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Sorption and Leaching Potential of Isoproturon and Atrazine in Low Organic Carbon Soil of Pakistan Under a Wheat-Maize Rotation

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Pedosphere 2016年第5期26卷 687-698页

作者： Muhammad TAHIR Anwar Ul HASSAN Saliha MAQBOOL brian barber William C.KOSKINEN PENG Xinhua David J.MULLA State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008(China) Institute of Soil&Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture FaisalabadPunjab 38000(Pakistan) Soil and Water Management Research Laboratory St.Paul MN 55108-6089(USA) Department of Soil Water&ClimateUniversity of MinnesotaTwin Cities MN 55108-6089(USA)

Pesticide leaching is a great threat in low organic carbon soils when subjected to improper irrigation *** data are available on the sorption and leaching potential of pesticides in agricultural soils of Pakistan with low soil organic carbon(SOC).Lysimeter and field studies were conducted with and without manure application at two irrigation levels in a wheat-fallowmaize rotation in Faisalabad,Punjab,*** was applied to wheat 55 d after sowing at 1 kg active ingredient(a.i.)ha^(-1),while atrazine was sprayed on maize 30 d after sowing at 0.774 kg ***^(-1).Soil was sampled from three depths(0-35,35-70,and 70-110 cm) for the field study and four depths(0-35,35-70,70-115,and 115-160 cm) for the lysimeter study,280 and 65 d after application of isoproturon and atrazine,*** soil-water partition coefficients(K_d) of isoproturon and atrazine ranged from 0.3 to 1.2 and 0.4 to 1.5 L kg^(-1),respectively,and increased linearly with increase in SOC *** organic carbon-normalized soil-water partition coefficient(K_(oc)) of isoproturon and atrazine averaged 246.1 and 184.9 L kg^(-1),respectively,being higher with low spiking *** residues measured 280 d after application ranged from 2.1% to 3.6% of the applied mass in the lysimeter study and from 1.5% to 3.1% under field *** residues 65 d after application ranged from only 0.62% to 0.78% and from 0.88% to 0.82% in the lysimeter and field studies,*** lowest levels of residues for both pesticides were observed with frequent irrigation applied to manure-amended soil.A pesticide leaching risk screening tool,the ground water ubiquity score(GUS),indicated that in the absence of manure under both irrigation levels,isoproturon has a leaching potential(GUS = 2.8),while with the application of manure it has a very low leaching *** GUS ranged from 1.7 to 1.9,indicating a very low risk of leaching.

关键词： concentration dependent sorption irrigation manure leaching risk assessment pesticide

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通过铸机设计和改造提高铸坯质量

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钢铁 2004年第Z1期39卷 488-490页

作者： brian barber brian Patrick Adrian Normanton David Jenkinson brian Stalker Corus R D & T UK Corus R D & T UK Corus R D & T UK Corus Process Engineering UK Corus Process Engineering UK

Corus R,D＆T和Corus过程工程部具有丰富的铸机改造经验,主要涉及不同程度的铸机改造和新铸机的设计.其工作基础在于实际经验和丰富的现场试验、数学模型和实验室研究基础,如喷嘴特性的测量.这里介绍了从结晶器到最终切割装置的铸机总... 详细信息

Corus R,D＆T和Corus过程工程部具有丰富的铸机改造经验,主要涉及不同程度的铸机改造和新铸机的设计.其工作基础在于实际经验和丰富的现场试验、数学模型和实验室研究基础,如喷嘴特性的测量.这里介绍了从结晶器到最终切割装置的铸机总体设计所涉及的重要内容.板坯、大方坯和小方坯连铸机基本设计的内容差别很大,同时还要考虑到不同钢种的混浇.辊子布置计算的目的在于减少内部应力、获得好的内部质量.辊子和扇形段的设计也应被包括在内,因为维持铸流工作稳定对改善铸坯内部质量十分重要.铸流温度和凝固计算可用于评估喷水系统的设计.同时,为了保证表面和内部质量,传热分析也被用于对铸机喷嘴设计与布置的改进.还可进一步通过获得的凝固温度曲线优化轻压下的位置.建立在以上基础上的铸机设计技术可以保证所获得的铸坯具有较好的表面和内部质量,也可用于评估铸机设计或选择铸机设计方案.

关键词：连铸设计改造

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侵入式教养

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作者： (美)布莱恩·K. 巴伯(brian K. barber)

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Diabetic retinopathy: recent advances towards understanding neurodegeneration and vision loss

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2015年第6期58卷 541-549页

作者： barber Alistair J. Penn State Hershey Eye Center Penn State Hershey College of Medicine Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Diabetic retinopathy （DR） is one of the most common retinal diseases world-wide. It has a complex pathology that involves the vasculature of the inner retina and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Extensive research has determined that DR is not only a vascular disease but also has a neurodegenerative component and that essentially all types of ceils in the retina are affected, leading to chronic loss of visual function. A great deal of work using animal models of DR has established the loss of neurons and pathology of other cell types, including supporting glial cells. There has also been an increased emphasis on measuring retinal function in the models, as well as further validation and extension of the animal studies by clinical and translational research. This article will attempt to summarize the more recent developments in research towards understanding the complexities of retinal neurodegeneration and functional vision loss in DR.

关键词： retina diabetes neurodegeneration visual function vascular function apoptosis synapse dendrite

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are necessary for the induced response to herbivores by Cucumis sativus

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第2期6卷 171-176页

作者： Nicholas A.barber Department of Biological Sciences Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115USA

Aims Although ecological interactions are often conceptualized and stud-ied in a pairwise framework,ecologists recognize that the outcomes of these interactions are influenced by other members of the ***(i)between plants and insect herbivores and(I)between plants and mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and may be linked via common host *** studies suggest that colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can modifty plants'induced responses to herbivore attack,but these indirect effects of fungal symbionts are poorly understood.I investigated the role of AMF in induced plant response to a gen-eralist ***|manipulated AMF status and herbivory in Cucumis sativus L.(cucumber,Cucurbitaceae)in a greenhouse to investigate induced responses in the presence and absence of the mycorrhi-zal fungus Glomus intraradices(Glomeraceae).Spodoptera exigua Habner(Noctuidae)were used to manipulate prior damage and later as assay caterpillars.I also measured *** and her-bivory effects on plant N and effects on plant *** tant Findings AMF status affected the induced response of ***,underscor-ing the importance of incorporating the roles of plant symbionts into plant defense *** caterpillars ate significantly more leaf tissue only on mycorrhizal plants that had experienced prior *** more consumption,biomass change in these cat-erpillars did not differ from those feeding on plants with other treat-ment *** N content was reduced by *** but unaffected by herbivory treatments,suggesting that the observed differences in assay caterpillar feeding were due to changes in defensive chemistry that depended on AMF.

关键词： aboveground-belowground cucurbitacin induced defense mutualist resistance trait-mediated indirect effect

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Astaxanthin Accumulation in the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis： Effects of Cultivation Parameters

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第4期49卷 447-451页

作者： Ping He James Duncan James barber Institute of Botany the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Division of Molecular Biosciences Imperial College London London SW7 2AY UK Graduate School of Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

The green alga, Haematococcus pluvlalis Flotow is used as a source of the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin for application in fish aquaculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Ceils of the green alga were induced by the application of different light and starvation conditions to evaluate the effect in astaxanthin accumulate. The conditions used for the Induction were high light intensity （170 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）, iron starvation, sulfur starvation and phosphate starvation. The results show that stresses applied in culture, which interfere with cell division, trigger the accumulation of astaxanthin. Notably, sulfur starvation results in a massive accumulation of this commercially important carotenoid.

关键词： astaxanthin Haematococcus pluvialis iron light phosphate stress sulfur.

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Response of grease film at low speeds under pure rolling reciprocating motion

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Friction 2020年第1期8卷 115-135页

作者： Yiming HAN Jing WANG Shanshan WANG Qian ZOU Gary barber School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyHuangdao CampusQingdao 266520China School of Engineering and Computer Science Oakland UniversityRochesterMI 48309USA

Using an optical interferometric technique,the grease film distribution under a pure rolling reciprocating motion is observed on a ball‐disk test rig,to explore the transient response of grease,which is expected to fill the contact with thickener fiber and run for a long time under steady‐state *** is found that the reciprocating motion reduces the accumulation of the thickener fiber gradually with *** maximum film thickness forms around the stroke *** 1,000 working cycles,very severe starvation occurs so that either the central or minimum film thickness becomes nearly constant over one working ***,the life of grease lubrication under a transient condition is far below that under steady‐state ***,it is also found that by selecting a smaller stroke length,the thickener fiber spreads out in the contact instead of being removed from the contact at the 1,000th working *** increasing the maximum entraining speed of the reciprocating motion to a certain value,during which the thickener fiber is not expected to accumulate under a steady‐state condition,severe starvation occurs very quickly,causing surface damage.

关键词： grease lubrication reciprocation pure rolling grease starvation thickener fiber

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An analytical validation for the attenuation of lateral propagating light in sea ice

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第3期34卷 1-8页

作者： ZHAO Jinping LI Tao EHN Jens barber David Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Centre for Earth Observation Science University of Manitoba

The attenuation of lateral propagating light （LPL） in sea ice was measured using an artificial light source in the Canadian Arctic during the 2007/2008 winter. The apparent attenuation coefficientμ（λ）for lateral prop-agating light was obtained from the measured logarithmic relative variation rate. In this study an analytical solution based on the strict optical theories is developed to validate the measured result. There is a good consistency between theoretical solution and measured data, by which a quite simple but very rigorous relationship among the light source, measurement geometry, and measured irradiance is established. The attenuation coefficients acquired by measurement and theory are the diffusion attenuation as an apparent optical property of ice, independent of the light source and shining condition. The attenuation ability of sea ice should be caused by the microstructure of sea ice, such as crystal size, ice density, brine volume, air inclusion, etc. It also includes the leak from both interfaces by directional scattering. It is verified that the measuring approach is operational and accurate to measure the attenuation of the LPL. The solution from this study did not tell the connection among the extinction and the inclusions of sea ice theoretically be-cause of insufficient understanding.

关键词： Arctic,sea ice lateral propagating light optical attenuation coefficient artificial light analytical solution

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How will the latest modifications to the CG189 NICE guidelines for obesity management likely impact clinical care?

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2023年第3期12卷 413-416页

作者： Thomas M.barber Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity Hospitals Coventry and WarwickshireClifford Bridge RoadCoventryUK Division of Biomedical Sciences Clinical Sciences Research LaboratoriesWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK

Based on the 2019 Health Survey for England,nearly two thirds of the adult population and one third of children(aged 2-15 years)are either overweight or obese(1).In England,obesity affects 28%of adults,20%of boys and 13%of girls(1).Obesity is a chronic,often life-long disease that associates with>50 weight-related conditions,most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2D),and other dysmetabolic conditions that contribute towards the metabolic syndrome and many other conditions that impact on nearly every aspect of physiology and mental functioning(2).Obesity has a huge economic burden,with government estimates indicating the current costs of obesity in the UK at£6.1 billion to the National Health Service(NHS),and£27 billion to wider society(1).Despite this,obesity remains fundamentally misunderstood and *** is reflected by woeful under-funding of management strategies for obesity(despite many of these being highly efficacious),guidelines that place time-limitations on potentially effective therapies(with possible negative outcomes that stem from subsequent weight re-gain),and a prevailing fog of obesity-related stigma that seems to pervade its way throughout society like a contagion.

关键词： Obesity compassion awareness adaptability

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The neuroimaging of neurodegenerative and vascular disease in the secondary prevention of cognitive decline

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第8期16卷 1490-1499页

作者： Morgan J.Schaeffer Leona Chan Philip A.barber Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada

Structural brain changes indicative of dementia occur up to 20 years before the onset of clinical symptoms. Efforts to modify the disease process after the onset of cognitive symptoms have been unsuccessful in recent years. Thus, future trials must begin during the preclinical phases of the disease before symptom onset. Age related cognitive decline is often the result of two coexisting brain pathologies: Alzheimer's disease(amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration) and vascular disease. This review article highlights some of the common neuroimaging techniques used to visualize the accumulation of neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies during the preclinical stages of dementia such as structural magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and white matter hyperintensities. We also describe some emerging neuroimaging techniques such as arterial spin labeling, diffusion tensor imaging, and quantitative susceptibility mapping. Recent literature suggests that structural imaging may be the most sensitive and cost-effective marker to detect cognitive decline, while molecular positron emission tomography is primarily useful for detecting disease specific pathology later in the disease process. Currently, the presence of vascular disease on magnetic resonance imaging provides a potential target for optimizing vascular risk reduction strategies, and the presence of vascular disease may be useful when combined with molecular and metabolic markers of neurodegeneration for identifying the risk of cognitive impairment.

关键词： amyloid arterial spin labeling cognitive decline dementia imaging magnetic resonance imaging positron emission tomography quantitative susceptibility mapping tau vascular disease white matter hyperintensities

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