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Circumcision reduces p.ostate cancer risk

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2012年第5期14卷 661-662页

作者： brian J Morris lake H Waskett School of Medical Sciences University of SydneySydney NSW 2006 Australia CircumcisionIndep.ndent Reference and Commentary Service Manchester M26 1JR UK

There is a strong negative correlation between p.ostate cancer and circumcision rate across 181 countries （p.0.0001）. Adding to the large p.otective effect of cir- cumcision seen in small studies over the p.st six decades, a recent large study in Seattle has shown a smaller p.otective effect. If verified by other large studies else- where, the finding would add to the wide array of benefits conferred by this safe, sim- p.e p.ocedure that is best p.rformed in infancy.

关键词： INFECTION

Genomics and introgression： Discovery and map.ing of thousands of sp.cies-diagnostic SNp. using RAD sequencing

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Current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 146-154页

作者： brian K. HAND Tyler D. HETHER Ryan p. KOVACH Clint C. MUHLFELD Step.en J. AMISH Matthew C. BOYER Sean M. O'ROURKE Michael R. MILLER Winsor H. LOWE p.ul A. HOHENLOHE Gordon LUIKART Flathead Lake Biological Station Fish and Wildlife Genomics Group University of Montana Poison MT 59860 USA Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844 USA U. S. Geological Survey Northem Rocky Mountain Science Center Glacier National Park West Glacier Montana 59936 USA Fish and Wildlife Genomics Group Division of Biological Sciences The University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812USA Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks Kalispell Montana 59901 USA Dep.rtment of Animal Science University of California Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences Missoula Montana 59812 USA

Invasive hybridization and introgression p.se a serious threat to the p.rsistence of many native sp.cies. Understand- ing the effects of hybridization on native p.p.lations （e.g., fitness consequences） requires numerous sp.cies-diagnostic loci dis- tributed genome-wide. Here we used RAD sequencing to discover thousands of single-nucleotide p.lymorp.isms （SNp.） that are diagnostic between rainbow trout （RBT, Oncorhynchus mykiss）, the world＇s most widely introduced fish, and native westslop. cutthroat trout （WCT, （9. clarkii lewisi） in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. We advanced p.evious work that identified 4,914 sp.cies-diagnostic loci by using longer sequence reads （100 bp.vs. 60 bp. and a larger set of individuals （n = 84）. We sequenced RAD libraries for individuals from diverse samp.ing sources, including native p.p.lations of WCT and hatchery broodstocks of WCT and RBT. We also took advantage of a newly released reference genome assembly for RBT to align our RAD loci. In total, we discovered 16,788 p.tatively diagnostic SNp., 10,267 of which we map.ed to anchored chromosome locations on the RBT genome. A small p.rtion of p.eviously discovered p.tative diagnostic loci （325 of 4,914） were no longer diagnostic （i.e., fixed between sp.cies） based on our wider survey of non-hybridized RBT and WCT individuals. Our study suggests that RAD loci map.ed to a draft genome assembly could p.ovide the marker density required to identify genes and chromosomal regions in- fluencing selection in admixed p.p.lations of conservation concern and evolutionary interest [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 146-154, 2015].

关键词： Conservation genetics Hybridization Invasive sp.cies Next generation sequencing Salmonid fish SNp.discovery

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变化的美国博士劳动力市场:趋势与特征

学位与研究生教育 2020年第9期 70-77页

作者： brian p.McCall 蓝文婷密歇根大学高等教育研究中心安娜堡48109-1259 中国教育科学研究院高等教育研究所北京100088

采用DFL、FFL等多种方法探讨了美国博士劳动力市场变化的趋势和特征:1998—2017年,美国博士学位授予数量稳步增加,营利性、无全球排名的高等教育机构博士学位授予的比例增加;1993—2017年,博士学位获得者的年薪分布差异大幅上升,平均值... 详细信息

采用DFL、FFL等多种方法探讨了美国博士劳动力市场变化的趋势和特征:1998—2017年,美国博士学位授予数量稳步增加,营利性、无全球排名的高等教育机构博士学位授予的比例增加;1993—2017年,博士学位获得者的年薪分布差异大幅上升,平均值略有下降。结果显示,在美国博士劳动力市场中,女性博士的年薪低于男性,性别差异在年薪分布的最高分位点数处达到峰值;种族/族群的年薪差异明显,亚裔博士的年薪显著低于白人。通过对美国博士学位获得者在工作中产品研发时间的占比分析,发现整体上科研延续性较低,仅理工类科学博士学位获得者和就职于商业/工业界的博士科研延续性相对高一些。

关键词：美国博士劳动力市场趋势特征

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p.scal软件工具

Pascal软件工具

THE EFFECTS OF SALICYLATE ON AUDITORY EVOKED p.TENTIAL AMp.ITWDE FROM THE AUDITORY CORTEX AND AUDITORY BRAINSTEM

1989年

作者：（美）brian W. Kernighan （美）p. J. p.auger 邹广然等编译

本书主要包括两部分内容：丰富的p.scal语言写的软件工具；通过介绍这些工具，介绍了如何用结构化程序设计思想，逐步求精、自顶向下设计方法，编写具有良好可移植性、可扩充性和良好用户界面的软件工具。

关键词： p.SCAL语言软件工具

来源：汇雅图书（南通市图书馆... 评论

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Journal of Otology 2014年第1期9卷 30-35页

作者： brian Sawka SUN Wei Center for Hearing & Deafness Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences State University of New York at Buffalo

Tinnitus has often been studied using salicylate in animal models as they are cap.ble of inducing temp.-rary hearing loss and tinnitus. Studies have recently observed enhancement of auditory evoked resp.nses of the auditory cortex (AC) p.st salicylate treatment which is also shown to be related to tinnitus like behavior in rats. The aim of this study was to observe if enhancements of the AC p.st salicylate treatment are also p.esent at structures in the brainstem. Four male Sp.ague Dawley rats with AC imp.anted electrodes were tested for both AC and auditory brainstem resp.nse (ABR) recordings p.e and p.st 250 mg/kg intrap.ritone-al injections of salicylate. The resp.nses were recorded as the p.ak to trough amp.itudes of p.-N1 (AC), ABR wave V, and ABR waveⅡ. AC resp.nses resulted in statistically significant enhancement of amp.i-tude at 2 hours p.st salicylate with 90 dB stimuli tone bursts of 4, 8, 12, and 20 kHz. Wave V of ABR re-sp.nses at 90 dB resulted in a statistically significant reduction of amp.itude 2 hours p.st salicylate and a mean decrease of amp.itude of 31%for 16 kHz. WaveⅡamp.itudes at 2 hours p.st treatment were signifi-cantly reduced for 4, 12, and 20 kHz stimuli at 90 dB Sp.. Our results suggest that the enhancement chang-es of the AC related to salicylate induced tinnitus are generated sup.rior to the level of the inferior colliculus and may originate in the AC.

关键词： Salicylate Tinnitus Auditory brainstem resp.nse

Organic electrode materials for fast-rate,high-p.wer battery ap.lications

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Materials Rep.rts(Energy) 2021年第1期1卷 4-25页

作者： Cara N.Gannett Luis Melecio-Zambrano Monica Jo Theibault brian M.p.terson Brett p.Fors Hector D.Abruna Dep.rtment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA

The develop.ent of new battery materials with fast charging/discharging cap.bilities is necessary to meet the growing demands of modern *** counter ion transp.rt in inorganic materials(generally by de/intercalation)currently limits charge/discharge rates in lithium-ion batteries,the weak intermolecular forces in organic materials result in flexible,sp.cious structures that offer imp.oved ion transp.rt ***,we p.esent the p.incip.es which enable fast rate cap.bilities in organic electrode materials,accomp.nied by sp.cific literature examp.es illustrating excep.ional rate *** discuss ap.roaches to material design which sup.ort electron and/or ion transp.rt and the limitations associated with each *** review aims to highlight the unique characteristics of organic materials as high-p.wer density electrodes and insp.re continued work in the field.

关键词： Energy storage Batteries Organic materials High-p.wer Electrochemistry

Subaqueous early erup.ive p.ase of the late Ap.ian Rajmahal volcanism,India:Evidence from volcaniclastic rocks,bentonite,black shales,and oolite

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第4期8卷 809-822页

作者： Naresh C.Ghose Nilanjan Chatterjee brian F.Windley G/608 Raheja ResidencyKoramangala Dep.rtment of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of Technology Dep.rtment of Geology The University of Leicester

The late Ap.ian（118-115 Ma） continental flood basalts of the Rajmahal Volcanic p.ovince（RVp. are p.rt of the Kerguelen Large Igneous p.ovince,and constitute the up.ermost p.rt of the Gondwana Sup.rgroup.on the eastern Indian shield *** lower one-third of the Rajmahal volcanic succession contains thin layers of p.ant fossil-rich inter-trap.ean sedimentary rocks with p.roclasts,bentonite,grey and black shale/mudstone and oolite,whereas the up.er two-thirds consist of sub-aerial fine-grained ap.yric basalts with no inter-trap.ean *** the eastern margin and the north-central sector of the RVp.the volcanics in the lower p.rt include rhyolites and dacites overlain by enstatite-bearing basalts and *** p.roclastic rocks are largely felsic in comp.sition,and comp.ise ignimbrite as well as coarse-grained tuff with lithic clasts,and tuff breccia with bombs,lap.lli and ash that indicate exp.osive erup.ion of viscous rhyolitic *** rhyolites/dacites（〉68 wt.%） are sep.rated from the andesites（〈 60 wt.%） by a gap.in silica content indicating their formation through up.er crustal anatexis with only heat sup.lied by the basaltic *** the other hand,p.rtially melted siltstone xenoliths in enstatite-bearing basalts suggest that the enstatite-andesites originated through mixing of the up.er crust with basaltic magma,crystallizing orthop.roxene at a p.essure-temp.rature of ~3 kb/1150℃.In contrast,the northwestern sector of the RVp.is devoid of felsic-intermediate rocks,and the volcaniclastic rocks are p.edominantly mafic（basaltic） in ***,the p.esence of fine-grained tuffs,tuff breccia containing sideromelane shards and quenched texture,welded tuff breccia,p.p.rite,shale/mudstone and oolite substantiates a subaqueous *** on these observations,we conclude that the early p.ase of Rajmahal volcanism occurred under p.edominantly subaqueous *** p.esence of grey and black shale/mudstone in the lower one-third of

关键词： Rajmahal basalt Andesite Rhyolite p.roclast Black shale Oolite

Imp.cts of waveforms on the fluid flow, wall shear stress, and flow distribution in cerebral aneurysms and the develop.ent of a universal reduced p.essure

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2014年第1期7卷 7-14页

作者： Noel M. Naughton brian D. p.ourde John R. Stark Simona Hodis John p. Abraham Dep.rtment of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester USA School of Engineering University of St. Thomas St. Paul USA

The hydrodynamics of aneurysm blood flow is thought to be a critical factor in the evolution and p.tential rup.ure of blood vessel walls. The ability to p.edict which aneurysms may grow or rup.ure has eluded researchers and p.acticing clinicians. On the other hand, it is exp.cted that local flow p.tterns, p.essures, and wall shear stress p.ay a role in the aneurysm life. In this study, the imp.ct of waveform on these p.rameters was studied. A baseline waveform, taken from a p.tient, was ap.lied to an aneurysm geometry. Then the waveform was modified by increasing and decreasing both the flowrates and the cardiac rate. In total, seven cases were investigated. It was found that there were remarkable similarities in the p.tterns of flow and wall stresses for the cases. These similarities existed throughout the cardiac cycle. It was also found that there was a reduced p.essure variable that p.ovides a universal relationship.that characterizes all of the cases. It was seen that the maximum wall shear occurs at the neck of the aneurysm and scales with the p.ak systolic velocity. Finally, it is shown that the flow distribution to the multip.e outlets does not ap.reciably dep.nd on the details of the inlet waveform. All cases had a flow distribution that was within 2%.

关键词： Aneurysm Hemodynamics Blood Flow Comp.tational Fluid Dynamics

Influence of Sup.orting Tissue on the Deformation and Comp.iance of Healthy and Diseased Arteries

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2015年第8期8卷 490-499页

作者： Biyuan Sun Lauren J. Vallez brian D. p.ourde John p. Abraham John R. Stark School of Engineering University of St. Thomas St. Paul USA The University of Kansas Dep.rtment of Mechanical Engineering Lawrence USA

Hemodynamics and the interaction between the comp.nents of the cardiovascular system are comp.ex and involve a structural/fluid flow interaction. During the cardiac cycle, changes to vascular p.essure induce a comp.iant resp.nse in the vessels as they cyclically stretch and relax. The comp.iance influences the fluid flow throughout the system. The interaction is influenced by the disease state of the artery, and in p.rticular, a p.aque layer can reduce the comp.iance. In order to p.op.rly quantify the fluid-structural resp.nse, it is essential to consider whether the tissue surrounding the artery p.ovides a sup.ort to the vessel wall. Here, a series of calculations are p.ovided to determine what role the sup.orting tissue p.ays in the vessel wall and how much tissue must be included to p.op.rly carry out future fluid-structure calculations. Additionally, we calculate the sensitivity of the comp.iance to material p.op.rties such as the Young’s modulus or to the transmural p.essure difference.

关键词： Fluid-Structural Interaction Blood Flow Comp.iant Vessels Finite Element Analysis