Farra Pulchérie Pelembi Aubin Bere Davy Golongba Steve Kamadom Alain Berlioz-Arthaud Laboratory of Medical Analysis of the Institut Pasteur of Bangui (IPB) Bangui Central African Republic Epidemiology Unit of the IPB Bangui Central African Republic National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory IPB Bangui Central African Republic

Introduction In Central-African Republic, according to UNAIDS in 2019, out of approximately 100,000 people living with HIV, 70% (72,000) knew their HIV status and 47,000 (46%) were on ARV therapy;however, there is a paucity of data on viral load suppression in people on ARV therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the third 90 of the UNAIDS strategy for the years 2019 and 2020 in the CAR. Methods We analyzed the available viral load data extracted from the data base of the medical analysis laboratory (SYSLAM) of the Institut Pasteur of Bangui for the years 2019 and 2020. The viral loads were determined based on plasma collected in an EDTA tube with Cepheid’s GeneXpert® 16-module controllers. Viral load data were extracted from SYSLAM, converted to Excel format, and analyzed with STATA version 14 software. The significance threshold for the statistical tests was set at 5%. Results This study included 22,895 patients, of who 72% were female. The average age was 40.82 years, and the majority of the patients (80%) came from the city of Bangui. Regarding the virological parameters associated with this study, 66% of the patients had significant viral load suppression according to the WHO recommendations and 34% were in virological failure. Patients over 50 years of age (71.85%) and age group 40 - 49 years (69.25%) recorded significant levels of viral load suppression. On the other hand, 63.45% of patients under 18 years of age had virological failure. All of these results were statistically significant (p Conclusion There should be a concerted effort, to make viral load accessible and available to all patients receiving ARV treatment in the CAR and the management of HIV/AIDS infection of children and adolescents should be given special attention.

关键词： HIV ARV Viral Load Suppression 90-90-90 Target Central African Republic

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Trends of HIV Viral Load in Patients under Combined Antiretroviral Treatment in Bangui, Central African Republic

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World Journal of AIDS 2018年第2期8卷 53-62页

作者： Yawo Tufa Nyasenu Alain Farra Serge Ghislain Djorie brice martial yambiyo Alexandre Manirakiza Gilles Stephane Ngaya Sandrine Moussa Pulcherie Pelembi Davy martial Golongba Aubin Bere Rodolphe Mambely-Nzako Marie-Joelle Mandeng Alain Berlioz-Arthaud Pierre-Alain Rubbo Jean-Pierre Lombart Institut Pasteur of Bangui Medical Analysis LaboratoryBanguiCentral African Republic Institut Pasteur of Bangui Epidemiology ServiceBanguiCentral African Republic Institut Pasteur of Bangui Retrovirus ServiceBanguiCentral African Republic

Background: The success of antiretroviral therapy requires better virological monitoring. We described the virological profile of patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV/AIDS in Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR). Methods: In this prospective cohort study of patients who had been on combined antiretroviral therapy treatment (cART) for at least 12 months in Bangui, only one HIV plasma viral load per patient was realized at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, between April 4th and November 28th, 2017. Sociodemographic and biological data were collected. Blood samples were taken for viral load. The biocentric generic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load test was used to quantify a ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1. Data were analyzed with Stata software version 14. Chi-squared test was used to analyse viral load according to sex and age. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 3569 patients were recruited, with a mean age of 40 years (median, 42 years;range, 1 - 84), patients aged 40 - 49 predominating (34.2%). The sex ratio was 0.4. No virus was detectable in plasma from 49.2% of patients, while 42.4% had virological failure (viral load, ≥1000 copies/mL) according to WHO criteria. The risk for virological failure decreased with age (P = 0.001) and was higher among females than males (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The rate of virological failure among patients on cART is very high in the CAR, despite the availability of and access to monitoring of HIV plasma viral load in Bangui. Therefore, adherence to treatment should be evaluated and reinforced in Bangui, CAR.

关键词： Plasma Viral Load Failure HIV-1 Bangui CAR

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Biological Profile of HIV-Positive Patients in Bangui, Central African Republic, in 2017

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World Journal of AIDS 2018年第1期8卷 11-20页

作者： Yawo Tufa Nyasenu Alain Farra brice martial yambiyo Alexandre Manirakiza Fernand Didier Padou Ferdinand Yapou Pulcherie Pelembi Rodolphe Mambely-Nzako Marie-Joelle Mandeng Alain Berlioz-Arthaud Pierre-Alain Rubbo Jean-Pierre Lombart Institut Pasteur of Bangui Medical Analysis LaboratoryBanguiCentral African Republic Institut Pasteur of Bangui Epidemiology ServiceBanguiCentral African Republic

Background: The biological profile of HIV-positive patients is essential for diagnosing treatment failure and the prognosis of infection. We determined the virological and immunological profiles and biological anomalies of HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Bangui, Central Afri-can Republic. Methods: We conducted an analytical, descriptive study be-tween 4 April and 30 September 2017 of all patients who had received ART for more than 12 months and who attended the Medical Analysis Laboratory of the Institut Pasteur in Bangui for a complete biological work-up, including viral load. A blood sample was taken for quantification of RNA HIV-1, CD4 lymphocytes and blood count in two tubes containing ethylenediamine te-traacetic acid, and another sample was taken in a dry tube for measurement of creatinine and transaminases. Results: The total population comprised 1748 patients, with a mean age of 38.7 years (±14.3;median, 41 years;range, 2 - 79 years);33.3% of patients were between 40 and 49 years old. Females predo-minated (71.3%), for a sex ratio of 0.4. Immunological failure was observed in 20.2% of patients (CD4 Conclusion: The abnormalities observed in this study concerned the haematopoietic system, the liver and the kidneys. As other or-gans and systems may be affected, periodic multidisciplinary biological and clinical follow-up is necessary for people living with HIV in order to improve their management.

关键词： Anaemia Biological Abnormalities HIV-1 Bangui

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Kinematic Evolution of the Nyakong-Manyi Shear Zone(Adamawa,Cameroon): Constraints from Field Observations and Microstructures,and Implication for Metamorphic P-T-t Estimation

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地球科学学刊:英文版 2023年第5期34卷 1465-1487页

作者： Belmien Robinson Sobze Yemdji Jules Tcheumenak Kouémo Eric martial Fozing Ludovic Achu Megnemo Julios Efon Awoum Agnes Blandine Kamgang Tchuifong brice Rostant Tepi Yemele Maurice Kwékam Department of Earth Science University of DschangDschang 67Cameroon Department of Earth Science Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DoualaDouala 24157Cameroon

The Nyakong-Manyi Shear Zone(NMSZ) is a NE-SW elongated corridor found to the northwest of the Foumban-Bankim Shear Zone(FBSZ) along the Central Cameroon Shear Zone. Controversial chronology models has been proposed for the kinematic evolution of the sinistral and dextral shear phases in the Tikar Plain, thus in the FBSZ;early dextral and late sinistral shear phases for some authors and early sinistral and late dextral shear for others. Moreover, the NMSZ kinematic evolution implication on the mylonitization P-T-t path in the area seem to be problematic and the present paper aim is to clear enough those problems;since this shear zone is the main mylonitic corridor that registered the left and right lateral movement in this area. The NMSZ comprises amphibolites, protomylonites, strict sensus mylonites(garnet-kyanite-sillimanite mylonite and garnet-pyroxene mylonite), ultramylonites kyanite-sillimanite and garnet-kyanite-sillimanite gneiss. Field structures testify that the investigated area recorded three deformation phases:(i) the D1deformation phase which is marked by NW-SE to N-S trending S1metamorphic foliation with low to moderate dips(15°–45°) that was transposed during the D2phase, is responsible for a regional metamorphism whose mineral paragenesis is garnet-kyanite-sillimanite;(ii) the early sinistral NNE-SSW to NE-SW shear phase D2marked by S2metamorphic and mylonitic foliations;responsible for, L2stretching mineral lineation, F2fold axes and B2boudins structures;(iii) the late dextral NE-SW shear phase D3, characterized by F3folds, B3boudins and ductile dextral C3shear planes. Mineral paragenesis garnet + kyanite + sillimanite and microstructures within gneiss testify that this rock underwent high grade regional metamorphism whose peak conditions are estimated at 11.5–13.5 kbar/850–900 ℃. After the peak of metamorphism gneiss was overprinted by high grade pressure mylonitization during the early sinistral and late dextral shear deformations. Microstructura

关键词： structural and microstructural features pressure-temperature estimation Nyakong-Manyi Shear Zone Foumban-Bankim Shear Zone Central Cameroon ShearZone tectonics petrology

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Tracing the Origin of Metasedimentary Rocks in the Tortiya Diamond Region (Northern Côte d’Ivoire)

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第12期13卷 1271-1290页

作者： Tessia Miryam Adingra martial Pohn Koffi Koffi Yao Augustin Houssou Nestor Allialy Marc Ephrem Kouassi brice Roland Félix Houphouë t-Boigny University of Abidjan Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University of Korhogo Korhogo C&#244te d’Ivoire

Metasedimentary rocks from the Tortiya diamondiferous region (northern Côte d’Ivoire), located in the Ivorian Paleoproterozoic domain, were analyzed with the aim of identifying their different petrographic facies, constraining their provenance and tectonic environment, and assessing the effects of sedimentary processes and weathering on the signature of their source rocks. These analyses were carried out with a view to helping trace the origin of Tortiya diamonds, which are generally hosted in these metasediments. Major and trace element geochemical data reveal that these samples are characterized by negative Eu anomaly values, low to moderate weathering index values and a high compositional variation index (ICV). These results led to the definition of these metasediments as immature sediments potentially originating from rapid erosion and sediment deposition from local sources. Chemical alteration index (CIA) values and Al2O3-(CaO* + Na2O)-K2O composition space suggest low to medium degrees of meteoric alteration of the parent rock. These rocks therefore show poorly differentiated compositions from the parent rock and poor sediment sorting. Geochemical data and ratios of immobile elements, e.g. Al2O3/TiO2, Cr/Th, Eu/Eu* and (La/Yb)n, indicate that the clastic materials derive mainly from felsic to intermediate sources. Sedimentary tectonic discrimination diagrams demonstrate that most of the samples from the Tortiya diamond-bearing region were deposited on an active continental margin or in a continental arc-island environment. Although this region has a long history of diamond mining, its petrogenesis remains unresolved, and this petrogeochemical work is a step towards initiating scientific research in the area.

关键词： Petrography Geochemistry Metasediments Tortiya Ivory Coast

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Petrography and Geochemistry of the Mbip Granitic Massif, SW Tcholliré(Central North Cameroon): Petrogenetic and Geodynamic Implication

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International Journal of Geosciences 2015年第7期6卷 761-775页

作者： Emmanuel Nomo Negue Rigobert Tchameni Olivier Vanderhaeghe Pierre Barbey Periclex martial Fosso Tchunte Jonas Didero Takodjou Wambo brice Yanick Lemdjou Nicaise Alliance Saha Fouotsa Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré Cameroon CNRS UMR7359 GeoResources Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex France CNRS UMR7358 CRPG Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex France Université de Lorraine Nancy France GET Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France

In this article, we discussed about the petrography and geochemistry of magmatic rocks of the?Mbip massif?located SW of Tcholliré, in Central North Cameroon (Central African Fold Belt). Petrographic study shows that this massif is made of granodiorite, amphibole-biotite granite, and biotite granite which often contain enclave of mafic rocks (gabbro). Granodiorites and granites show porphyritic texture and consist dominantly of plagioclase and alkaline feldspar phenocrysts, quartz, biotite and often few amphibole. The gabbro enclaves are characterized by a granular porphyroid texture constituted of amphibole, plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts, all in a matrix of small crystals of plagioclase, olivine, amphibole, pyroxene and opaque minerals. All the analyzed rocks provide geochemical features of sublkaline serie and have nothing to do with the alkaline nature previously signaled in the former works. Granodiorites and granites are shoshonitic to calc-alkaline strongly potassic affinity consistent with emplacement in the continental collision setting. They present positive anomalies in Rb, Th, U;negative anomalies in Sr, P, Ti, Nb, Ta and some facies contain hydrated minerals such as amphibole. These characters are consistent with crustal and mantle contribution in their genesis. The mafic rocks (gabbro) have geochemical characteristics conferring a mantle origin, as confirmed by the high Mg# value (49.9). On the whole, the fractional crystallization of the magma formed by melting of crustal material and the magmatic mixing are the main petrogenetic process in the Mbip massif. Petrographic studies and geochemical data shows that the Mbip massif was emplaced in an active continental margin, into transitional regime from the end of maximum compression to the beginning of relaxation.

关键词： Central African Fold Belt Granitic Rocks Mafic Rocks Transitional Regime Active Margin.

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