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Trehalose:A sugar molecule involved in temperature stress management in plants

The Crop Journal 2024年第1期12卷 1-16页

作者： Ali Raza Savita bhardwaj md Atikur Rahman Pedro García-Caparrós madiha Habib Faisal Saeed Sidra Charagh Christine H.Foyer Kadambot H.m.Siddique Rajeev K.Varshney College of Agriculture Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(FAFU)Fuzhou 350002FujianChina Department of botany School of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara 144411India Department of botany MCM DAV CollegeKangraHimachal Pradesh 176001India Grassland and Forage Division National Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationCheonan 31000Republic of Korea Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering University of AlmeríaAlmeríaSpain National Institute for Genomics and Advanced biotechnology National Agricultural Research CentrePark Rd.Islamabad 45500Pakistan Agriculture Health and Environment DepartmentNatural Resources InstituteFaculty of Engineering&ScienceUniversity of GreenwichKent ME44TBUK State Key Laboratory of Rice biology China National Rice Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina School of biosciences College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbaston B152TTUK The UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyPerth 6009Australia WA State Agricultural biotechnology Centre Centre for Crop and Food InnovationFood Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWA 6150Australia

Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane *** relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic ***-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress *** the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate *** small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature *** also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress *** plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress ***-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress *** review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant *** consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.

关键词： Abiotic stress Gene expression Genetic engineering Osmolyte Trehalose-6-phosphate

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Effectiveness of hybrid ensemble machine learning models for landslide susceptibility analysis:Evidence from Shimla district of North-west Indian Himalayan region

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Journal of mountain Science 2024年第7期21卷 2368-2393页

作者： SHARmA Aastha SAJJAD Haroon RAHAmAN md Hibjur SAHA Tamal Kanti bHUYAN Nirsobha Department of Geography Faculty of SciencesJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi-110025India

The Indian Himalayan region is frequently experiencing climate change-induced ***,landslide susceptibility assessment assumes greater significance for lessening the impact of a landslide *** paper makes an attempt to assess landslide susceptibility in Shimla district of the northwest Indian Himalayan *** examined the effectiveness of random forest(RF),multilayer perceptron(mLP),sequential minimal optimization regression(SmOreg)and bagging ensemble(b-RF,bSmOreg,b-mLP)models.A landslide inventory map comprising 1052 locations of past landslide occurrences was classified into training(70%)and testing(30%)*** site-specific influencing factors were selected by employing a multicollinearity *** relationship between past landslide occurrences and influencing factors was established using the frequency ratio *** effectiveness of machine learning models was verified through performance *** landslide susceptibility maps were validated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC-AUC),accuracy,precision,recall and *** key performance metrics and map validation demonstrated that the bRF model(correlation coefficient:0.988,mean absolute error:0.010,root mean square error:0.058,relative absolute error:2.964,ROC-AUC:0.947,accuracy:0.778,precision:0.819,recall:0.917 and F-1 score:0.865)outperformed the single classifiers and other bagging ensemble models for landslide *** results show that the largest area was found under the very high susceptibility zone(33.87%),followed by the low(27.30%),high(20.68%)and moderate(18.16%)susceptibility *** factors,namely average annual rainfall,slope,lithology,soil texture and earthquake magnitude have been identified as the influencing factors for very high landslide *** texture,lineament density and elevation have been attributed to high and moderate ***,the study calls for devising suitable landslide mitig

关键词： Landslide susceptibility Site-specific factors machine learning models Hybrid ensemble learning Geospatial techniques Himalayan region

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Exploring the Role of Serum Cystatin C in Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury among On-Pump Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Single-Center Investigation in bangladesh

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024年第6期14卷 363-373页

作者： md. Ahaduzzaman md. Abir Tazim Chowdhury munama magdum md. Saiful Islam Khan Satyajit Sharma monoj Tiwari md. Abul bashar maruf md. Alauddin Omar Sadeque Khan md. mostafizur Rahman mirza md. Nazmus Saquib Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Evercare Hospital Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Preventive and Social medicine National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Evercare Hospital Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiac Surgery National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital Bharatpur Chitwan Nepal Department of Cardiac Surgery United Hospital Limited Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiac Surgery Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiac Surgery Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute Dhaka Bangladesh

background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) stands as a prominent postoperative complication in on-pump cardiac surgery, with repercussions on morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization duration. Current diagnostic criteria relying on serum creatinine levels exhibit a delayed identification of AKI, prompting an exploration of alternative biomarkers. Aims and Objectives: This study is designed to overcome diagnostic constraints and explore the viability of serum Cystatin C as an early predictor of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in individuals undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. The investigation aims to establish the relationship between serum Cystatin C levels and the onset of AKI in patients subjected to on-pump cardiac surgery. Primary objectives involve the assessment of the diagnostic effectiveness of serum Cystatin C, its comparison with serum creatinine, and the exploration of its potential for the early identification and treatment of AKI. methodology: Conducted as a single-center study at the cardiac surgery department of bSmmU in bangladesh from September 2020 to August 2022, a comparative cross-sectional analysis involved 31 participants categorized into No AKI and AKI groups based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Data collection encompassed preoperative, post-CbP (cardiopulmonary bypass) conclusion at 2 hours, postoperative day 1, and postoperative day 2 intervals. Statistical analyses included Chi-squared tests, independent Student’s t-tests, and one-sample t-tests. Significance was set at P Results: The study revealed no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the No AKI and AKI groups, except for CPb time and cross-clamp time. Serum Cystatin C levels in the AKI group exhibited statistical significance at various time points, highlighting its potential as an early detector. Conversely, Serum Creatinine levels in the AKI group showed no statistical significance. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analy

关键词： Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) On-Pump Cardiac Surgery Serum Cystatin C Serum Creatinine Diagnostic biomarkers Early Detection Cardiopulmonary bypass Single-Center Study bangladesh

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Application of Polygonum minus Extract in Enhancing Drought Tolerance in maize by Regulating Osmotic and Antioxidant System

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental botany 2024年第2期93卷 213-226页

作者： mingzhao Han Susilawati Kasim Zhongming Yang Xi Deng md Kamal Uddin Noor baity Saidi Effyanti mohd Shuib Department of Land management Faculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang43400Malaysia Natural medicines and Products Research Laboratory Institute of BioscienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang43400Malaysia Department of Cell and molecular biology Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang43400Malaysia

Drought stress is a major factor affecting plant growth and crop yield *** extracts as natural biostimulants hold great potential to strengthen plants to overcome drought *** explore the effect of Polygonum minus extract(PmE)in enhancing drought tolerance in plants,a study was set up in a glasshouse environment using 10 different treatment *** foliar application were designed in CRD and effects were closely observed related to the growth,physiology,and antioxidant system changes in maize(Zea mays L.)under well-watered and drought *** seaweed extract(SWE)was used as a *** subjected to drought stress exhibited a significant reduction in fresh weight,dry weight,relative water content(RWC),and soluble sugar,but they stimulated the phenolic,flavonoid,proline,glutathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(mdA)and antioxidant enzyme(catalase,CAT;peroxidase,POD;superoxide dismutase,SOD)*** application of PmE improved fresh and dry weight(FW:33.1%~41.4%;DW:48.0%~43.1%),chlorophyll content(Chl b:87.9%~100.76%),soluble sugar(23.6%~49.3%),and soluble protein(48.6%~56.9%)as well as antioxidant enzyme activities(CAT and POD)compared to CK under drought *** decreasing the level of ***,the mitigating effect of PmE application with high concentration was more effective than those of *** study reveals that PmE could alleviate drought stress by regulating osmoprotectant content and antioxidant defense system and can be used as an economical and environmentally friendly biostimulants for promoting maize growth under drought stress.

关键词： Drought biostimulants photosynthesis osmoprotectants antioxidants maize

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Hepatitis b Vaccination in medical and Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Open Journal of Internal medicine 2024年第1期14卷 122-130页

作者： md. Usama Nasr md. Kamran Saleem Abdullah Saeed CmH Lahore medical College & Institute of Dentistry Lahore Pakistan

background: medical and dental students are at risk of Hepatitis b Virus (HbV) infection. The study aimed to assess the vaccination status against Hepatitis b Virus of students in clinical and non-clinical years of a private medical and dental college, and their knowledge, attitude, and awareness about the subject. methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire among 203 medical and dental students of CmH Lahore medical College and Institute of Dentistry (CmH LmC & IOD) in Lahore, Pakistan. Participants were evaluated for their knowledge and vaccination status against Hepatitis b Virus. Students were considered to be fully vaccinated (recipients of 3 doses), partially vaccinated (recipients of 1 or 2 doses), and unvaccinated. Comparisons were made between students of clinical and non-clinical years. Data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Only 66% (n = 134) of the 203 participants had ever received a Hepatitis b Virus vaccine out of which a meagre 17.2% (n = 35) were fully vaccinated. No significant difference was found in vaccine uptake between students of clinical and non-clinical years (p-value = 0.181) despite significant differences seen in the knowledge of vaccination schedule (p-value = 0.001), the prevalence of needle-stick injuries (p-value = 0.001), and knowledge of protocols to be followed after a needle-stick injury (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Our study found that a large proportion of the student population is vulnerable to HbV infection. There is a need to create awareness regarding the subject to increase vaccine uptake. HbV vaccination should be offered to all currently enrolled students and be made mandatory at the time of admission in the future.

关键词： Hepatitis b Vaccine medical Students Dental Students Hepatitis b Vaccination Needle-Stick Injuries

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Anomaly-based Intrusion Detectionmodel Using Deep Learning for IoT Networks

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Computer modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第10期141卷 823-845页

作者： muaadh A.Alsoufi maheyzah md Siraj Fuad A.Ghaleb muna Al-Razgan mahfoudh Saeed Al-Asaly Taha Alfakih Faisal Saeed Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)Johor Bahru81310Malaysia DAAI Research Group College of Computing and Digital TechnologyBirmingham City UniversityBirminghamB47XGUK Department of Software Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11345Saudi Arabia

The rapid growth of Internet of Things(IoT)devices has brought numerous benefits to the interconnected ***,the ubiquitous nature of IoT networks exposes them to various security threats,including anomaly intrusion *** addition,IoT devices generate a high volume of unstructured *** intrusion detection systems often struggle to cope with the unique characteristics of IoT networks,such as resource constraints and heterogeneous data *** the unpredictable nature of network technologies and diverse intrusion methods,conventional machine-learning approaches seem to lack *** numerous research domains,deep learning techniques have demonstrated their capability to precisely detect *** study designs and enhances a novel anomaly-based intrusion detection system(AIDS)for IoT ***,a Sparse Autoencoder(SAE)is applied to reduce the high dimension and get a significant data representation by calculating the reconstructed ***,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)technique is employed to create a binary classification *** proposed SAE-CNN approach is validated using the bot-IoT *** proposed models exceed the performance of the existing deep learning approach in the literature with an accuracy of 99.9%,precision of 99.9%,recall of 100%,F1 of 99.9%,False Positive Rate(FPR)of 0.0003,and True Positive Rate(TPR)of *** addition,alternative metrics,such as training and testing durations,indicated that SAE-CNN performs better.

关键词： IoT anomaly intrusion detection deep learning sparse autoencoder convolutional neural network

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Efficiency of botanical and Chemical Pesticides on the Control of Field Insect Pests under Cowpea Production

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 203-221页

作者： John Ssengo brian Zebosi Jeninah Karungi Department of Plant Pathology Entomology and Microbiology Iowa State University Ames IA USA Department of Agricultural Production Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA

The pulse cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] holds a significant agricultural position in Uganda, ranking fourth among legume crops, following common beans, groundnuts, and soybeans. Known for its versatility, cowpeas are consumable at various developmental stages, from early seedling to maturity. However, the crop faces persistent pest challenges at each stage, leading to substantial yield losses. In Uganda, chemical insecticides are the primary pest control means, but their increased and excessive use raises environmental, health, and economic concerns. This has prompted a quest for alternative and sustainable solutions, prompting an exploration of botanical insecticides. This study, conducted at makerere University Agricultural Research Institute (mUARIK), aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanical insecticides versus four established chemical insecticides for managing cowpea insect pests under field conditions. The treatments included: Carbofuran, Cypermethrin 10% EC, Dimethoate, Pestwin, Pyrethrum ewc , Pyrethrum 5ew, Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC mix, and Untreated, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The significant pests studied were aphids, thrips, pod-sucking bugs, and legume pod borer. Results indicated substantial impacts of the treatments on pest infestation, with Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC being the most effective against most pests. The plant parameter, plant height, was significantly affected by treatments in 2016b, while the number of pods was impacted in 2017A. Pestwin, a botanical insecticide blend (containing Azadirachtin indica, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis extracts) demonstrated superior efficacy against cowpea aphids. moreover, it positively influenced plant height, number of pods, and pod biomass, surpassing many chemical insecticides. Pestwin’s environmental friendliness positions it as a potential contributor to reducing environmental pollution, making it a prom

关键词： Cowpea Pest management botanical Solutions Profenofos Sustainability

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Superconducting joints using reacted multifilament mgb_(2)wires:A technology toward cryogen-free mRI magnets

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Journal of magnesium and Alloys 2024年第1期12卷 159-170页

作者： Dipak Patel Akiyoshi matsumoto Hiroaki Kumakura Yuka Hara Toru Hara minoru maeda Hao Liang Yusuke Yamauchi Seyong Choi Jung Ho Kim md Shahriar A.Hossain School of mechanical and mining Engineering The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueensland 4072Australia National Institute for materials Science(NImS) 1-2-1 SengenTsukubaIbaraki 305-0047Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Kangwon High magnetic Field Center Institute of Quantum Convergence TechnologyKangwon National UniversityGangwon 24341Republic of Korea Australian Institute for bioengineering and Nanotechnology(AIbN) The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueensland 4072Australia Department of materials Process Engineering Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichi 464-8603Japan Institute for Superconducting and Electronic materials Australian Institute for Innovative MaterialsUniversity of WollongongNorth WollongongNew South Wales 2500Australia

The development of superconducting joining technology for reacted magnesium diboride(mgb_(2))conductors remains a critical challenge for the advancement of cryogen-free mgb_(2)-based magnets for magnetic resonance imaging(mRI).Herein,the fabrication of superconducting joints using reacted carbon-doped multifilament mgb_(2)wires for mRI magnets is *** achieve successful superconducting joints,the powder-in-mold method was employed,which involved tuning the filament protection mechanism,the powder compaction pressure,and the heat treatment *** fabricated joints demonstrated clear superconducting-to-normal transitions in self-field,with effective magnetic field screening up to 0.5 T at 20 *** evaluate the interface between one of the mgb_(2)filaments and the mgb_(2)bulk within the joint,serial sectioning was conducted for the first time in this type of superconducting *** serial sectioning revealed space formation at the interface,potentially caused by the volume shrinkage associated with the mgb_(2)formation or the combined effect of the volume shrinkage and the different thermal expansion coefficients of the mgb_(2)bulk,the filament,the mold,and the sealing *** findings are expected to be pivotal in developing mgb_(2)superconducting joining technology for mRI magnet applications through interface engineering.

关键词： mg b2 superconducting joint mgb_(2)conductor mRI applications Cryogen-free magnet Persistent-mode operation

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Implications of Elevated Serum Cortisol in the Onset of Postoperative Delirium Following Off-Pump Coronary Artery bypass Grafting: Insights from a bangladesh-based Single Center Experience

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024年第4期14卷 252-267页

作者： Vivek Kumar Jha md Abir Tazim Chowdhury munama magdum manoj Tiwari md Abul bashar maruf md Saiful Islam Khan Priyanka Sinha Rajesh Naryan Kapar md. Rezwanul Hoque Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan Nepal Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Evercare Hospital Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Preventive and Social medicine National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Thoracic Surgery BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital Bharatpur Nepal Department of Cardiac Surgery United Hospital Limited Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Evercare Hospital Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of microbiology Kathmandu Medical College Kathmandu Nepal Department of Nephrology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Cardiac Surgery Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Dhaka Bangladesh

background: Following coronary artery bypass grafting (CAbG), delirium emerges as a prevalent complication. This study aimed to assess the correlation between elevated serum cortisol levels and the occurrence of postoperative delirium subsequent to off-pump CAbG. methods: Conducted in the Department of Cardiac Surgery at bSmmU from October 2020 to September 2022, this comparative cross-sectional study included a total of 44 participants. Subjects, meeting specific criteria, were purposefully assigned to two groups based on off-pump CAbG. Group A (n = 22) consisted of patients with normal serum cortisol levels, while Group b (n = 22) comprised individuals with high serum cortisol levels on the first postoperative day. Delirium onset was assessed at the bedside in the ICU on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th postoperative days using standard tools, namely the Richmond Agitation Sedation score (RASS) and The Confusion Assessment method (CAm-ICU). Data were collected based on the presence or absence of delirium. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS version 26.0, employing an independent Student’s t-test for continuous data and chi-square and Fischer’s exact test for categorical data. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Group-A had a mean age of 54.50 ± 17.97, and Group-b had a mean age of 55.22 ± 15.45, both with a male predominance (81.81% and 86.36% respectively). The mean serum cortisol level was significantly higher in Group b (829.71 ± vs. 389.98 ± 68.77). Postoperative delirium occurred in 27.3% of Group b patients, statistically significant compared to the 4.5% in Group A. However, patients in Group b who developed delirium experienced significantly longer postoperative ICU and hospital stays (79.29 ± 12.27 vs. 11.44 ± 2.85, p ≤ 0.05). There was one mortality in Group b, which was statistically not significant. Conclusion: This study observed a significant association between elevated serum cortisol levels in the postoperative period a

关键词： Coronary Artery bypass Grafting (CAbG) Serum Cortisol Postoperative Delirium bangladesh

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Effect of Different mulch materials on Yield and Nutrition Profile of Common Capsicum (Capsicum annuum) Cultivars in bangladesh

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第2期15卷 246-255页

作者： Prince biswas md. Abubakar Siddik md. Shariful Islam mohammad Zahir Ullah md. Shamsuzzoha Hasina Akter Akm maksudul Alam mominul Hauque Robin Nutrition Analysis Division Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition Araihazar Bangladesh Department of Crop botany Faculty of Agriculture Habiganj Agricultural University Habiganj Bangladesh Field Crop Division Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition Araihazar Bangladesh medicine Crop Wing Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition Araihazar Bangladesh Department of Statistics University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension Upazila Agriculture Office Habiganj Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Chemistry Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka Bangladesh

Capsicum is a nutritious vegetable and its cultivation in farms is getting popular in bangladesh. Although many efforts have lain to explore better yielding and nutritionally rich cultivars with suitable modern cultivation techniques but still have to find the desired outcome. Thus, it’s necessary to conduct further research to identify the high-yielding and nutritious capsicum cultivars in bangladesh. An experiment was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022 at the bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (bIRTAN) research field with three cultivars of capsicum: bb>0b> = California Wonder, bb>1b> = bARI misti morich-1 and bb>2b> = bARI misti morich-2 and three mulching: Tb>0b> = No mulching, Tb>1b> = Water hyacinth, Tb>2b> = Poly mulching in randomized complete block design with three replications to identify better quality capsicum cultivar and suitable mulching material. Among cultivars the bARI misti morich-2 (bb>2b>) showed increased agronomic parameters like number of branches and effective branches per plant, leaves length and width, consequently yield and yield contributing traits were also enhanced like fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per plant (25.97%, 4.54%, 3.64% and 21.43%, respectively). Poly mulching (Tb>2b>) increased agronomic traits, yield traits and yield (0.61 kg) than bARI misti morich-1 (Tb>1b>). The combined effect of bb>2b>Tb>2b> increased the number of branches per plant, effective branches per plant, leaves length and breadth by 40%, 90%, 15.57% and 26.22%, respectively, hence resulting in an increased yield of 20%. bARI misti morich-2 cultivar showed an increase in Fe, Zn and Vitamin-C content of 26.24% and 23.10%, 8.82% and 5.14%, and 6.03% and 5.74% than b0 and b1 cultivars, respectively. Therefore, bARI misti morich-2 exhibited the improved agronomic, yield and nutritional traits of capsicum under poly mulching a

关键词： Capsicum Cultivars mulch materials Yield Yield Contributing Traits Nutritional Quality

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