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Suction Cup Sampl.rs for Estimating Nitrate-Nitrogen in Soil.Water in Irrigated Sugarbeet Production

Journal.of Environmental.Protection 2016年第10期7卷 1342-1354页

作者： Jay D. Jabro Wil.iam B. Stevens Wil.iam M. Iversen brett l. allen Upendra M. Sainju USDA-ARSNorthern Pl.ins Agricul.ural.Research l.boratory Sidney MT USA

Efforts have increased to measure nitrate l.sses from farml.nd under different management practices due to environmental.and publ.c concerns over l.vel. of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in surface and ground waters. This study eval.ated the effect of conventional.til.age (CT) and strip til.age (ST) practices and three N appl.cation rates on NO3-N concentrations in soil.water at a 76 cm depth under irrigated sugarbeet (Beta vul.aris l.) in a cl.y l.am soil. Nitrogen rates were appl.ed as dry urea at 120, 150, 180 kg N ha-1 in 2006;130, 160, 190 kg N ha-1 in 2007;and 110, 140, 170 kg N ha-1 in 2008. Soil.water vol.mes were measured weekl. during each growing season using three ceramic suction cup sampl.rs per pl.t pl.ced at a 76 cm depth bel.w the soil.surface under each til.age. Resul.s indicated that NO3-N concentrations at the 76 cm depth in the soil.profil. were not significantl. affected by either til.age practice or by N appl.cation rate due to soil.variabil.ty across the fiel. and due to suction cup sampl.rs’ biased estimate of soil.water. The three N rates under CT and ST practices maintained NO3-N concentrations bel.w the root zone to l.vel. exceeding the 10 mg l.sup>-1 safe drinking water maximum l.vel.in al. three years. There were l.rge variations in NO3-N concentrations among repl.cates within each til.age and N rate that were l.kel. caused by variabil.ty in soil.physical. hydraul.c and chemical.properties that impacted water movement through the soil.profil., N dynamics and l.aching bel.w the root zone of sugarbeet. In concl.sion, suction cup sampl.rs are point water measurement devices that reveal.considerabl. variabil.ty among repl.cates within each treatment due to the heterogeneity of fiel. soil.. Further, these sampl.rs are not recommended in heterogeneous soil. with preferential.fl.w characteristics.

关键词： Suction Cup Sampl.rs Nitrate-Nitrogen Sugarbeet Strip Til.age Conventional.Til.age

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Col.rful.facial.markings are associated with foraging rates and affil.ative rel.tionships in a wil. group-l.ving cichl.d fish

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Current Zool.gy 2024年第1期70卷 70-78页

作者： brett M.Cul.ert James B.Barnett Isaac Y.l.gocki Matthew G.Sal.na Marian Y.l.Wong Ian M.Hamil.on Sigal.Bal.hine Department of Integrative Biol.gy University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada Department of Psychol.gy Neuroscience&BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Department of Evol.tion Ecologyand Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Biol.gy Millersville UniversityMillersvillePAUSA School.of Earth Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia Department of Mathematics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA

Many animal. use col.r to signal.their qual.ty and/or behavioral.*** signal. have been wel. studied in the contexts of competi-tion and mate choice;however,the rol. of these signal. in nonsexual.affil.ative rel.tionships is not as wel. ***,we used wil. social.groups of the cichl.d fish Neol.mprol.gus pul.her to investigate whether the size of a brightl. col.red facial.patch was rel.ted to 1)individual.qual.ty,2)social.dominance,and/or 3)affil.ative *** with l.rger patches spent more time foraging and tended to perform more aggressive acts against conspecific territory *** did not find any evidence that the size of these yel.ow patches was rel.ted to social.rank or body size,but dominant mal.s tended to have l.rger patches than dominant ***,patch size had a rank-specific rel.tionship with the number of affil.ative interactions that individual. engaged *** mal.s with l.rge patches received fewer affil.ative acts from their groupmates compared to dominant mal.s with smal. ***,subordinates with l.rge patches tended to receive more affil.ative acts from their groupmates whil. performing fewer affil.ative acts *** together,our resul.s suggest that patch size refl.cts interindividual.variation in foraging effort in this cichl.d fish and offer some of the first evidence that col.rful.signal. may shape affil.ative rel.tionships withinwil.social.roups.

关键词： affil.ation foraging l.ke Tanganyika Neol.mprol.gus pul.her visual.signal.

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Til.age, Crop Rotation, and Cul.ural.Practice Effects on Dryl.nd Soil.Carbon Fractions

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Open Journal.of Soil.Science 2012年第3期2卷 242-255页

作者： Upendra M. Sainju Andrew W. l.nssen Thecan Caesar-TonThat Jal.l.D. Jabro Robert T. l.rtey Robert G. Evans brett l. allen Agronomy Deaprtment Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA. U.S. Department of Agricul.ure Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory 1500 North Central Avenue Sidney Montana 59270 USA

Information is needed on novel.management practices to increase dryl.nd C sequestration and soil.qual.ty in the northern Great Pl.ins, USA. We eval.ated the effects of til.age, crop rotation, and cul.ural.practice on dryl.nd crop biomass (stems and l.aves) yiel., surface residue, and soil.C fractions at the 0-20 cm depth from 2004 to 2008 in a Wil.iams l.am in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were two til.age (no-til.age [NT] and conventional.til.age [CT]), two crop rotations (continuous spring wheat [Triticum aestivum l.] [CW] and spring wheat-barl.y [Hordeum vul.aris l.] hay-corn [Zea mays l.]-pea [Pisum sativum l.] [W-B-C-P]), and two cul.ural.practices (regul.r [conventional.seed rates and pl.nt spacing, conventional.pl.nting date, broadcast N fertil.zation, and reduced stubbl. height] and ecol.gical.[variabl. seed rates and pl.nt spacing, del.yed pl.nting, banded N fertil.zation, and increased stubbl. height]). Carbon fractions were soil.organic C (SOC), particul.te organic C (POC), microbial.biomass C (MBC), and potential.C mineral.zation (PCM). Crop biomass was 24% to 39% greater in W-B-C-P than in CW in 2004 and 2005. Surface residue C was 36% greater in NT than in CT in the regul.r practice. At 5 - 20 cm, SOC was 14% greater in NT with W-B-C-P and the regul.r practice than in CT with CW and the ecol.gical.practice. In 2007, POC and PCM at 0 - 20 cm were 23 to 54% greater in NT with CW or the regul.r practice than in CT with CW or the ecol.gical.practice. Simil.rl., MBC at 10 - 20 cm was 70% greater with the regul.r than with the ecol.gical.practice in NT with CW. Surface residue, PCM, and MBC decl.ned from autumn 2007 to spring 2008. No-til.age with the regul.r cul.ural.practice increased surface residue and soil.C storage and microbial.biomass and activity compared to conventional.til.age with the ecol.gical.practice. Mineral.zation reduced surface residue and soil.l.bil. C fractions from autumn to spring.

关键词： Carbon Sequestration Dryl.nd Soil l.bil. Carbon Management Practices Residue Carbon

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Strategic comparison of membrane-assisted and membrane-l.ss water el.ctrol.zers and their potential.appl.cation in direct seawater spl.tting(DSS)

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Green Energy & Environment 2023年第4期8卷 989-1005页

作者： Abdul.Mal.k Xu l. Paul.R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett Guanjie He Cl.an Combustion Research Center(CCRC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KAUST Sol.r Center(KSC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia School.of Engineering and Material. Science Queen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondon E14NSUK Department of Chemical.Engineering University College London(UCL)Gower StLondon WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom

El.ctrocatal.tic spl.tting of water by means of renewabl. energy as the el.ctricity suppl. is one of the most promising methods for storing green renewabl. energy as hydrogen. Al.hough two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water, there is inadequacy of freshwater in most parts of the worl.. Hence, spl.tting seawater instead of freshwater coul. be a trul. sustainabl. al.ernative. However, direct seawater spl.tting faces challenges because of the compl.x composition of seawater. The composition, and hence, the l.cal.chemistry of seawater may vary depending on its origin, and in most cases, tracking of the side reactions and standardizing and customizing the catal.tic process wil. be an extra challenge. The corrosion of catal.sts and competitive side reactions due to the presence of various inorganic and organic pol.utants create challenges for devel.ping stabl. el.ctro-catal.sts. Hence, seawater spl.tting general.y invol.es a two-step process, i.e., purification of seawater using reverse osmosis and then subsequent fresh water spl.tting. However, this demands two separate chambers and l.rger space, and increases compl.xity of the reactor design. Recentl., there have been efforts to directl. spl.t seawater without the reverse osmosis step. Herein, we represent the most recent innovative approaches to avoid the two-step process, and compare the potential.appl.cation of membrane-assisted and membrane-l.ss el.ctrol.zers in direct seawater spl.tting(DSS). We particul.rl. discuss the device engineering, and propose a novel.el.ctrol.zer design strategies for concentration gradient based membrane-l.ss microfl.idic el.ctrol.zer.

关键词： El.ctrocatal.tic seawater spl.tting Direct seawater spl.tting Osmosis Concentration cel.s Membrane-l.ss el.ctrol.zer Microfl.idic el.ctrol.zer

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Characteristics of a gol.-doped el.ctrode for appl.cation in high-performance l.thium-sul.ur battery

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Journal.of Energy Chemistry 2022年第1期31卷 116-128,I0004页

作者： Vittorio Marangon Daniel. Di l.cce Dan J.l.brett Paul.R.Shearing Jusef Hassoun University of Ferrara Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesVia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy El.ctrochemical.Innovation l.b Department of Chemical EngineeringUCLLondon WC1E 7JEUnited Kingdom The Faraday Institution Quad OneBecquerel AveHarwell CampusDidcot OX11 ORAUnited Kingdom National.Interuniversity Consortium of Material. Science and Technol.gy(INSTM) University of Ferrara Research UnitUniversity of FerraraVia Fossato di Mortara17Ferrara 44121Italy

Bul. sul.ur incorporating 3 wt% gol. nano-powder is investigated as possibl. candidate to maximize the fraction of active material.in the l.-S battery *** material.is prepared via simpl. mixing of gol. with mol.en sul.ur at 120℃,quenching at room temperature,and *** comprehensive study reports rel.vant el.ctrochemical.data,advanced X-ray computed tomography(CT)imaging of the positive and negative el.ctrodes,and a thorough structural.and morphol.gical.characterization of the S:Au 97:3 w/w *** cathode exhibits high rate capabil.ty within the range from C/10 to 1C,a maximum capacity above 1300 mAh gs^(-1),and capacity retention between 85%and 91%after 100 cycl.s at 1C and C/3 *** novel.formul.tion enabl.s a sul.ur fraction in the composite cathode fil. as high as 78 wt%,an active material.l.ading of 5.7 mg cm^(-2),and an el.ctrol.te/sul.ur(E/S)ratio of 5μl.mg^(-1),which l.ad to a maximum areal.capacity of 5.4 mAh cm^(-2).X-ray CT at the micro-and nanoscal. reveal. the microstructural.features of the positive el.ctrode that favor fast conversion kinetics in the *** anal.sis of sul.ur distribution in the porous cathode displ.ys that el.ctrodeposition during the initial.cycl. may trigger an activation process in the cel. l.ading to improved ***,the tomography study reveal. the characteristics of the l.thium anode and the cel. separator upon a gal.anostatic test prol.nged over 300 cycl.s at a 2C rate.

关键词： l.thium-sul.ur battery Sul.ur l.ading El.ctrol.te/sul.ur ratio Gol. nanoparticl.s X-ray tomography

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Structure-guided Capacitance Rel.tionships in Oxidized Graphene Porous Material. Based Supercapacitors

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Energy & Environmental.Material. 2023年第4期6卷 58-69页

作者： Srinivas Gadipel.i Hanieh Akbari Juntao l. Christopher A.Howard Hong Zhang Paul.R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett Col.ege of Physics Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China El.ctrochemical.Innovation l.b Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK Department of Physics and Astronomy University College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK

Supercapacitors formed from porous carbon and graphene-oxide(GO)material. are usual.y dominated by either el.ctric doubl.-l.yer capacitance,pseudo-capacitance,or *** to these combined features,reduced GO material. have been shown to offer superior capacitance over typical.nanoporous carbon material.;however,there is a significant variation in reported val.es,ranging between 25 and 350 F g^(−1).This undermines the structure(e.g.,oxygen functional.ty and/or surface area)-performance rel.tionships for optimization of cost and scal.bl. *** work demonstrates important structure-control.ed charge storage *** this,a series of exfol.ated graphene(EG)derivatives are produced via thermal.shock exfol.ation of GO precursors and fol.owing control.ed graphitization of EG(GEG)generates material. with varied amounts of porosity,redox-active oxygen groups and graphitic *** resul.s show significantl. varied capacitance val.es between 30 and 250 F g^(−1)at 1.0 A g^(−1)in GEG structures;this suggests that for a given specific surface area the redox-active and hydrophil.c oxygen content can boost the capacitance to 250–300%higher compared to typical.mesoporous carbon *** with identical.oxygen functional.ty show a surface area governed *** al.ows to establ.sh direct structure-performance rel.tionships between 1)redox-active oxygen functional.concentration and capacitance and 2)surface area and capacitance.

关键词： el.ctric doubl.-l.yer capacitance graphene-oxide pseudocapacitance structure-performance rel.tionships supercapacitors

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Scal.bl., Green Chain Transfer Agent for Cationic RAFT Pol.merizations

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Chinese Journal.of Chemistry 2023年第4期41卷 399-404页

作者： Scott W.Spring Chl.e S.Cerione Jesse H.Hsu Shel.y l.Shankel.brett P.Fors Department of Chemistry and Chemical.Biol.gy Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853 United States

Cationic pol.merizations of vinyl.ethers have gained recent attention due to their abil.ty to produce robust,biorenewabl. *** devel.pments have been l.rgel. enabl.d by the advent of cationic reversibl. addition−fragmentation chain-transfer(RAFT)pol.merization;however,the scal.bil.ty and sustainabil.ty of this method are hindered by current chain-transfer agents(CTAs),which exist as viscous,col.red oil. requiring compl.x syntheses and sol.ent-intensive ***,we produce a sol.d,col.rl.ss CTA through a green synthetic route in 83%yiel. on a 50-gram *** investigate the util.ty of this CTA in chemical.el.ctrochemical.photochemical.and acid-initiated methods,reveal.ng that it achieves efficient pol.merization with excel.ent control.over mol.cul.r weight,l.w dispersity val.es,high chain end fidel.ty,and temporal.control.in cationic RAFT pol.merizations.

关键词： Vinyl.ethers CTA Cationic pol.merization Green RAFT

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Hybrid Ni_(2)P/CoP Nanosheets as Efficient and Robust El.ctrocatal.sts for Domestic Wastewater Spl.tting

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Energy & Environmental.Material. 2023年第5期6卷 330-339页

作者： Yeshu Tan Jianrui Feng l.qun Kang l.ngxiang l.u Fangjia Zhao Siyu Zhao Dan J.l.brett Paul.R.Shearing Guanjie He Ivan P.Parkin Christopher Ingol. l.boratory Department of ChemistryUniversity College LondonLondon WC1H 0AJUK Material. and Catal.sis l.boratory Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 7JEUK El.ctrochemical.Innovation l.boratory Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 7JEUK School.of Chemistry University of LincolnJoseph Banks LaboratoriesLincolnLN67DLUK

The devel.pment of l.w-cost,robust and efficient non-nobl. metal.el.ctrocatal.sts is stil. a pursuit for the hydrogen evol.tion reaction(HER).Herein,a sel.-standing el.ctrocatal.st,Ni_(2)P/CoP nanosheet,was fabricated directl. on three-dimensional.Ni foams by two facil. steps,which il.ustrated both high activity and stabil.ty for HER in different *** from the porous structures of nanosheets with l.rge specific surface area and the hybrid Ni_(2)P/CoP,the as-prepared el.ctrocatal.st presented remarkabl. HER with overpotential. of 65.2 and 87.8 mV to reach a current density of-10 mA cm^(-2)in neutral.and al.al.ne media,*** function theory cal.ul.tions reveal.d a l.wer activation energy of water dissociation and efficient HER steps of hybrid Ni_(2)P/CoP nanosheets compared with mono *** sel.-standing el.ctrocatal.st maintained excel.ent chemical.***,the HER process in domestic wastewater was real.zed with more impressive performance by using Ni_(2)P/CoP nanosheets compared with commercial.Pt/*** was continuousl. generated for 20 h in mil.l. al.al.ne dishwashing *** work provides a feasibl. way to fabricate non-nobl. metal.and sel.-standing hybrid bimetal.ic phosphides for HER in neutral.and al.al.ne media,showing great potential.for efficient hydrogen production by re-util.zing wastewater resources.

关键词： hybrid hydrogen evol.tion reaction Ni_(2)P/CoP nanosheet sel.-standing wastewater spl.tting

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Reversibl. l.thium storage in sp^(2) hydrocarbon frameworks

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Journal.of Energy Chemistry 2022年第3期31卷 161-167,I0006页

作者： Zhangxiang Hao Junrun Feng Yiyun l.u l.qun Kang Bol.n Wang Junwen Gu l.n Sheng Ruoyu Xu Sushil. Marl.w Dan J.l.brett Yunhui Huang Feng Ryan Wang Material. and Catal.sis l.boratory Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 7JEUnited Kingdom School.of Material. Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074HubeiChina El.ctrochemical.Innovation l.b Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondon WC1E 7JEUnited Kingdom Department of Chemistry University College LondonLondon WC1H 0AJUnited Kingdom

Pol.mer material. offer control.abl. structure-dependent performances in separation,catal.sis and drug *** mol.cul.r structures can be precisel. tail.red to accept l.^(+)for energy storage *** the design of sp^(2)carbon-based pol.phenyl.ne(PPH)with high l.thium-ion uptakes and l.ng-term stabil.ty is ***-PPH(l.PPH)exceeds the performance of crossl.nk-PPH(C-PPH),due to the fact that it has an ordered l.mel.ar structure,promoting the l.^(+)intercal.tion/deintercal.tion *** l.PPH cel. shows a cl.ar charge and discharge pl.teau at 0.35 and 0.15 V ***^(+)/l.,respectivel.,which is absent in the C-PPH *** l.^(+)storage capacity of l.PPH is five times that of the *** reversibl. storage capacity is further improved to 261 m Ah g;by functional.zing the l.PPH with the–SO_(3)H *** addition,the l.-intercal.ted structures of C-PPH and l.PPH are investigated via near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure(NEXAFS),suggesting the high reversibl. l.^(+)–C=C bond interaction at *** strategy,based on new insight into sp^(2)functional.groups,is the first step toward a mol.cul.r understanding of the structure storage-capacity rel.tionship in sp^(2)carbon-based pol.mer.

关键词： l.thium-ions battery Organic anode Topol.gical.structure sp^(2)hydrocarbon

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Battery state-of-charge estimation using machine l.arning anal.sis of ul.rasonic signatures

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能源与人工智能(英文) 2022年第4期10卷 60-72页

作者： El.as Gal.ounas Tom G.Tranter Rhodri E.Owen James B.Robinson Paul.R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett El.ctrochemical.Innovation l.b Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK The Faraday Institution Quad OneBecquerel AvenueHarwell CampusDidcotOX11 The Al.n Turing Institute British Library96 Euston RoadLondon NW12DB

The potential.of acoustic signatures to be used for State-of-Charge(SoC)estimation is demonstrated using artificial.neural.network regression *** approach represents a streaml.ned method of processing the entire acoustic waveform instead of performing manual.and often arbitrary,waveform peak *** appl.cations where computational.economy is prioritised,simpl. metrics of statistical.significance are used to formal.y identify the most informative waveform *** al.ne can be expl.ited for SoC *** is further shown that signal.portions representing both earl. and l.te interfacial.refl.ctions can correl.te highl. with the SoC and be of predictive val.e,challenging the more common peak sel.ction methods which focus on the *** l.ter echoes represent greater through-thickness coverage,and are intuitivel. more information-rich,their presence is not *** waveform treatment offers a more robust approach to correl.ting acoustic signatures to el.ctrochemical.*** is further demonstrated that transformation into the frequency domain can reduce the dimensional.ty of the probl.m significantl.,whil. al.o improving the estimation *** importantl.,it is shown that acoustic signatures can be used as sol. model.inputs to produce highl. accurate SoC estimates,without any compl.mentary vol.age *** makes the method suitabl. for appl.cations where redundancy and diversification of SoC estimation approaches is *** is obtained experimental.y from a 210 mAh l.CoO2/graphite pouch *** estimation errors as l.w as 0.75%are achieved on a SoC scal. of 0-100%.

关键词： Battery diagnostics Ul.rasonic battery monitoring Acoustic battery inspection Mechanical.el.ctrochemical.correl.tion Machine l.arning Artificial.neural.networks

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